A systems oriented design study uncovering underlying systemic forces in the context of access to housing

1. Unpacking Gentrification 2.0.
A systems oriented design study uncovering
underlying systemic forces in the context of
access to housing
Palak Dudani
Oslo School of Architecture and Design

2. What will I talk
about

3. Introduction to SOD
What will I talk
about

4. Introduction to SOD Case Study
What will I talk
about

5. Introduction to SOD Case Study Unpack and
Dive in
What will I talk
about

6. Introduction to SOD Case Study Unpack and
Dive in
Reflection + Next
steps
>>
What will I talk
about

7. systemic-design.net
systemsorienteddesign.net

9. Existing land use (based on street level)
1:2000 scale
Residential
Hospitality: restaurants, bars, hotels
Recreational & cultural: gyms, arts, music
Institutional: schools & churches
Parks
Private green space: allotment gardens
Other use green space: cemetery
Parking
MOBILITYPRIVATE -OWNED STATE -OWNED
NSB #RUTERCAROSLO CITY BIKE TAXI
NORGES TAXIUBEROSLO TAXIKRISTANIA TAXI
DIGITAL NON-DIGITAL
DRIVER OF CHANGE : RACIAL MAKE-UP OF THE POPULATION
T-BANE
TRIKK FERRY
BUS
SEASON
PASS
BUY
ONBOARD
KIOSK
TICKET
REISEBILLET
THEORY OF DERIVE
RIGHTS TO
THE CITY
- CO-PRODUCTION IN PLANNING FOR THE
INTERCULTURAL CITY, PAOLA PIERRI
DRIVER OF CHANGE : ECONOMIC DIVIDE
BEING IN SPACES
WORKING & LIVING
DRIVER OF CHANGE : INFORMATION DISSEMINATION CHANNELS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AKERSRIVER
FUNCTION-
ING AS A
KIND OF
CULTURAL
SLOPE
PUBLIC VS
PRIVATE SPAES
CULTURAL
SPACES
TRAILS, PARKS,
CAMPING
AREAS ETC
INFORMATION
ACCESS
FLOW OF
PEOPLE /
DIVERSITY
ECONOMICS
AND MARKET
STATUS &
IDENTITY
CONSUMP-
TION
ART, MUSIC
RESTAURANTS
HOUSING
COSTS AND
DISTRIBUTION
POWER &
ENERGY
DISTRIBUTION
JOB MARKET
EDUCATION
SECURITY , LAW
AND ORDER
HEALTHCARE
LAW AND
ORDER,
SECURITY

10. Existing land use (based on street level)
1:2000 scale
Residential
Hospitality: restaurants, bars, hotels
Recreational & cultural: gyms, arts, music
Institutional: schools & churches
Parks
Private green space: allotment gardens
Other use green space: cemetery
Parking
MOBILITYPRIVATE -OWNED STATE -OWNED
NSB #RUTERCAROSLO CITY BIKE TAXI
NORGES TAXIUBEROSLO TAXIKRISTANIA TAXI
DIGITAL NON-DIGITAL
DRIVER OF CHANGE : RACIAL MAKE-UP OF THE POPULATION
T-BANE
TRIKK FERRY
BUS
SEASON
PASS
BUY
ONBOARD
KIOSK
TICKET
REISEBILLET
THEORY OF DERIVE
RIGHTS TO
THE CITY
- CO-PRODUCTION IN PLANNING FOR THE
INTERCULTURAL CITY, PAOLA PIERRI
DRIVER OF CHANGE : ECONOMIC DIVIDE
BEING IN SPACES
WORKING & LIVING
DRIVER OF CHANGE : INFORMATION DISSEMINATION CHANNELS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AKERSRIVER
FUNCTION-
ING AS A
KIND OF
CULTURAL
SLOPE
PUBLIC VS
PRIVATE SPAES
CULTURAL
SPACES
TRAILS, PARKS,
CAMPING
AREAS ETC
INFORMATION
ACCESS
FLOW OF
PEOPLE /
DIVERSITY
ECONOMICS
AND MARKET
STATUS &
IDENTITY
CONSUMP-
TION
ART, MUSIC
RESTAURANTS
HOUSING
COSTS AND
DISTRIBUTION
POWER &
ENERGY
DISTRIBUTION
JOB MARKET
EDUCATION
SECURITY , LAW
AND ORDER
HEALTHCARE
LAW AND
ORDER,
SECURITY

