The document provides details about the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It summarizes that the canal was a massive engineering project completed in 1914 that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. The challenges overcome included complex mountain ranges, tropical jungles, disease, and political problems acquiring the land from Colombia. The canal features an elaborate lock system that raises and lowers ships using gravity, as well as artificial lakes like Gatun Lake created by damming the Chagres River. Major expansions were completed in the 2010s to increase the canal's capacity.
The document summarizes information about the Panama Canal expansion project. It discusses the project's goals of building new locks to double capacity and allow for larger ships. It also notes that negotiations between the consortium constructing the expansion and the Panama Canal Authority have broken down over a $1.6 billion cost overrun. This has threatened to delay the projected 2015 completion by several years and put 10,000 jobs at risk. However, operation of the existing canal continues as record amounts of US grain are being shipped through it.
The Panama Canal is an important engineering feat that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via the Isthmus of Panama. It was constructed between 1904-1914 after several failed attempts by other countries. The canal features three sets of locks that lift ships up to Gatun Lake's level and lower them on the other side. It has been expanded since its original construction to allow for larger ships. The expansion included widening channels and building new locks and water basins.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via a 50-mile channel cut through the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1904 and took 10 years to complete, opening in 1914. It features a system of locks, artificial lakes, and channels to transport ships over the continental divide. Three sets of locks raise and lower ships up to 85 feet between Gatun Lake and the ocean on either end. The Culebra Cut through the continental divide was a major engineering challenge. Bridges were later built to connect the divided land, with the Bridge of the Americas opening in 1962 and the Centennial Bridge in 2004 to further accommodate increasing traffic flows.
The document discusses the Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. It describes the key features of the canal, including the Gatun Locks that lift ships 26 meters using a series of steps, and the Miraflores Lock that lifts ships 16.5 meters in two stages. The construction of the canal took 10 years and overcame difficulties like disease, excavating massive amounts of dirt, and ensuring the design supported naval vessels.
The expansion of the Panama Canal will allow larger ships to pass through the canal. This will impact global trade routes and patterns. The United States expanded the Panama Canal to keep it competitive and allow more cargo to pass through. The expansion includes new locks that can accommodate larger post-Panamax ships carrying up to 12,500 containers. This is expected to double the amount of goods passing through the canal. It may increase cargo volumes at Gulf ports in the United States and lead to more feeder ship traffic from Caribbean transshipment hubs. However, shippers will continue to make routing decisions based on fuel costs, delivery times, and the capabilities of ports along different trade routes.
The Panama Canal project took 34 years to complete between 1880 and 1914. It faced many challenges including lack of geological and hydrological studies, tough environmental conditions, and changes in leadership. The French initially led the project but faced bankruptcy due to cost overruns and corruption. The US later acquired the rights and resources to finish the project, which was completed under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Goethals.
http://robertgirga.com/RobertGirga/panama-canal-expansion/
Panama Canal Expansion
By www. http://robertgirga.com/RobertGirga/
The nearly century old Panama Canal is getting another two sets of locks.
Locks that will allow substantially large boats to pass are being constructed on the Atlantic and Pacific ends of the canal.
This project will allow huge boats (cape size vessels) to pass through the Panama Canal instead of rounding the tip of South America.
Traffic through the canal is expected to double, bringing more income from tolls, more work, more jobs, and more prosperity to Panama.
In fact, ports along the entire eastern face of the Americas are upgrading with larger docking facilities and cranes
in order to offload cargo from the huge vessels that will soon be arriving from Buenos Aires to Mobile to Newark.
The new state of the art Panama Canal locks will have three chambers each and each chamber will have three water reutilization basins
in order to avoid excess loss of water from the canal’s central passage as ships come and go.
In addition to the new locks ACP, the administrative authority of the canal, is widening and deepening existing navigation channels
in both entrances to the canal, the central passage of Lake Gatun, and the Culebra Cut
(a passage cut through Panama’s central mountain range).
Four dry excavation projects are required to connect the new Pacific side locks with the central navigation channel to the Culebra Cut.
This $5 Billion plus project is partly funded by foreign loans and partly by tolls from the profitable Panama Canal.
Panama assumed full control of canal operations at the end of 1999.
It converted Panama Canal operations from a public utility model to a for-profit model
and pumps far more than a billion dollars into the Panama economy every year.
In fact, a billion goes to the Panama treasury directly
aside from taxes paid by canal employees, profits from being a transportation hub, and more.
Since Panama took over canal transits are faster and more efficient,
profits are up, and ACP was able to secure loans of around $3 Billion to start the Panama Canal expansion project.
Panama was in many ways a colony of the USA for much of the 20th century.
President Roosevelt wanted a means of projecting US naval power efficiently into both the Atlantic and Pacific
and saw a Panama Canal a means of moving ships back and forth.
The US guaranteed the independence of Panama, newly free from Colombia,
in return for a ten mile wide and fifty mile long stretch of land where they built a canal.
After two world wars in which the Panama Canal served its military purpose
the US military came to see the canal as a liability instead of an asset
and then secretary of state Henry Kissinger negotiated the general terms for passing the canal to Panama.
These terms were codified under the Carter administration with the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Isthmus of Panama and allows ships to travel between the oceans without having to go around South America. The canal consists of artificial lakes and locks that raise and lower ships between sea level and Gatun Lake. It took 34 years to build, from 1880 to 1914, and is now managed by the Panama Canal Authority. The canal is 77.1 km long and can accommodate ships up to 200 feet wide and 80 feet in draft. It generates billions in toll revenue annually and handles thousands of transits by container ships, tankers, bulk carriers and cruise ships each year. The canal is currently undergoing a multi-billion dollar expansion project to allow transit of larger post
The document summarizes information about the Panama Canal expansion project. It discusses the project's goals of building new locks to double capacity and allow for larger ships. It also notes that negotiations between the consortium constructing the expansion and the Panama Canal Authority have broken down over a $1.6 billion cost overrun. This has threatened to delay the projected 2015 completion by several years and put 10,000 jobs at risk. However, operation of the existing canal continues as record amounts of US grain are being shipped through it.
