The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for maritime trade. The 50-mile canal cuts through mountainous jungle and includes a series of locks that raise and lower ships as they pass through. After failed attempts by France and Panama, the United States oversaw the canal's completion in 1914, which reduced travel times between the oceans by 8,000 miles but cost many worker lives due to harsh conditions and disease. The canal remains a vital global shipping route today.

1. The Panama Canal The World’s Most Important Shortcut Image Courtesy of: http://www.boyds.org/images/canal_aerial.jpg

2. Where is Panama? Maps Courtesy of: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/americas_pol96.jpg

3. Panama is an isthmus. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land which has water on each side and connects two larger bodies of land. What is an isthmus? Courtesy of: http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/maps/pm-map.jpg

4. What is a canal? An area of water that is dug across land. Canals connect bodies of water so that ships can travel between them.

5. Early History 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the isthmus of Panama and becomes the first European to see the Pacific Ocean 1524 Spanish explorer Hernon Cortes suggests that a path across the isthmus of Panama would be a great idea 1534 The King of Spain wants to build a canal through Panama Although these people knew how wonderful it would be to create this they didn’t have the ability to do it

6. The 1800’s 1835 France is given a permit to build a canal across Panama. However first they have to come up with a plan to build the canal. In 1881 they finally start.

7. Building the Canal The next few pictures show what the area looked like when the French started building the canal. What challenges do you think they faced building a canal in this type of area?

9. Image Courtesy of: http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/jennions/images/Panama%20lake.jpg

10. Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto002.htm

11. Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto002.htm

12. Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto003.htm

13. After looking at these pictures what do you think would be the challenges of trying to build a canal through a tropical jungle and mountains?

14. The French Give Up 1881 A French company begins construction on the canal. After eight years France gives up on the project. Over 20,000 construction workers died working on the project for France and the company trying to build the canal goes bankrupt.

15. 1904 The United States begins working on the Canal 1914 The canal is completed 1977 The United States signs a treaty with Panama and agrees to give Panama control of the canal in 1999 The United States

16. Why was it so important to build a canal? It is 1904. Theodore Roosevelt is president, and the United States is fast becoming one of the most powerful nations in the world. Such recent inventions as the telephone and the automobile make the 3,000 mile wide country seem a lot smaller.

17. Imagine you are living on the East Coast. Your family is in the clothing business and wants to sell clothes to new stores in San Francisco. Of course, the clothes can’t be loaded on a plane-there aren't any planes. And trains are expensive for shipping goods.

18. So your family decides to send the clothes by ship around the tip of South America. The trip can easily take two months, and many ships are destroyed by terrible storms.

19. But, what if a canal were built where the land between North America and South America is narrowest-across Panama? That could shorten the trip by nearly 8,000 miles!

20. That’s just what President Roosevelt is determined to do. He wants to build a canal across Panama to help families like yours expand their trade. He knows that the canal will also help the United States defend itself. With the canal, the United States could quickly move its warships from one ocean to the other if they were needed to protect United States interests. Image Courtesy of: http://www.britannica.com/nobel/art/orooseh001p1.jpg

21. So the United States is ready to do what seemed impossible-to join the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. But a major decision had to be made. Should the canal be built at sea level like the Suez Canal? Or should it follow the natural rise of the land? This would mean building locks (enclosed chambers with gates at each end) to raise and lower ships as they pass through the canal. Locks this big had never been made before. The decision was made in favor of having locks. Now they just had to figure out how to build them.

22. What are locks? A lock is a part of a canal with gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.

23. How do locks work? The ship goes through a set of gates into a lock chamber. The water in the chamber is still at sea level. Then more water comes pouring into the chamber through valves. The ship rises like a toy boat in a bathtub filling with water. When the water rises high enough, the ship passes through a second set of gates and enters a small lake. It goes to the next lock and the water is raised again.

24. Click this link to see how a lock works How a lock works http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/index.html

25. Here are the giant locks Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto026.htm

26. Here are the giant locks being built Photo from the Canal Zone Brats www.czbrats.com

27. Here are the giant locks being built Photos Courtesy of www.panamacanal.com

28. Here is how the Panama Canal works Image Courtesy of: http://www.panamacanal-cruises.com/panama-canal-pictures/crosssections.jpg

29. Here is how the Panama Canal works Photo Courtesy of: http://navy.memorieshop.com/Panama/ProfilePC.jpg

30. Here is one of the maps used when making the canal Photos Courtesy of www.panamacanal.com

31. Challenges of Building the canal Just like when the French had tried to build the canal, the builders of the canal had to figure out how to cut a 51 mile path through a tropical jungle and an area of mountains! Image Courtesy of: http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/Documents/terre-panama-canal-panama-srtm.jpg

32. Working Conditions Imagine working on the Panama Canal. By noon the temperature is about 100 degrees. It’s humid-so humid that after it rains steam rises from the ground and your clothes become soaking wet. There is no shade, no air-conditioning, and no place to get cool.

33. Working Conditions The average yearly rainfall is about 80 inches. Flooding makes the ground like pudding, and you can sink up to your knees in mud. Tropical diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria are spread easily by mosquitoes.

34. Working Conditions A tropical jungle may be a fascinating place for scientists to work, but for workers trying to build a canal it’s a nightmare. Imagine trying to dig out tons of dirt in a jungle like this. And there was no insect repellent to keep the bugs from biting.

35. Working conditions As one worker said, “There was no shelter from the sun or the rain. There were no trees, and when the sun shines, you get it. When the rain falls you get it.”

36. The building of the canal Photo courtesy of: www.canalmuseum.com

37. The building of the canal Photo courtesy of: www.canalmuseum.com

38. 1914 The Canal Opens Image Courtesy of: http://www.canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto042.htm

39. The Panama Canal Today Today the canal is a busy place. Ships get stuck in traffic jams because there are so many of them and often have to wait up to 20 hours to go through the canal. Then the trip through the canal takes another eight hours.

40. The Panama Canal is an important landmark and is considered by some to be the 8th Wonder of the World. Photo from the Canal Zone Brats www.czbrats.com