12. I1

13. I1
I2
I3

15. Source: San Francisco Fox Gif By
Animation Domination High-Def

16. Bjørvika: Barcode-
muren snart komplett

17. Source: Norway
Today

18. Source: Dagens
Næringsliv

19. Jonny Aspen
Professor, Landscape
Architecture and Urbanism
AHO

20. Research and
Rapid Learning

24. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
P
N
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
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80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

25. REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
The refugee housing policy in
Norway concentrates mainly on
Andersen’s (2012) point
number 6 “regulation of the
access to dwellings” in the form
of spatial dispersal policy.
[Backas, 2015]¹
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
Around 95 % of loans
from banks to the private
market is with mortgage
in housing. [Statistics
Norway]
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
More than 75 % of Norwegian
households and 83 % of all
people in Norway live in a
self-owned accommodation.
(Statistics Norway)
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
The design of the Norwegian
tax system makes home own-
ership highly beneficial, as
dwellings are taxed at rates
considerably below their
market value. [Grødem &
Hansen, 2015]⁷
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
Social mobility increased
substantially between cohorts
born in the early 1930s and
the early 1940s. [Pekkarinen,
Salvanes & Sarvimaki, 2015]14
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
According to London & Palen (1984), the
baby boomers married at an older age,
had fewer children & later in life. Women
entering labour force at higher rates led
to increase of dual wage-earner house-
hold & made typically young, more
affluent couples without children.
Child-free, they elected to live in the
inner city close to their white-collar jobs
hence a neighbourhood with more
white-collar jobs was more likely to be
invaded. [Hjorthol, Bjørnskau. 2005]⁹
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
Norwegian private rental
sector with individuals letting
out their own home, parts of
their own home, or one or a
few additional units dominates
by being about two thirds of
the market. [Sandlie & Gul-
brandsen, 2017]15
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
At the beginning of the 1980s,
both the housing market & the
financial market were deregulated.
Housing investment preferences
today are restricted by income &
access to housing funding. [San-
dlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
POORLY
REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
The Norwegian market is
poorly regulated, and given
the competition for dwell-
ings owners have the liberty
to cherry-pick the renters
that they prefer. [Grødem &
Hansen, 2015]⁷
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
Norway has seen a rise in immi-
grants arriving since 1970s. In
2017, Norway's immigrant popu-
lation made up 16.8% of the
country's total population. Oslo
had the largest population of
immigrants and Norwegian-born
to immigrant parents which is
33% of the capital’s entire popu-
lation. (Statistics Norway).
STIGMA OF PUBLIC HOUSING
The public housing stock is small and
poorly differentiated, which often means
that this sector offers deprived housing
conditions. The fact that most Norwegians
become homeowners contributes to the
stigma or negative image of the social
housing sector as a sub-standard form of
housing. [Vassenden & Lie, 2013]17
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
The competition over rented hous-
ing in Norway provides ‘a fertile
environment for discrimination’. In
a representative survey, 20 % of
immigrants to Norway from coun-
tries in Africa and Asia said they
had experienced discrimination in
the housing market. [Grødem &
Hansen, 2015]⁷
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
According to Haurin (1991) and Schill
et.al (1998), most immigrants are in low
or middle-income group, implying that
most immigrants would depend heavily
on the social housing & affordability is
important in determining homeowner-
ship . [Hayfron, n.d]8
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
The Financial Supervisory Authori-
ty of Norway introduced mandato-
ry deposits when buying a home.
In 2010, the maximum loan-to-val-
ue ratio for repayment mortgages
was set at 90% of the property
value, later reduced to 85%.
[Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPORARY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
Since most Norwegian households
becomes homeowners over the
course of their lives, the private
rental sector primarily provides
accommodation for people in
transition looking for temporary
housing and with low incomes who
lack the resources for entering
home ownership. [Hayfron, n.d]8
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
The award criteria for a public
start-up loan have been tight-
ened (Astrup et al. 2015) & is
now restricted to longer term,