The Panama Canal is an important engineering feat that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via the Isthmus of Panama. It was constructed between 1904-1914 after several failed attempts by other countries. The canal features three sets of locks that lift ships up to Gatun Lake's level and lower them on the other side. It has been expanded since its original construction to allow for larger ships. The expansion included widening channels and building new locks and water basins.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via a 50-mile channel cut through the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1904 and took 10 years to complete, opening in 1914. It features a system of locks, artificial lakes, and channels to transport ships over the continental divide. Three sets of locks raise and lower ships up to 85 feet between Gatun Lake and the ocean on either end. The Culebra Cut through the continental divide was a major engineering challenge. Bridges were later built to connect the divided land, with the Bridge of the Americas opening in 1962 and the Centennial Bridge in 2004 to further accommodate increasing traffic flows.
The document discusses the Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. It describes the key features of the canal, including the Gatun Locks that lift ships 26 meters using a series of steps, and the Miraflores Lock that lifts ships 16.5 meters in two stages. The construction of the canal took 10 years and overcame difficulties like disease, excavating massive amounts of dirt, and ensuring the design supported naval vessels.
The expansion of the Panama Canal will allow larger ships to pass through the canal. This will impact global trade routes and patterns. The United States expanded the Panama Canal to keep it competitive and allow more cargo to pass through. The expansion includes new locks that can accommodate larger post-Panamax ships carrying up to 12,500 containers. This is expected to double the amount of goods passing through the canal. It may increase cargo volumes at Gulf ports in the United States and lead to more feeder ship traffic from Caribbean transshipment hubs. However, shippers will continue to make routing decisions based on fuel costs, delivery times, and the capabilities of ports along different trade routes.
The Panama Canal project took 34 years to complete between 1880 and 1914. It faced many challenges including lack of geological and hydrological studies, tough environmental conditions, and changes in leadership. The French initially led the project but faced bankruptcy due to cost overruns and corruption. The US later acquired the rights and resources to finish the project, which was completed under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Goethals.
http://robertgirga.com/RobertGirga/panama-canal-expansion/
Panama Canal Expansion
By www. http://robertgirga.com/RobertGirga/
The nearly century old Panama Canal is getting another two sets of locks.
Locks that will allow substantially large boats to pass are being constructed on the Atlantic and Pacific ends of the canal.
This project will allow huge boats (cape size vessels) to pass through the Panama Canal instead of rounding the tip of South America.
Traffic through the canal is expected to double, bringing more income from tolls, more work, more jobs, and more prosperity to Panama.
In fact, ports along the entire eastern face of the Americas are upgrading with larger docking facilities and cranes
in order to offload cargo from the huge vessels that will soon be arriving from Buenos Aires to Mobile to Newark.
The new state of the art Panama Canal locks will have three chambers each and each chamber will have three water reutilization basins
in order to avoid excess loss of water from the canal’s central passage as ships come and go.
In addition to the new locks ACP, the administrative authority of the canal, is widening and deepening existing navigation channels
in both entrances to the canal, the central passage of Lake Gatun, and the Culebra Cut
(a passage cut through Panama’s central mountain range).
Four dry excavation projects are required to connect the new Pacific side locks with the central navigation channel to the Culebra Cut.
This $5 Billion plus project is partly funded by foreign loans and partly by tolls from the profitable Panama Canal.
Panama assumed full control of canal operations at the end of 1999.
It converted Panama Canal operations from a public utility model to a for-profit model
and pumps far more than a billion dollars into the Panama economy every year.
In fact, a billion goes to the Panama treasury directly
aside from taxes paid by canal employees, profits from being a transportation hub, and more.
Since Panama took over canal transits are faster and more efficient,
profits are up, and ACP was able to secure loans of around $3 Billion to start the Panama Canal expansion project.
Panama was in many ways a colony of the USA for much of the 20th century.
President Roosevelt wanted a means of projecting US naval power efficiently into both the Atlantic and Pacific
and saw a Panama Canal a means of moving ships back and forth.
The US guaranteed the independence of Panama, newly free from Colombia,
in return for a ten mile wide and fifty mile long stretch of land where they built a canal.
After two world wars in which the Panama Canal served its military purpose
the US military came to see the canal as a liability instead of an asset
and then secretary of state Henry Kissinger negotiated the general terms for passing the canal to Panama.
These terms were codified under the Carter administration with the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Isthmus of Panama and allows ships to travel between the oceans without having to go around South America. The canal consists of artificial lakes and locks that raise and lower ships between sea level and Gatun Lake. It took 34 years to build, from 1880 to 1914, and is now managed by the Panama Canal Authority. The canal is 77.1 km long and can accommodate ships up to 200 feet wide and 80 feet in draft. It generates billions in toll revenue annually and handles thousands of transits by container ships, tankers, bulk carriers and cruise ships each year. The canal is currently undergoing a multi-billion dollar expansion project to allow transit of larger post
Panama Canal Expansion & its Huge Significance for US Trade, Ports, Railways,...Shyam Kumar
The Panama Canal Expansion is due to be completed by the end of 2014 / start of 2015. It will massively affect trade between Asia & the US, given the accessibility larger ships will then have directly to US Gulf and East Coast ports. The expansion will allow Post Panamax ships that can carry up to 12,500 TEU (20 foot containers) to transit the Panama Canal, the current limit for Panamax ships is 4,800. This is basically a 160% increase in the capacity of container ships that can transit the Panama Canal. This also applies to bulk ships used to transit ores, grains & coal, as well as to LNG and Oil tankers. It is going to open up significant traffic for East Coast & Gulf ports. In this presentation the impacts of the Panama Canal on the US, its' ports, supply chains are looked at. As well as importantly the impact it could have for investors in various assets.
The document summarizes the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes the challenges of building a canal through the Panama isthmus, including navigating a tropical jungle and mountains. It discusses early attempts by France to build the canal in the 1800s, and how the United States later took over the project, completing it between 1904-1914 under President Theodore Roosevelt. The canal shortened shipping times between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans significantly.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for maritime trade. The 50-mile canal cuts through mountainous jungle and includes a series of locks that raise and lower ships as they pass through. After failed attempts by France and Panama, the United States oversaw the canal's completion in 1914, which reduced travel times between the oceans by 8,000 miles but cost many worker lives due to harsh conditions and disease. The canal remains a vital global shipping route today.
