HOUSING ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING.pptx

HOUSING & ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
ASSIGHNMENT : 2
HOUSING & ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (ASGMT : 2)

Housing Age :
Definition :
Age of housing means the number of year-
round housing units.
What is the average age of house?
According to structural engineers, the lifespan
of any concrete structure ranges from 75 to
100 years. There are various factors, which may
alter this age range. For example, the life of an
apartment is 50-60 years while independent
homes have a higher lifespan.
Age of housing is an important characteristic
of supply because it often indicates housing
condition
Source https://housing.com/news/what-is-the-average-age-of-a-house/

What causes house to age?
A house is a concrete structure made of other earthly elements that are bound to deteriorate
over time.
Depends on Various Factors:
Housing
Age
Type of
construction
i.e. Puccaa, Semi-
Puccaa, Kachchaa
Material and
Techniques Used
in Construction
Social-Economic
Conditions of a
Region and
Household extreme
weather,
environmental
conditions
rigorous usage
Other major components of a home, such as power cables, water pipelines, flooring, window and
door hinges, water-proofing, wall texture and paint, etc., are also prone to damage over time.
Moreover, if the construction quality is poor, the home will age way before time.

Tips to increase housing age

Occupancy Rate :
What is occupancy rate in housing?
Occupancy rate is the ratio of rented or used space to the total amount of available
space. Analysts use occupancy rates when discussing senior housing, hospitals, bed-and-
breakfasts, hotels, and rental units, among other categories.
How do you calculate occupancy rate?
No. of occupants in dwelling units divided by total no. of occupied
dwellings
Occupancy rate is the percentage of occupied rooms in your property at a given time. It is
one of the most high-level indicators of success and is calculated by dividing the total
number of rooms occupied, by the total number of rooms available….

Factors affecting Occupancy Rate are
• Desirability of the Location : location can be deemed desirable or
undesirable based on factors such as the area’s crime rate, access to public
transportation, popular entertainment areas, and so on..
• Saturation in the Market : An oversupply of available space can have a drastic
impact on the occupancy of housing buildings. When supply outweighs demand,
potential tenants take advantage of the market and often seek rents that are
lower than normal. Ex. For sponsors who refuse to lower rent prices, market
saturation can .lead to significantly lower occupancy.
• Adaptability to Future Workplace Trends : The real estate industry has
evolved significantly over the past few years due to the evolving needs and
expectations of both tenants and investors. This evolution has impacted housing
sector, as well as the other sectors, and has a significant influence on the
workplace of the future. Today, details such as the functionality, interior design,
and amenities play a much larger role in tenant acquisition and retention, which
directly impacts occupancy rates.

• Vicinity : a surrounding area or district :(NEIGHBORHOOD)
A particular surrounding like commercial , airport area , industrial area can
affect occupancy rate.
• Affordability : If something is affordable, it means its price is low enough
that you (or most people) have enough money to buy it. ... If you can afford
something, you have enough money to pay for it.
• Interest Rates : Interest rates have a profound effect on the value of income-
producing real estate. This is especially true about the rates on interbank
exchanges and Treasury bills (T-Bills). Because their influence on an
individual's ability to purchase residential properties (by increasing or
decreasing the cost of mortgage capital) is so profound, many people make
the incorrect assumption that the only deciding factor in real estate valuation
is the current mortgage rate

• Population : The average number of people per dwelling. For a given area, it
is usually calculated by dividing the census usually resident population count
by the number of private dwellings, or the estimated resident population by
the estimated number of private dwellings.
• Mortgage availability : A mortgage is usually a loan sanctioned against an
immovable asset like a house or a commercial property. According to
research conducted in 2020 by The Urban Institute, buying a home is harder
than ever for families, especially those who are first-time homeowners
because small-dollar mortgages aren't readily available.

Crowding:
• No. of persons exceeding the capacity of household to provide
adequate shelter and services to its members.
• The persons per house is considered as the occupancy rate, when the
numbers increases significantly then it results in crowding.
• Supply of in-adequate and un-affordable housing also results in crowding.
• Effects of crowding are: Increased physical contact, Lack of sleep, Lack of
privacy and poor hygiene practices, Respiratory problems, Infections and
Mental health problems.
Housing shortage:
• Housing shortage is a situation when there is insufficient housing to
accommodate the population in an area, when the supply of houses
cannot meet the demand. ... The presence of homeless people, and
slums and squatter settlements are also an indication of housing
shortage.
• Factors affecting housing shortage: Rapid population growth,
Migration, High birth rates, Low mortality, Competing land use, Limited
land supply and Inflation.

Definition of ‘Affordability’ or
‘Affordable Housing’
- There is no clear-cut definition of the term “affordable”, as it is a relative concept.
- Even, “affordability” as a concept is very generic and could have different meanings for different people
of differences in income levels.
- Different agencies and countries have defined “affordable housing” as the economic potential of an
individual to buy a house.
- In the US and Canada , a commonly accepted guideline for affordable housing is that the cost of housing
should not be more than 30% of a household‘s annual income, including taxes and insurance for owners
and utility costs.
- Even in India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had tweaked the affordable housing definition in July
2014. According to RBI the cost of a house now could be INR 6.5 million and INR 5 million in the metros
and non-metros, respectively, to be qualified as affordable housing.
- The task force on promoting Affordable Housing of MHUPA has defined affordable housing as -
“Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could
be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of
house price to annual income”.