economically disadvantaged
households who have the
ability to repay the mortgage.
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
Fiscal policy was adjusted and
governmental support to fiscal
sector mitigated the negative
impact of the GFC on the econ-
omy - adjustments which had a
major impact on the Norwegian
housing market. [Sandlie &
Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
AFFLUENCE
BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
At present, about one
third of young home-
buyers get support
with residential
finance from their
parents. [Sandlie &
Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
Since the 1940s, the full weight of the
Norwegian state’s housing policy,
including bricks and mortar subsidies,
tax breaks & housing allowances, has
been geared towards the expansion of
homeownership. [Grødem & Hansen,
2015]⁷
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
Norwegian social housing policy original-
ly referred to all type of housing that
received some form of public subsidy or
social assistance, either directly or indi-
rectly. In the initial period social housing
accounted for most households but that
changed after Second World War. When
most of the population had secured good
and affordable housing, social housing
targeted the most vulnerable groups and
was confined to public rented housing.
[Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
There is growing concern that
increasing house prices, especially
in the largest cities, and limited
access to equity and mortgages is
producing and reproducing ine-
qualities among youth trying to
enter the housing market.
[Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
The Housing Committee (NOU
2011:15 Rom for alle (Room for all)
estimated that approx. 150 000
people were considered to be
disadvantaged in the housing
market where immigrants are
over-represented.
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
Exclusion from entering home
ownership means exclusion from
positive effects of a generous tax
regime for homeowners & upturns
in property prices over recent
years. [Sandlie & Gulbrandsen,
2017]15
A tax subsidy on home
ownership contributes to
long-term renting being extra
disadvantageous (NOU 2011:15).
EFFECTING CHILDREN
10% Norwegian children live in low-in-
come households. Immigrants with
children are more frequently exposed
to housing problems where 17% of the
families (as opposed to 7% Norwegian
families) with children report two or
more housing problem (Nordvik 2010).
[Grødem & Hansen, 2015]⁷
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
Norwegian social attitudes
about land seem to be shifting
from a ‘traditional’ mentality
towards a more ‘American’
mentality. [van Auken, Rye
2011]16
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
Competition for available dwellings
in the private sector has increased in
recent years, as a consequence of
the vast influx of immigrants from the
EEA (Sandlie & Seeberg 2013;
Søholt, Ødegård, Lynnebakke, &
Eldring 2012).
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
According to Munt (1987), Zukin
(1987), Caulfield (1992), Karsarda
et al. (1997) & Moss (1997), since
1990s, from ‘suburbanisation to
reurbanisation’, a process of
gentrification was taking place
with traditional working-class
areas in the inner cities being
‘invaded’ by middle class.
[Hjorthol, Bjørnskau, 2005]⁹
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
Rapid urban development
linked with revitalization of the
central business district. The
first redevelopment was at
Aker Brygge during the 1980s.
Bjørvika and Tjuvholmen
followed up during the 2000s.
UNINTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
“Inner city area in Tøyen
has been a concentration
of social problems, and
there have been political
attempts at improvement
such as library and parks.
However, as conditions
improve, the area becomes
susceptible middle-class
moving in, leading to
unintended gentrification
effects.” - Jonny Aspen,
Institute of Landscape
Architecture & Urbanism
AVOIDING ‘GHETTOS’
Borevi & Bengtsson (2014) argue that
Norway could compare Sweden and
Denmark’s policies. The government
rejected the Swedish model where
refugees can choose their place to live
and also the Danish one, with a com-
plete government control over settle-
ment place. Instead Norway decided
to base its housing settlement policy
on an idea of a so called ‘steered
settlement’ (ibid). [Backas, 2015]¹
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
Housing is arranged through disper-
sal, which means that refugees are
scattered equally between municipal-
ities in order to guarantee placement
into a municipality, which has the
capacity to offer the required servic-
es (Ministry of Children, Equality &
Social Inclusion, 2014).
CITY WITHIN A CITY
[” ] Whether through simple econom-
ics, or the desire to live with other
Muslims, or because of flawed social
welfare policies, some cities have
heavily migrant, informal ghettos that
block easy assimilation into Norwe-
gian language, culture and society.”
[Erlanger, 2011]⁵