The Panama Canal has a long history dating back to the early 16th century when it was first proposed. Construction began in the late 19th century but failed. The US later took over the project in 1904 and finally completed it in 1914 after overcoming numerous engineering challenges. The canal features three sets of locks and allows ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly reducing travel time. It remains a crucial global shipping route today, though expansion projects are underway to increase its capacity for larger modern ships.
The Panama Canal celebrates its 100th anniversary on August 15, 2014. It was inaugurated on August 15, 1914 when the U.S. vessel Ancon became the first ship to pass through the canal, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama and was an enormous engineering feat that took many lives to construct, with both French and American efforts contributing to its completion. A century after opening, the canal remains a vital global shipping route.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, cutting ship travel time between the oceans in half. Construction began in 1880 but was abandoned by the French before the US took over in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914. The canal features a series of locks and artificial lakes along its 77.1 km length to traverse the 26 meter elevation change. It remains an important international shipping route but faces challenges around efficiency, capacity, competition from alternative routes, and water availability.
The history of the Panama canal ideal for students worksheet included, this is part of a legacy left to us by the great engineers of the 18th and 19th Century.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. It took centuries of attempts before it was completed in 1914. The French were the first to try building it in the 1800s, but failed after thousands of workers died from disease. The United States took over the project in 1904 and overcame immense challenges like cutting a 51 mile path through jungle and mountains. They built giant locks to raise and lower ships over the continental divide. Workers endured brutal conditions with heat, rain, and rampant tropical diseases as they constructed the canal that opened a critical shipping route and helped the US project power between oceans.
Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the construction of the Panama Canal from 1903-1914 to create a shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Previous attempts by France in the 1880s failed due to disease and engineering problems. In 1903, the US helped Panama gain independence from Colombia and negotiated rights to build the canal. The canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama and uses a system of locks and lakes to raise and lower ships between sea levels. It was completed in 1914 and allowed much shorter shipping times between the coasts.
Futuristic Infrastructure Project - The Great Panama Canal 2014Infra Bazaar
The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via a system of locks that lift ships 85 feet above sea level. In 2006, engineers began a $5.25 billion expansion project to widen and deepen the canal to accommodate larger "post-Panamax" ships, with completion expected in late 2015. The expansion will allow the canal to handle nearly three times as many cargo containers as the current locks. While the canal faces some competition from other transport routes, its expansion is designed to serve growing shipping needs for the next 100 years and ensure Panama's economy continues benefiting from canal operations.
The Panama Canal connects the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama, shortening shipping times and distances between ports on both coasts. Since opening in 1914, it has significantly impacted global trade by providing a faster route between the oceans. The canal cuts through Panama via a system of locks that raise and lower ships between fresh and salt water levels. It remains a vital shipping route and tourist attraction due to the engineering feats required for its construction.
Panamax refers to the largest ship measurements that can pass through the original locks of the Panama Canal. The maximum allowable dimensions are 294.1 meters long, 32.3 meters wide, and 12 meters draft. Many cargo ships are designed to these exact maximum specifications. The Panama Canal is currently expanding to allow larger "Post-Panamax" ships to pass through new, wider locks.
This document provides information on various civil engineering projects and structures from around the world. It discusses the Hoover Dam and other dams, the interstate highway system, long span bridges like the Golden Gate Bridge, airports like Kansai International Airport, rail systems like the Eurotunnel, wastewater treatment facilities, skyscrapers like the Empire State Building, water supply projects like the California Water Project, and water transportation infrastructure like the Panama Canal. It also provides details on the construction of Taiwan's Taipei 101 skyscraper and the Netherlands' storm surge barrier system.
This document provides information about bridges, including:
1) It discusses the history of bridge construction from early wooden bridges built by humans to more advanced stone and iron bridges built by ancient Romans and others.
2) It outlines the importance of bridges for transportation and society.
3) It describes different types of bridges based on their structure, materials used, and whether they are fixed or movable. The types discussed include arch, beam, truss, and cantilever bridges.
1. INTRODUCTION TO WATER TRANSPORTATION (PHE) GTU 3170623VATSAL PATEL
History, Scope, Merits, Developments of Water Transportation in India, Inland waterways, River, Canal, Inland water transportation, Harbor, Port, Dock, Development of Ports & Harbors, classification, Harbor site selection, Harbor dimensioning.
The document provides information about locks and how they work on canals and rivers. It explains that locks are used to raise or lower boats between stretches of water of different levels, allowing rivers to be made navigable and canals to take direct routes across uneven land. It describes the basic components and operation of pound locks, which have upper and lower gates that control the water level within the lock chamber. When a boat needs to move between levels, the gates open to allow entry, then close while the chamber fills or empties to match the other water level, after which the outbound gates open. This allows boats to overcome changes in elevation along canals and navigable rivers.
The Golden Gate Bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, providing a vital transportation link. Before the bridge was built, the only way to cross the San Francisco Bay was by ferry. This caused traffic jams of up to 18 hours at the ferry docks, demonstrating the need for an alternative. Engineers Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, and Charles Ellis designed a suspension bridge with two massive cantilevers connected by a central suspension segment. Construction began in 1933 and finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge remains a globally recognized wonder of engineering.
The presentation topic is harbour dock engineering. It will be presented by Kashif Ali Khan, Izhar Ahmad, and Seyed Bakth Jamal Shah. A harbour provides shelter for loading/unloading cargo vessels and for vessel building, repair, and launching. Harbours are classified as natural, semi-natural, or artificial. Requirements of a good harbour include sufficient depth, secure anchorage, breakwaters, and a wide entrance. Defects like insufficient depth or size can be avoided in planning and design. Harbour planning requires thorough site surveys and consideration of natural phenomena.
The Ataturk Dam is a rock-fill dam located on the Euphrates River in Turkey. It is part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Project which involves 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. The Ataturk Dam provides irrigation water and hydropower. It has a capacity of 2,400 megawatts and irrigates over 800,000 hectares of land. However, issues have arisen due to improper compaction of the clay core which has led to significant settling of the dam posing stability and operational problems. Around 45,000 people were displaced by the project with compensation provided.