Definition of ‘Affordability’ or
‘Affordable Housing’

Income Levels and Housing Affordability
- The relationship between income and affordability for various income groups follows a nonlinear trend.
- The costs on food, nonfood essentials and house rent form a significant portion of income for lower-
income groups.
- As we move towards higher-income levels, the rise in costs do not increase at the same pace.
- Disposable surplus income, which is often used to purchase a new house, drops significantly at lower-
income levels and is higher at higher-income levels. Thus, people of higher-income levels can better
afford to purchase new houses, owing to higher disposable surplus incomes

Policies and Regulations in India
- Several policies adopted by Central Government have assisted in the delivery of affordable housing for
the EWS, LIG and lower MIG.
- The first National Housing Policy was formulated in 1988. It was followed by the formulations of
National Housing Policy in 1994, National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP) in 1998 and follow-up of
74th Constitution Amendment of 1992.
- These policy initiatives focused on transition of public sector role as `facilitator’, increased role of the
private sector, decentralization, development of fiscal incentives, accelerated flow of housing finance
and promotion of environment-friendly, cost-effective and pro-poor technology.

National Urban Housing Mission (NUHM), 2015
- The NUHM was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 2015
- It seeks to meet the gap in urban housing units by 2022 through increased private sector participation
and active involvement of the States.
- It has four broad components or verticals out of which credit linked subsidy would be implemented as a
Central Sector Scheme and not a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
- The Mission would initially cover 500 Class I cities and will be spread across 3 phases (2015-2022).

National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP), 2007
- facilitating accessibility to serviced land and housing for EWS and LIG
- land assembly, development and disposal to be encouraged by both private and public sectors
- forging strong partnerships between public, private and cooperative sectors
- creating adequate housing stock both on rental and ownership basis
- using technology to modernise and enhance energy and cost efficiency, productivity and quality

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
- JNNURM was launched in December 2005 with an aim to implement reform-driven, planned
development of cities in a Mission mode with focus on up-gradation of urban infrastructure, creation of
housing stock and provision of basic services to the urban poor, community participation and
accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
- For the housing sector in particular, its main aim was construction of 1.5 million houses for the urban
poor during the mission period (2005–2012) in 65 mission cities.

Rajiv Awas Yojana
- Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), to be implemented in
Mission mode during 2013-2022 for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a ‘Slum-free India’
by encouraging states and union territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner.
- The scope of RAY envisages integrated development of all existing slums, notified or non-notified, with
development, improvement and maintenance of basic services to the urban poor, including water
supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste management, approach and internal roads, street lighting,
community facilities such as community toilets and baths, informal sector markets and livelihoods
centres.
Housing for All by Year 2022
- In situ rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers using land as a resource through private partnership wherever
possible
- Promotion of affordable housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy (interest subvention)
- Affordable housing in partnership with Public & Private sectors
- Promotion of housing for urban poor by assisting beneficiary led construction.

Critical Issues in The Affordable Housing Sector
- Land is the most critical cost in housing projects. Building affordable housing entails land cost should be
such that the benefit can be passed on to the end-user. Land cost in urban city centres is high, often
constituting more than 50% of the project cost for developers; this makes affordable housing projects
unviable.
- Excessive control on the volume of construction in some centrally located areas of the large urban
centres, pushing development to peripheral areas that lack infrastructure facilities.
- For affordable housing projects, even construction costs can form a large factor in making projects
unviable, since the profit margins for the developers increase exponentially as compared to the
construction costs when evaluating projects ranging from affordable to mid-segment to premium and
luxury segments
- The land use conversion, building and construction approvals process, which in India could take
anywhere from 18-30 months, can significantly increase the project costs for the developers due to
additional cost escalation due to the long holding period.
- People who belong to LIG and EWS segments have little access to organized finance. A large percentage
of these people are occupied in the unorganised sector and also often lack documentation such as
proof of address, salary slips, etc
- Requirement for focused government policies that enable and incentivize the affordable housing
segment such that it becomes more lucrative for developers to build affordable housing projects.

Definition of Slum
- Normally slums are those part of the city which may be unfit for human habitation either because of the structure
there in are old dilapidated grossly congested and out of repairs or because of lack of infrastructure facilities or
because sites themselves are unhealthy.
- A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in
unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water
facilities. (Census of India, 2001 and National Slum Policy)
- A slum is building; a group of buildings or area characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, and lack of facilities or
amenities endanger the health, safety of its inhabitants. (Source: UNESCO)
- As per National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) a slum is a compact settlement with a collection of poorly built
tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water
facilities in unhygienic conditions. Such an area, for the purpose of this survey, was considered as “non notified slum”
if at least 20 households lived in that area. Areas notified as slums by the respective municipalities, corporations, local
bodies or development authorities are treated as “notified slums”.