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES’
There is no one transcendent
culture, but that cities do share
the symbolic economy, therefore,
we must ask whose representa-
tion of whose culture is being
enshrined in which institutions
when cultural strategies are
formed. [Zukin, 1995]18
LOSS OF AUTHENTICITY
OF CITIES
According to Zukin, the wave of
middle-class gentrification’ is now
as much a threat to the diversity of
communities as is the corporate city.
The result is an "overbearing same-
ness". Cities are losing their "authen-
ticity". They are no longer places
where people can put down roots,
but "experiences" people consume
before moving on. Unlike Jacobs,
Zukin argues that governments
have an important role to play in
creating the authentic city. [Zukin,
2009]19
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
Since 2000s, house prices have
increased by close to 50 per
cent. The sharp rise in housing
demand has pushed up house
prices, since supply is deter-
mined by the existing housing
stock in the short term. [Jacob-
sen & Solberg-johansen, 2004]11
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
Housing was one of the pillars of
the Norwegian welfare state,
from 1945 onwards. Two state
banks provided the majority of
the funding & mass home own-
ership become an important part
of the social housing police.
[Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017]15
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
Only those considered as the most
vulnerable – often applicants with
social problems, substance abuse
problems, and/or mental health
problems – will be offered a flat by
the municipality. Others are left to
compete in the private sector.
[Grødem & Hansen, 2015]⁷
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
The deposit requirements
and award criteria for
start-up loans increase the
threshold for becoming
first-home buyers.
[Hayfron, n.d]8
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
According to Huse &
Oatley (2014), in Norway,
urban reviwal of 1980s
was reinforced by the
shift towards neoliberal
urbanism in the 1990s.
[Kallin, 2015]12
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
Not only do these media propagate
community, communications technolo-
gies construct meaning in our lives.
[Caron & Caronia, 2007]⁴. Following
Certeau (1984), they argue our cell
phones are not incidental effects – our
communiqués are cultural artifacts,
material and discursive objects. Our
“mobile conversations are effectively
powerful social glue”
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
Neighbourhoods constitute a key
arena for social inclusion (Keene,
Bader, & Ailshire 2013; Vyncke et
al. 2013) and can facilitate the
social inclusion of families with
immigrant backgrounds if they
include neighbours with access to
resources that the individual
herself does not have.
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
Most came for labour and family, but
since 2017, more than 50% came
seeking refuge. (Statistics Norway)
SATTELITE TOWNS
The satellite towns of Furuset,
Stovner and Søndre Nordstrand
are developing as Oslo’s new
immigrant districts, whereas the
’older’ immigrant areas in inner
parts of the city are becoming
increasingly gentrified.
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE’
Bourdieu’s Habitus concept
explains how class identity is
established & maintained through
consumer behaviour, but it doesn’t
explain social change - which is
what gentrification is - new middle
classes replacing working classes
in the central parts of the cities
contrary to their traditional prac-
tices. [Hjorthol & Bjørnskau,2005]⁹
POLICY SHIFT & OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMIGRANTS
The political objective of changing the socio-ethnic
residential mix of Old Oslo was motivated by desire to
avoid ‘ghettos’. The result of this policy has been gentrifi-
cation and displacement. The practices of ghetto label-
ling and residential mix policy servce to obscure the role
played by immigrant communities and networks in and
around Tøyen streen in engedering social cohesion.
[Huse, 2014]10
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
Brought on by the concurrent
decline of cities and expansion of
abstract financial speculation, and
the themes we must consider when
discussing cities: the use of culture
as an economic base, the articulation
of culture to privatize and militarize
public space, and how the power of
culture is related to the aestheticiza-
tion of fear. [Zukin, 1995]18
GENTRIFICATION 2.0
A PROBLÈMATIQUE OF GENTRIFICATION IN NORWAY
& REINFORCING INFLUENCES
WITH CONTENT FROM LITERATURE REVIEWS
A DESIGN FOR DEMOCRACY PROJECT
BY PALAK DUDANI, SYSTEM ORIENTED DESIGN 2018
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
Immigrants have equal access to
home loans or mortgages issued by
the state lending institutions as the
indigenous Norwegians yet immi-
grants are less likely to own a house
than Norwegians. [Hayfron, n.d]8
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28. WORKING WITH
SOD