The Panama Canal is a 48-mile ship canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1881 but was halted due to engineering challenges and disease. The US later took over the project and completed it in 1914. The canal features a system of locks that lift ships up 26 meters and a large artificial lake. It has significantly reduced travel times and increased international trade by providing a shortcut between the oceans.
The Panama Canal is a 48-mile ship canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1881 but was halted due to engineering challenges and disease. The US later took over the project and completed it in 1914. The canal features a system of locks that lift ships up 26 meters and a large artificial lake. It has significantly reduced travel times and increased international trade by providing a shortcut between the oceans.
Panama Canal Expansion & its Huge Significance for US Trade, Ports, Railways,...Shyam Kumar
The Panama Canal Expansion is due to be completed by the end of 2014 / start of 2015. It will massively affect trade between Asia & the US, given the accessibility larger ships will then have directly to US Gulf and East Coast ports. The expansion will allow Post Panamax ships that can carry up to 12,500 TEU (20 foot containers) to transit the Panama Canal, the current limit for Panamax ships is 4,800. This is basically a 160% increase in the capacity of container ships that can transit the Panama Canal. This also applies to bulk ships used to transit ores, grains & coal, as well as to LNG and Oil tankers. It is going to open up significant traffic for East Coast & Gulf ports. In this presentation the impacts of the Panama Canal on the US, its' ports, supply chains are looked at. As well as importantly the impact it could have for investors in various assets.
The document summarizes the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It describes the challenges of building a canal through the Panama isthmus, including navigating a tropical jungle and mountains. It discusses early attempts by France to build the canal in the 1800s, and how the United States later took over the project, completing it between 1904-1914 under President Theodore Roosevelt. The canal shortened shipping times between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans significantly.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for maritime trade. The 50-mile canal cuts through mountainous jungle and includes a series of locks that raise and lower ships as they pass through. After failed attempts by France and Panama, the United States oversaw the canal's completion in 1914, which reduced travel times between the oceans by 8,000 miles but cost many worker lives due to harsh conditions and disease. The canal remains a vital global shipping route today.
The Panama Canal has a long history dating back to the early 16th century when it was first proposed. Construction began in the late 19th century but failed. The US later took over the project in 1904 and finally completed it in 1914 after overcoming numerous engineering challenges. The canal features three sets of locks and allows ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly reducing travel time. It remains a crucial global shipping route today, though expansion projects are underway to increase its capacity for larger modern ships.
The Panama Canal celebrates its 100th anniversary on August 15, 2014. It was inaugurated on August 15, 1914 when the U.S. vessel Ancon became the first ship to pass through the canal, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama and was an enormous engineering feat that took many lives to construct, with both French and American efforts contributing to its completion. A century after opening, the canal remains a vital global shipping route.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, cutting ship travel time between the oceans in half. Construction began in 1880 but was abandoned by the French before the US took over in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914. The canal features a series of locks and artificial lakes along its 77.1 km length to traverse the 26 meter elevation change. It remains an important international shipping route but faces challenges around efficiency, capacity, competition from alternative routes, and water availability.
The history of the Panama canal ideal for students worksheet included, this is part of a legacy left to us by the great engineers of the 18th and 19th Century.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. It took centuries of attempts before it was completed in 1914. The French were the first to try building it in the 1800s, but failed after thousands of workers died from disease. The United States took over the project in 1904 and overcame immense challenges like cutting a 51 mile path through jungle and mountains. They built giant locks to raise and lower ships over the continental divide. Workers endured brutal conditions with heat, rain, and rampant tropical diseases as they constructed the canal that opened a critical shipping route and helped the US project power between oceans.
Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the construction of the Panama Canal from 1903-1914 to create a shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Previous attempts by France in the 1880s failed due to disease and engineering problems. In 1903, the US helped Panama gain independence from Colombia and negotiated rights to build the canal. The canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama and uses a system of locks and lakes to raise and lower ships between sea levels. It was completed in 1914 and allowed much shorter shipping times between the coasts.
Futuristic Infrastructure Project - The Great Panama Canal 2014Infra Bazaar
The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via a system of locks that lift ships 85 feet above sea level. In 2006, engineers began a $5.25 billion expansion project to widen and deepen the canal to accommodate larger "post-Panamax" ships, with completion expected in late 2015. The expansion will allow the canal to handle nearly three times as many cargo containers as the current locks. While the canal faces some competition from other transport routes, its expansion is designed to serve growing shipping needs for the next 100 years and ensure Panama's economy continues benefiting from canal operations.
The Panama Canal connects the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama, shortening shipping times and distances between ports on both coasts. Since opening in 1914, it has significantly impacted global trade by providing a faster route between the oceans. The canal cuts through Panama via a system of locks that raise and lower ships between fresh and salt water levels. It remains a vital shipping route and tourist attraction due to the engineering feats required for its construction.
Panamax refers to the largest ship measurements that can pass through the original locks of the Panama Canal. The maximum allowable dimensions are 294.1 meters long, 32.3 meters wide, and 12 meters draft. Many cargo ships are designed to these exact maximum specifications. The Panama Canal is currently expanding to allow larger "Post-Panamax" ships to pass through new, wider locks.
This document provides information on various civil engineering projects and structures from around the world. It discusses the Hoover Dam and other dams, the interstate highway system, long span bridges like the Golden Gate Bridge, airports like Kansai International Airport, rail systems like the Eurotunnel, wastewater treatment facilities, skyscrapers like the Empire State Building, water supply projects like the California Water Project, and water transportation infrastructure like the Panama Canal. It also provides details on the construction of Taiwan's Taipei 101 skyscraper and the Netherlands' storm surge barrier system.
This document provides information about bridges, including:
1) It discusses the history of bridge construction from early wooden bridges built by humans to more advanced stone and iron bridges built by ancient Romans and others.
2) It outlines the importance of bridges for transportation and society.
3) It describes different types of bridges based on their structure, materials used, and whether they are fixed or movable. The types discussed include arch, beam, truss, and cantilever bridges.