29. Break down the gigamap into
patterns and influences
Present two groups and
dominant narratives
WORKING WITH
SOD

30. Native Norwegians
Became Homeowners
after 1940s
Schematic
Group One

31. Young Norwegians
Immigrant background
Arrived after 1960s
Group One Schematic
Group Two

32. Group One Schematic
Group Two

33. Group One Schematic
Group Two
Immigrant background
“ Persons born abroad with
two foreign-born parents and
four foreign-born
grandparents”
(Statistics Norway)

34. Group One Group Two

35. Narrative One

36. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

37. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
From 1945 onwards,
housing was one of the
pillars of the Norwegian
welfare state.
(Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017)
Narrative One

38. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

39. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

40. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
The market is dominated by
individuals letting out their
own home, or parts of their
own home.”
(Sandlie & Gulbrandsen, 2017)
Narrative One

41. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

42. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
“..given the competition
for dwellings, owners
have the liberty to
cherry-pick the renters
that they prefer.”
(Grødem & Hansen, 2015)
Narrative One

43. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
“The design of the
Norwegian tax system
makes home ownership
highly beneficial”
(Grødem & Hansen, 2015)
Narrative One

44. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
“we see a rise of middle
class as social mobility
increased
substantially..”
(Pekkarinen, Salvanes &
Sarvimaki ,2015)
Narrative One

45. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

46. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
In Norway, urban revival
of 1980s was reinforced
by the shift towards
neoliberal urbanism in
the 1990s.
(Kallin, 2015)
Narrative One

47. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

48. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
+
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
9
10
11
12
Narrative One

49. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
2
4
5
6
8
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
NERSHIP PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
T WAR ‘SOCIAL
ME OWERNSHIP’
DEL
EALTH BUILDING
OM HOME
WNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELYOWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
10
11
12
Narrative Two

50. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

51. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

52. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

53. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

54. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

55. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

56. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

57. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

58. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

59. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

60. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

61. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
“the competition over
rented housing in Norway
provides ‘a fertile
environment for
discrimination’
(Grødem & Hansen, 2015)
Narrative Two

62. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

63. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
NEED FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
POORLYREGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
+
SIN
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
+
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
+
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
13
12
Narrative Two

64. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
AVOIDING
‘GHETTOS’
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
SATTELITE TOWNS
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
POLICY SHIFT &
OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMI-
GRANTS
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
Leverage points

65. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
AVOIDING
‘GHETTOS’
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
SATTELITE TOWNS
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
POLICY SHIFT &
OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMI-
GRANTS
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
“places within a complex system
(an economy, a city, an
ecosystem) where a small shift
in one thing can produce big
changes in everything.”
Donella Meadows
Leverage points

66. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
AVOIDING
‘GHETTOS’
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
SATTELITE TOWNS
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
POLICY SHIFT &
OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMI-
GRANTS
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

67. CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
ADJUSTMENT
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTUR
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEE
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

68. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

69. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

70. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

71. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

72. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

73. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS

74. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP

75. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP

76. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
“Look for success to the
successful loops’ in a system”

77. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
Reducing gain around
positive loop is more
powerful leverage point than
introducing negative loops.
Donella Meadows

78. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
Leverage point:
Home ownership

79. Long term
renting
Future
To prevent
poverty trap in
future..

80. Home Ownership
Today
We have to
build home
ownership
today.
Long term
renting
Future

81. How does it work
right now?

82. Buying a house in
Norway

83. Buying a house in
Norway

84. 2
Access to
Housing
Market
1
Buying a house for
Norwegians

85. 1 2
Access to
Housing
Market
Affordability
2
Buying a house for
Norwegians

86. 1 2 2
Access to
Housing
Market
Affordability Ability
to get
loans
3
Buying a house for
Norwegians

87. 1 2 2
Ability
to get
loans
3
Buying a house for
Norwegians

88. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
Buying a house for
Norwegians

89. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
Buying a house for
Norwegians

90. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
Buying a house for
Norwegians

91. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
Access to
Housing
Market
1
Buying a house
for Immigrants

92. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
Access to
Housing
Market
1

93. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
1
!

94. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
1
! !
1
!
42 3
! ! !

95. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
1
! !
42 3
! !
Ability to
arrange cash
deposit

96. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
!
Ability to
arrange cash
deposit
1
!
42 3
! ! !
Immigrants have equal
access to home loans or
mortgages issued by the
state lending institutions
as the indigenous
Norwegians.. yet
immigrants are less
likely to own a house
than Norwegians.

97. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
!
Ability to
arrange cash
deposit
1
!
42 3
! ! !
.. yet immigrants
are less likely to
become home-
owners than
Norwegians.
Hayfron (n,d)

98. 1 2 2 3
Ability to
arrange
cash
deposit
4
!
1
!
42 3
! ! !

99. 1 2 2 3 4
!
1
!
42 3
! !
Buying a house
for Immigrants
Buying a house
for Norwegians

100. Buying a house
for Immigrants
Buying a house
for Norwegians
1 2 2 3 4
!
1
!
42 3
! !
How does Gentrification
effect this existing system?

101. !! ! !
21 2 3 4
1 42 3

102. 2 3 4
!
42 3
1
1
2
[…] In Oslo,
gentrification has been
accompanied by very
steep growth in real
estate prices

103. 2 3 4
!
42 3
1
1
2
..And the inner city district are
becoming economically
unattainable for growing
number of people.
(Huse 2014)

104. 2 3 4
!
42 3
1
1
2

105. 2 3 41 2
!
42 31

106. 2 3 41 2
!
42 31

107. 2 3 41 2
!
42 31

108. 2 3 41 2
!
431 2

109. 2 3 41 2
!
41
! !
32
!!

110. 2 3 41 2
!
431 2
!! ! !

111. 2 3 41 2

114. +

115. +

116. +

117. +

118. +

119. +

120. +

121. +

122. +

123. +

124. +

125. +

126. +

127. +

128. +

129. +

130. +
Increasing
wealth gap
over
generations

131. Pushing one
group into
poverty trap
+

132. Design response

133. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
Leverage point:
Home ownership

134. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
Leverage point:
Home ownership
Power Dynamic
Skewed

135. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
HOME OWENRSHIP
How can we create
opportunities
And start balancing the power
dynamic?

137. HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
Housing lottery
for working
immigrants

138. HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
Housing lottery
for working
immigrants
A premium service by
Oslo Kommune in
collaboration with
Husbanken

139. HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
homeofyourown.org

140. HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
homeofyourown.org
1 2 3 4

141. 1 2 3 4
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PAR
TNE
RSH
IP WIT
H
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Building a
housing stock
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PART
NER
SHIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Reaching the
users
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PART
NERS
HIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Lottery &
managing
finances
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PART
NERS
HIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Supporting
winners &
homeowners

142. H
O
M
E
O
F
YO
U
R
O
W
N
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNE
RSH
IP WIT
H
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
WELCOME PALAK!
HOME OF YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE INITIATIVE
TO SUPPORT HOME OWNERSHIP
FOR IMMIGRANTS
Enter the lottery >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 1 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Selected
Currently 300 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 2 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>HOME OF YOUR OWN
Where would you like to live?
WINNER GETS 15% CASH
FUNDING AND BANK SUPPORT
TO OWN THE HOUSE.
ALL HOUSES IN THE SAME
PRICE RANGE.
Choose a bydel >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 0 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
PAY
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Frogner Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
St. Hanshaugen Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
Gamle Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
SUMMARY OF
LOTTERY TICKETS
1Ticket
1Ticket
1Ticket
TOTAL NOK 600
PAYMENT DONE
CHECK YOUR REGISTERED EMAIL
OR MAILBOX FOR UPDATES.
GOOD LUCK!
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
1 2 3 4

143. H
O
M
E
O
F
YO
U
R
O
W
N
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNE
RSH
IP WIT
H
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
WELCOME PALAK!
HOME OF YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE INITIATIVE
TO SUPPORT HOME OWNERSHIP
FOR IMMIGRANTS
Enter the lottery >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 1 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Selected
Currently 300 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 2 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>HOME OF YOUR OWN
Where would you like to live?
WINNER GETS 15% CASH
FUNDING AND BANK SUPPORT
TO OWN THE HOUSE.
ALL HOUSES IN THE SAME
PRICE RANGE.
Choose a bydel >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 0 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
PAY
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Frogner Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
St. Hanshaugen Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
Gamle Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
SUMMARY OF
LOTTERY TICKETS
1Ticket
1Ticket
1Ticket
TOTAL NOK 600
PAYMENT DONE
CHECK YOUR REGISTERED EMAIL
OR MAILBOX FOR UPDATES.
GOOD LUCK!
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
1 2 3 4

144. H
O
M
E
O
F
YO
U
R
O
W
N
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNE
RSH
IP WIT
H
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
WELCOME PALAK!
HOME OF YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE INITIATIVE
TO SUPPORT HOME OWNERSHIP
FOR IMMIGRANTS
Enter the lottery >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 1 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Selected
Currently 300 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 2 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>HOME OF YOUR OWN
Where would you like to live?
WINNER GETS 15% CASH
FUNDING AND BANK SUPPORT
TO OWN THE HOUSE.
ALL HOUSES IN THE SAME
PRICE RANGE.
Choose a bydel >
Selected
Currently 700 units available
Price range NOK 5-6 Million
3 selections allowed. 0 remaining.
Next
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
PAY
HOME OF YOUR OWN Exit >>
Frogner Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
St. Hanshaugen Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
Gamle Bydel
+ NOK 200
X
SUMMARY OF
LOTTERY TICKETS
1Ticket
1Ticket
1Ticket
TOTAL NOK 600
PAYMENT DONE
CHECK YOUR REGISTERED EMAIL
OR MAILBOX FOR UPDATES.
GOOD LUCK!
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
60 UNITS
220 UNITS
20 UNITS
1 2 3 4
Front end
Back End

145. Orchestration
Thesholds
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
homeofyourown.org
Synergies: Orchestration Thresholds
How easy is it to orchestrate the implementation?
Economical
Technological
Cultural
Organisational
Financial feasiblity
Technical skills and expertise
needed for this
Challenging Feasible
Cultural norms and acceptance
by society
Partnerships and synergy with
existing portfolio of work

146. Systemic Impact
Macro
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
‘HOME OF YOUR OWN’
LOTTERY SERVICE
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTN
ERSHIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Reducing the gain by
having another positive
force counteract it