1. INTRODUCTION TO WATER TRANSPORTATION (PHE) GTU 3170623VATSAL PATEL
History, Scope, Merits, Developments of Water Transportation in India, Inland waterways, River, Canal, Inland water transportation, Harbor, Port, Dock, Development of Ports & Harbors, classification, Harbor site selection, Harbor dimensioning.
The document provides information about locks and how they work on canals and rivers. It explains that locks are used to raise or lower boats between stretches of water of different levels, allowing rivers to be made navigable and canals to take direct routes across uneven land. It describes the basic components and operation of pound locks, which have upper and lower gates that control the water level within the lock chamber. When a boat needs to move between levels, the gates open to allow entry, then close while the chamber fills or empties to match the other water level, after which the outbound gates open. This allows boats to overcome changes in elevation along canals and navigable rivers.
The Golden Gate Bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, providing a vital transportation link. Before the bridge was built, the only way to cross the San Francisco Bay was by ferry. This caused traffic jams of up to 18 hours at the ferry docks, demonstrating the need for an alternative. Engineers Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, and Charles Ellis designed a suspension bridge with two massive cantilevers connected by a central suspension segment. Construction began in 1933 and finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1937. The Golden Gate Bridge remains a globally recognized wonder of engineering.
The presentation topic is harbour dock engineering. It will be presented by Kashif Ali Khan, Izhar Ahmad, and Seyed Bakth Jamal Shah. A harbour provides shelter for loading/unloading cargo vessels and for vessel building, repair, and launching. Harbours are classified as natural, semi-natural, or artificial. Requirements of a good harbour include sufficient depth, secure anchorage, breakwaters, and a wide entrance. Defects like insufficient depth or size can be avoided in planning and design. Harbour planning requires thorough site surveys and consideration of natural phenomena.
The Ataturk Dam is a rock-fill dam located on the Euphrates River in Turkey. It is part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Project which involves 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. The Ataturk Dam provides irrigation water and hydropower. It has a capacity of 2,400 megawatts and irrigates over 800,000 hectares of land. However, issues have arisen due to improper compaction of the clay core which has led to significant settling of the dam posing stability and operational problems. Around 45,000 people were displaced by the project with compensation provided.
The Panama Canal is a 48-mile ship canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1881 but was halted due to engineering challenges and disease. The US later took over the project and completed it in 1914. The canal features a system of locks that lift ships up 26 meters and a large artificial lake. It has significantly reduced travel times and increased international trade by providing a shortcut between the oceans.
The Panama Canal is a 48-mile ship canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama. Construction began in 1881 but was halted due to engineering challenges and disease. The US later took over the project and completed it in 1914. The canal features a system of locks that lift ships up 26 meters and a large artificial lake. It has significantly reduced travel times and increased international trade by providing a shortcut between the oceans.
The document discusses the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It begins with an introduction about how the canal improved Panama economically, socially and politically. It then provides a chronology of the key dates in the canal's construction from 1880 when France began work, to 1977 when the US transferred control of the canal to Panama. Details are given about how the canal was built, including the creation of Gatun Lake and the use of locks to raise and lower ships. The presentation concludes with information about the ongoing expansion project to allow larger ships to pass through the canal.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through a 77 km artificial waterway. Construction began in 1881 by a French company but was plagued by engineering and health issues, including thousands of worker deaths from diseases like yellow fever and malaria. The French efforts went bankrupt in 1889. In 1902, the United States took over the project and was able to complete it in 1914 after better understanding mosquito-borne diseases and implementing safety measures. The canal uses a system of locks to raise and lower ships 85 feet between sea levels and was a crucial project for international trade and transportation.
The document summarizes seven modern wonders of the world:
1) The Channel Tunnel connects Britain and France beneath the English Channel, consisting of three tunnels including two for traffic and one for emergency escape.
2) The CN Tower in Toronto is a 553-meter tall communications and observation tower and icon of the city's skyline.
3) The Empire State Building in New York City stands at 102 stories and was the world's tallest building until 1972.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through an 82 km man-made waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. It features three sets of locks - Gatun, Miraflores, and Pedro Miguel locks. The locks raise and lower ships up to Gatun Lake, which ships traverse to cross the isthmus. The canal cuts the travel distance between the US West Coast and East Coast in half. It was constructed between 1904-1914 after earlier French attempts failed and has since been expanded to allow larger ships.
The document summarizes the construction of two major civil engineering projects: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took two attempts to complete, with the Americans finishing it from 1904-1914 after disease killed many French workers in their initial attempt. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built from 1905-1913 under William Mulholland, brought water from the Owens Valley to Los Angeles and enabled its growth, though drought and a dam collapse later caused water shortages. Both projects involved overcoming immense technical challenges to transport water or ships across long distances.
The Panama Canal and The Los Angeles Aqueductslynndon
The document summarizes two major civil engineering projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It discusses their origins, construction processes, challenges faced, key people involved, impacts and significance. The Panama Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, while the Los Angeles Aqueduct provided a reliable water source for the growing city. Both required massive amounts of labor and overcoming health and technical issues but ultimately transformed trade and enabled urban growth.