147. Reflection + Next steps

148. Housing System:
How it is

149. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
AVOIDING
‘GHETTOS’
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
SATTELITE TOWNS
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
POLICY SHIFT &
OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMI-
GRANTS
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
Housing System:
How it is
Virtuous Cycle

150. WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
RISING MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION
CHANGING HOUSING
PREFERENCES
PRIVATELY OWNED
RENTAL MARKET
DEREGULATION OF
MARKET IN 80S
POORLY REGULATED
RENTAL MARKET
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
STIGMA OF PUBLIC
HOUSING
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
MANDATORY DEPOSITS
FOR OWNERSHIP
RENTAL SECTOR FOR
TEMPERORY STAYS OR
NON-OWNERS
RESTRICTED LOAN
SCHEME
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS AND POLICY
ADJUSTMENT
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
NO SOCIAL HOUSING
POLICY ANYMORE
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
EFFECT ON
CHILDREN
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
RISING DEMAND FOR
HOUSING
ORGANIC, INVISIBLE &
SLOW
GENERALISED
GENTRIFICATION
UN-INTENDED
GENTRIFICATION
REFUGEE HOUSING
POLICY
AVOIDING
‘GHETTOS’
ASYLUM SEEKERS
RELOCATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
ON CREATION OF
‘URBAN CULTURES
LOSS OF AUTHENITICITY
OF CITIES
INCREASING REAL
ESTATE PRICES
HOMEOWNERSHIP
VALUABLE
PROGRESSIVE HOME
LOANS FOR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR ‘SOCIAL
HOME OWERNSHIP’
MODEL
LEFT TO COMPETE IN
PRIVATE MARKET
INCREASED
THRESHOLD FOR
FIRST TIME BUY
CONTEMPRORY
DEVELOPMENT
IS GENTRIFIED
BY DEFAULT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
MULTI-CULTURALISM
AND INCLUSION
RISE IN REFUGE SEEKERS
SATTELITE TOWNS
GENTRIFICATION AS
‘SOCIAL CHANGE
POLICY SHIFT &
OBSCURING THE
ROLE OF IMMI-
GRANTS
RISE OF SYMBOLIC
ECONOMY
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
80% NORWEGIANS
ARE HOME OWNERS
Vicious Cycle
Housing System:
How it is
Virtuous Cycle

151. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
‘HOME OF YOUR OWN’
LOTTERY SERVICE
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PART
NERS
HIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Housing System:
How it is

152. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
‘HOME OF YOUR OWN’
LOTTERY SERVICE
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO
KOM
MUN
E
INIT
IATI
VE
IN PARTNERS
HIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Housing System:
How it is

153. IMMIGRANTS IN
NORWAY
MOSTLY LOW OR MIDDLE
INCOME GROUP
WEALTH BUILDING
FROM HOME
OWNERSHIP
REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPEMENT
AS DRIVING FORCE
IN ECONOMY
‘HOME OF YOUR OWN’
LOTTERY SERVICE
AFFLUENCE BEGETS
AFFLUENCE
IMMIGRANTS FACE
DISCRIMINATION
DISADVANTAGED IN
THE HOUSING MARKET
LESS LIKELY TO OWN
HOME DESPITE GRANTS
LONG TERM RENTING
AS POVERTY TRAP
+
HIGH URBAN ESTATE
PRICES SUPPORTING
WEALTH INEQUALITY
HOME
OF
YOUR
OWN
AN OSLO
KOM
MUN
E
INIT
IATI
VE
IN PARTNERS
HIP
WITH
HOME OF
YOUR OWN
AN OSLO KOMMUNE
INITIATIVE
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Housing System:
How it is
Housing System:
How it could be?

154. Housing System: How it could be?

155. Housing System: How it could be?

156. Tusen takk
Thank you!
Palak Dudani
MA Candidate
Oslo School of Architecture
and Design (AHO)