The document presents information about the Panama Canal, including that it was built in the early 20th century to provide a faster shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The French began construction in 1881 but were unable to complete it, so the United States took over the project in 1904 and finished building it 10 years later, employing a team of 45,000 workers led by John Stevens, William Gorgas, and George Goethals. The Panama Canal functions as a "water bridge" using a lock system to elevate ships 85 feet above sea level so they can travel between the two oceans, providing advantages like more efficient transport, reduced fuel consumption, and saved time for ships.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, allowing ships to travel between them without having to go around South America. The United States took over construction of the canal from France in 1904 after thousands of French workers had died from disease. Over 5,000 workers died during the American construction from diseases as well, until improved housing and sanitation eliminated the threats. The Panama Canal features three locks and allows ships to pass through its 80km route, reducing travel time significantly and boosting global trade.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama and drastically reduced travel times between the oceans. The United States took over construction of the canal from France in 1904 after thousands of French workers had died from disease. Building the canal involved overcoming immense challenges in draining lakes, cutting through mountainous jungle, and constructing giant locks to raise and lower ships. After 10 years of difficult construction under harsh conditions, the Panama Canal opened in 1914.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important project that shortened shipping times and aided U.S. military power projection. Today it remains a vital global shipping route.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important shipping route and strategic asset that helped the US expand trade and defend its interests.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important engineering feat that shortened shipping times and benefited international trade.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important shipping route and strategic asset that helped the US expand trade and defend its interests.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via a 51 mile waterway through the Isthmus of Panama. After failed attempts by France and Spain, the United States completed the canal in 1914 after overcoming immense challenges in constructing locks and cutting a path through mountainous jungle terrain. The canal shortened shipping times significantly and boosted international trade, establishing Panama's strategic importance. Today it remains one of the busiest shipping lanes and a remarkable engineering feat.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for ships. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned due to disease and deaths. The United States took over in 1904 and completed the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges of building locks and cutting a path through jungle and mountains. The canal reduced shipping times and benefited international trade and military operations.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important engineering feat that shortened shipping times and benefited international trade.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut between the oceans. Construction began in 1881 under French leadership but was abandoned after thousands of worker deaths. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914 after overcoming challenges like building giant locks and cutting a path through tropical jungle. The canal was an important shipping route and strategic asset that helped the US expand trade and defend its interests.
The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, saving ships from a long route around South America. Construction began in 1880 under French leadership but was abandoned after 21,900 workers died from disease. The US took over the project in 1904 and completed it in 1914 despite 5,600 additional deaths. The canal was a massive engineering feat that reduced global shipping times and benefited Panama's economy. It remained under US control until 1999 when Panama assumed full control. The canal demonstrates what can be achieved through perseverance despite immense challenges.
Zara is a major international fast fashion retailer owned by Inditex. It was founded in 1975 in La Coruña, Spain and has since expanded to over 2,000 stores across 88 countries. Zara commits to continuously innovating and providing new, quality designs at affordable prices faster than competitors. It aims to contribute to sustainable development through practices like using ecological fabrics and organic cotton. Zara's success is attributed to its ability to rapidly translate fashion trends into new collections available in stores through an integrated supply chain model.
This document discusses India's civil aviation system. It provides details on key organizations like Air India, Indian Airlines, Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited, and the Airports Authority of India. It notes that civil aviation is structured into regulatory, operational and infrastructural entities. Air India operates international services while Indian Airlines operates domestic and some international routes. Pawan Hans provides air support services to the oil sector. The document also discusses India's air cargo trade and the steps taken towards privatizing air transport. It outlines problems like safety issues and lays out plans and programs for developing air transport during the Ninth Five Year Plan.
This document provides an overview of international financial markets, including the foreign exchange market, Eurocurrency market, Eurocredit market, Eurobond market, and international stock markets. It discusses motives for using these markets, such as taking advantage of interest rate differences or currency movements. The functions of these markets in facilitating international investment, trade, and borrowing are also covered.
The document discusses the differences between competing internationally and competing globally. Competing internationally involves entering one or a few foreign markets, while competing globally involves establishing operations on multiple continents and competing for global market leadership. It then provides details on various factors to consider when expanding business internationally, such as political, economic, social, and technological factors in foreign markets. It also outlines different methods for entering international markets and various international business strategies.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interaction between people and corporations around the world due to advances in technology, communication, and transportation. This has led to a rapid rise in international trade and the global operations of multinational corporations. However, globalization is also associated with increasing inequality between rich and poor nations and a wider gap between the wealthy and impoverished within societies. While increased trade has benefits such as economic growth, critics argue it has failed to distribute prosperity evenly and has exploited some workers. Both opportunities and threats are associated with the rising tide of global business activities and economic integration on a worldwide scale.
The euro is the currency of twelve European Union member states. It was established in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty to create an economic and monetary union. The euro is administered by the European System of Central Banks and used initially by Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain at fixed conversion rates. Adopting the euro has eliminated exchange rate fluctuations and reduced transaction costs between member states while expanding their financial and labor markets.
1. The document discusses the evolution of global marketing from early domestic and export stages to the current stage of global marketing where companies adopt a global perspective and develop global products with local variations.
2. It describes the five stages in the evolution: domestic marketing, export marketing, international marketing, multinational marketing, and global marketing. Global marketing involves standardization, coordination across markets, and global integration.
3. The document emphasizes that global marketing does not mean products can be developed anywhere as economic, climate, and cultural factors still affect development. The internet adds a new dimension by enabling cost savings through e-commerce.
The document provides details about the history and construction of the Panama Canal. It summarizes that the canal was a massive engineering project completed in 1914 that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama. The canal cuts through mountains and tropical jungle and overcame political, geographical, and health challenges to create a shipping route saving thousands of miles and transit time for vessels. Locks lift ships up to an artificial lake and then lower them on the other side, and the project involved massive amounts of excavation, concrete, and construction workers over nearly a decade.
The document discusses the Indian Ocean, including its importance for sea routes connecting regions in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It notes that 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean, with countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Australia tapping into large hydrocarbon reserves. Fishing is mainly for local consumption or export by neighboring countries due to the ocean's low phytoplankton production, except along the northern fringe and some scattered spots. Endangered marine species in the Indian Ocean include dugongs, seals, turtles, and whales.
The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, reducing travel between Europe and Asia by 6,000 km. Opened in 1869, it was built by the French using Egyptian forced labor. The 193 km canal passes through Egypt and is an important global shipping route, carrying over 7.5% of world sea trade including oil shipments. It greatly improved world trade by providing a shortcut for shipping between East and West.
The ocean covers over 70% of the Earth's surface and has immense scale, with the deepest parts over 12,000 feet deep. The ocean is teeming with life, with over 1 million known species and potentially many more undiscovered. Life exists throughout the ocean environment, from the surface to the deepest hydrothermal vents. Ocean ecosystems are based on complex food webs that transfer energy from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. While all connected, the ocean is divided into five oceans and several seas, which are partially enclosed bodies of water within the larger ocean.
indian ocean . every thing about indian ocean is here Indian Ocean, body of salt water, covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the world. It is the smallest, youngest, and physically most complex of the world’s three major oceans. It stretches for more than 6,200 miles ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(10,000 km)
The document discusses the Trans-Saharan trade network, which was a set of connections across the Sahara Desert that allowed for the exchange of goods like gold between Africa and the Arab world. Travel along this route was difficult, involving camels and taking two months to cross the desert. The spread of Islam in Africa was facilitated by Arab merchants and traders who brought ideas, writing, and officials along the trade routes and many Africans converted, though they also kept some of their own traditions.
The document discusses the various aspects of the nature and scope of management. It defines management as the art and science of organizing and directing human efforts applied to control forces and utilize materials for the benefit of man. It describes management as having a dynamic, scientific, and artistic nature. Management is also discussed as a profession, universal process, and system. The key functions of management like production, marketing, finance, and personnel management are also summarized.
Forecasting involves analyzing past and present data to estimate future events and business conditions. It is important for planning in various business areas like finance, human resources, marketing, and operations. There are quantitative and qualitative forecasting techniques that use statistical tools, trends analysis, or expert opinions. Choosing a technique depends on factors like cost, accuracy, data availability, and forecast horizon. While forecasting provides information for decision making, forecasts are estimates and may be inaccurate due to assumptions, changing conditions, or human error. Managers must balance the costs and benefits of different forecasting methods.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. The Panama Canal
Engineering Wonder of 20th Century
According to the American Society of Civil
Engineers
“The canal remains a testament to the
combined skills of structural, geotechnical,
hydraulic and sanitary engineers.”
5. Joseph Pennell
“I looked down into a yawning gulf stretching to
right and left, the bottom filled with crowds of
tiny men and tiny trains … Overhead, huge iron
buckets flew to and fro, great cranes raised or
lowered huge masses of material…As I looked a
bell rang, the men dropped their tools, and lines
of little figures marched away, or climbed wooden
stairs and iron ladders to the surface… It was
perfect, the apotheosis of the Wonder of Work…”
6. Case Study of U.S. Policy and
Problems to be Overcome
1.Political
Problems
2.Geographical
Problems
3.Other Natural
Problems
7. Political Problem Gran Columbia
Panama
In the 1820s,
at the time of
initial American
interest in the
Panama
Canal,
Panama was
part of Gran
Colombia.
8. Geographical Problems
Three major geographical
problems:
1. complex mountain range
formation;
2. tropical jungles; and
3. complex topography
14. Facts and Figures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Construction began 1904
Opened Aug. 15, 1914
50 Miles long deep water to deep water
Average depth 43 feet
Width varies between 500 to 1000 feet
14000 vessels pass every year
Average of 8 to 10 hour journey
Travel time from NYC to San Francisco 6000 miles
compared to 14000 taking route around Cape Horn
• Tolls based on tonnage of the vessel
15. •From the Atlantic Ocean the Panama Canal runs south for ten
miles (17 km) and then eastward to the Pacific Ocean.
•The total soil excavated from the canal would build a pyramid
4,200 feet (1,280 meters) high.
•During the construction engineers working on the project
earned from $225 to $600 per month. Physicians earned from
$150 to $300.
•The project consumed as much as twelve million pounds of
dynamite per year.
•Gatun Lake, the highest part of the canal, is about 85 feet (26
meters) above sea level.
16. •The Commissary Department provided food for the
entire work force and baked as many as six million
loaves of bread, 650,000 rolls, and 114,000 pounds
of cake per year.
•It took nine hours and forty minutes for the passage
of the first ship through the canal. The average is 810 hours.
•When the canal opened tolls were set at $1.20 per
ton for freight and $1.50 per ton for passengers. A
freighter carrying a cargo of 4,500 tons paid a toll of
$5,400.
•When the Panama Canal opened to traffic, the
United States had spent $352 million.
17. Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty
•Signed on
November 18, 1903
•Granted U.S.
control over
Panama Canal for a
price
•Negotiated by
Phillipe BunauVarilla and U.S.
Secretary of State
John Hay
18. U.S Canal construction
•Began in 1904
•Employed
thousands of
Panamanians and
U.S. construction
companies
•First ship traveled
thru the canal in
1914
•Officially finished
in 1915
19. Layout of Canal
• Consists of artificial
lakes (Miraflores,
Gatun)and channels
and three sets of
locks
• Additional artificial
lake, Alajuela Lake,
acts as a reservoir for
the canal
• Chagres River is
dammed by the
Gatun Dam and forms
Gatun Lake-it drains
northwest into the
Caribbean Sea
20. Gatun Dam
• Constructed 19071913
• Impounds Gatun Lake
• Hydro-electric
generating station
generates electricity
• Electricity used to
operate the locks and
other equipment in
the canal
21. How Locks Work/Design
• Three sets of the two lane Canal work as water elevators to lift the
ships to the level of the Gatun Lake
• Set of lanes can accommodate traffic on opposite or same direction
• No pumps used to lift the ships, the work is done by a force of
gravity
• Later lower the ships back to sea level on the other side of the
Isthmus of Panama
• Electric locomotive on the side provides complete control of
movement of vessels
• All operations accomplished from a control house built on the
center wall of the upper lock chamber.
• Single person can run every operation in the passage of the ship
except for the towing
25. • Panama Canal is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama
that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the
Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is
a key conduit for international maritime trade.
• Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914,
making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape
Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to
navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan.
26. Pennel began his artistic journal through the Canal from the Atlantic
Ocean at Colon where American Canal employees lived in wooden
bungalows. According to Pennell, the bungalows were “…built of
wood, painted white, and completely screened with wire gauze, rusted
black by the dampness, a protection from mosquitoes and other
beasts, bugs, and vermin.”
Colon
28. The Guard Gate, Gatun
Pennell noted the
“magnificent arrangements”
of the Gatun gates. He
wrote: “I have never seen
such a magnificent
arrangement of line, light
and mass…great work is
great art, and always was
and will be. This is the
Wonder of Work.”
39. Bridge of the Americas
• Puente de Las Américas (In Spanish).
• The Bridge of the Americas is approximately 354
ft. high and 5,400 ft. long, and connects the land
that was divided during the construction of the
Panama Canal(as well as north and south
America). The Bridge of the Americas crosses the
Pacific approach to the Panama Canal at Balboa,
near Panama City and serves as an important part
of the Inter-American Highway.
40. • -Originally known as the Thatcher Ferry
Bridge, is a road bridge in Panama, which
spans the Pacific entrance to the Panama
Canal.
• -Completed in 1962, costing $20 million, it
was the only non-swinging bridge (there are
two other bridges, one at the Miraflores locks
and one at the Gatun locks)
42. Centennial Bridge
• (Spanish: Puente Centenario)
A major bridge crossing the Panama Canal. It
was built to supplement the overcrowded
Bridge of the Americas, and to replace it as
the carrier of the Pan-American Highway;
upon its opening in 2004, it became only the
second permanent crossing of the canal.
43. •
The bridge is cable-stayed ,meaning it’s a bridge that
consists of one or more columns , with cables supporting the
bridge, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching cables
to various points on the tower.
•
It’s designed with a total span of 1,052 m (3,451 ft). The
main span is 320 m (1,050 ft), and clears the canal by 80 m (262
ft), allowing large vessels to pass below it.
•
The bridge is supported by two towers, each 184 m (604 ft)
high. The deck carries six lanes of traffic across the canal.
The bridge is designed to withstand the earthquake.
• The West Tower of the bridge was built ca. 50m inland to allow
space for the future widening of the Panama Canal.
44. Expansion efforts
• Panamanian President Martín Torrijos
presented the plan on April 24, 2006. Saying
that The project will double the canal's
capacity and allow more traffic
• Panamanian citizens approved it in a national
referendum by 76.8% of the vote on October
22, 2006.
45. • The first phase of the expansion project is the dry excavations of
the 218 meter (715 ft) wide trench connecting the Culebra Cut with
the Pacific coast, removing 47 million cubic meters of earth and
rock.
• The project will create a new lane of traffic along the Canal by
constructing a new set of locks. Details of the project include the
following integrated components:
• Construction of two lock complexes—one on the Atlantic side and
another on the Pacific side—each with three chambers, which
include three water-saving basins;
• Excavation of new access channels to the new locks and the
widening of existing navigational channels; and,
• Deepening of the navigation channels and the elevation of Gatun
Lake’s maximum operating level.
47. Objectives of the expansion
• (1) achieve long-term sustainability and growth for the
Canal’s contributions to Panamanian society through
the payments it makes to the National Treasury
• (2)maintain the Canal’s competitiveness as well as the
value added by Panama’s maritime route to the
national economy.
• (3) increase the Canal’s capacity to capture the growing
tonnage demand with the appropriate levels of service
for each market segment.
• (4) make the Canal more productive, safe and efficient.
48. Estimated time/cost
• The construction of the third set of locks
project will take between seven to eight years.
The new locks could begin operations
between fiscal years 2014 and 2015.
• The construction cost of the third set of locks
is estimated at approximately $5,250
million.($5.2 Billion)
49.
50. 1909 Lock Construction
The American expenditures from 1904 to 1914 totaled $352,000,000, far
more than the cost of anything built by the United States Government up to
that time. In today’s money it would cost $7,448,028,707.72
51. At the Gatun Locks on the Atlantic side, workers poured
enough concrete to build a wall 8' wide, 12' high, and 133
miles long. They built culverts the size of railroad tunnels to
channel water from Gatun Lake into the locks.
52. By August 15, 1914 the Panama Canal was officially
opened by the passing of the SS Ancon.
53. Panama Canal
Map of the Panama Canal
Figure 3: A map showing the route of the
completed canal. A series of "locks" are
used to control the water level within the
canal.
54.
55.
56.
57. Technological Fact #1
Upon the Canal’s
completion, a ship
traveling from New
York to San
Francisco saved
7,872 miles by using
the Panama Canal
instead of going
around South
America. The
average time spent in
transit from port to
port is approx. 8 - 10
hours.
58. Technological Fact #2
Between 1904 and 1913, a total of 56,307 people
worked on the construction of the waterway. Of
these, 11,873 were Europeans, 31,071 were from
the various Caribbean nations, 11,000 were
American, and 69 were not classified.
59. Technological Fact #3
Construction costs for
the Canal reached
approximately $352
million. When including
the $10 million paid to
Panama, the $40 million
paid to the French
company, and the money
previously invested by
the French, the total
expenditures were about
$639 million.
60. Technological Fact #4
During the US construction
period, 232 million cubic
yards of earth were
removed. This quantity,
added to the 30 million
removed by the French,
provide an approximate of
262 million total cubic
yards of earth. How to
dispose of the excavated
material was an important
aspect of the excavation.
61. Technological
Fact #5
Millions of cubic
yards were
deposited in the
jungles of Panama.
The biggest
dumps were in
Miraflores, Gatun,
Tabernilla and
Balboa.
62. Technological Fact #6
The highest Canal
toll ever recorded
by $ 141,344.91
paid by the Crown
Princess and the
lowest toll ever
paid was 36 cents
by Richard
Halliburton for
swimming the
Canal in 1928.
63. Technological Fact #7
By 2006, the Panama
Canal was maxed out.
In October, the country's voters
approved a $5.25 billion plan to
expand and modernize the canal.
The project will include:
• two new sets of singlelane, three-step locks — one
set at the Atlantic entrance
and one at the Pacific;
• two new navigational
channels to connect the new
locks to existing channels;
and
• deeper, wider versions of
existing shipping lanes.
64. Tight Fit…
In the current
canal locks, ships
have a clearance
of about 2 ft. on
either side.
65. Updates on the Panama Canal began in
2007.
To connect those locks to
existing shipping lanes, nearly
5 miles of channels will be
excavated. The current route
through Gatun Lake will also
be deepened by 5 ft. and
widened, from today’s 500 ft.
minimum, to 920 ft. on
straightaways and 1200 ft. in
the turns. Gatun Lake will then
be raised 1.5 ft., providing an
extra 550 million gallons of
water each day for the locks
and alleviating concerns that
canal expansion will tax water
supplies.