Slum
- So, different bodies have different aspects of defining slums. Due to the variation in the definition most
of the preliminary data is either wrong or incomplete which ultimately decreases the efficiency of any
scheme on the ground. This variation in definition leads to:
- Variation in Demographic data and other numbers The data of population living under slum
condition varies from one institution to another. Inadequate Planning Strategies
- The success of any scheme or programme depends on the primary data. But the figure of target
population is incorrect most of the times which is one of the reasons of failure of schemes.
Inadequate Investments-
- The investments made in these schemes is not as per the actual demand, it is totally based on
the target population. Reduced Number of Beneficiaries
- Incorrect demographic data lower down the number of beneficiaries which are supposed to be
benefitted from the scheme.

Houselesness or Homelessness in India
- With 1.82 million homeless people, India has one of the largest homeless populations in the world.
- The sight of people sleeping on pavements, footpaths, temple stairs, railway platforms, under
overbridges, among others, has become a part of ‘the everyday’. These are the people most deprived of
basic services, including shelter.
- Homelessness differs from what is called being ‘inadequately housed’.According to the United Nations,
approximately 100 million people worldwide do not have a place to live, and more than 1 billion people
are inadequately housed. In India, statistics distinguish between serviceable housing units (pucca, semi-
pucca and kutcha categories), which are included in the housing stock, and non-serviceable kutcha
housing units, which are not included.
- There is no single identifiable cause of homelessness. While migration and lack of employment
opportunities are some of the reasons for homelessness, there could be many others such as poverty,
failure of the housing supply system, violence, the erosion of family support, political, ethnic and social
turmoil, natural calamity, physical disability and mental illness among others. Sometimes, social
constraints like rigid caste hierarchies and religious discrimination push people out of villages.

- Delhi - Lucknow
- Mumbai

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE HOMELESS IN THE
INDIAN CONTEXT
- While ‘slum-dwellers’ have been the focus because they occupy a commercially viable piece of land, the
‘street-dwellers’ have been invisible to policy-makers in India. As a result, these people effectively
remain cut-off from the benefits of citizenship such welfare schemes, proper sanitation facilities, voter
cards, public distribution system or Aadhaar card. The absence of a formal address makes them
anonymous and unidentified.
- Moreover, homeless people are victims of poverty and malnutrition, and their state renders them
insecure and vulnerable to threats of violence.
- The state of living on the streets with multiple vulnerabilities exacerbates or even causes mental health
problems to develop, often resulting in increasing dependence on drugs and alcohol. Many homeless
people thus end up engaging in substance abuse.
- Women are particularly more vulnerable when it comes to homelessness (UN Special
Rapporteur 2005: 14). They are not only unsafe on the streets but also in the night shelters that
the government provides.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO ERADICATE HOMELESSNESS
- The Government has built night shelters in almost all major cities across India. Not only are these
shelters insufficient (in terms of number) and inadequate (in terms of resources); but are also
unliveable (Ramani 2019).
- The National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM) was the first scheme which laid out specific
provisions for the homeless.
- It was in 2013 that MoHUA initiated the Scheme of Shelter for Urban Homeless (SUH) under the
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM). As per these guidelines, the cities were to “...(e)nsure
availability and access of the urban homeless population to permanent shelters including the basic
infrastructure facilities like water supply, sanitation, safety and security” (MoHUA 2013: 3). These all-
weather shelters were to be well-ventilated, catering to 50-100 people, with sufficient bathing and
toilet facilities, clean drinking water, standard lighting, pest control, clean and hygienic environment,
among others.
- Moreover, the guidelines also called for linking homeless people to social protection programs, such as
the ICDS, Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC), the public food distribution system, etc. It specifically
states, “(a)ll homeless persons, in shelters should be given priority under various schemes, and
government programmes”

• Lead poisoning irreversibly affects brain
and nervous system development,
resulting in lower intelligence and
reading disabilities.
Public health issues related to housing
Introduction
It seems obvious that health is related to where people live. People spend 50% or more of
every day inside their homes. Consequently, it makes sense that the housing environment
constitutes one of the major influences on health and well-being.
How Does Housing Affect Health?
Healthy homes promote good physical and mental health. Good health depends on having
homes that are safe and free from physical hazards. In contrast, poor quality and inadequate
housing contributes to health problems such as chronic diseases and injuries, and can have
harmful effects on childhood development. Poor indoor air quality, lead paint, and other
hazards often coexist in homes, placing children and families at great risk for multiple health
problems.
For example:
Source: https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/05/housing-and-health.html Poisoning Has Destroyed Lives Of People In This Jharkhand Village

• Substandard housing such as water leaks, poor
ventilation, dirty carpets and pest infestation
can lead to an increase in mold, mites and
other allergens associated with poor health.
• Cold indoor conditions have been associated
with poorer health, including an increased risk
of cardiovascular disease. Extreme low and high
temperatures have been associated with
increased mortality, especially among
vulnerable populations such as the elderly.
Overcrowding Dirtiest environment
Source: https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/05/housing-and-health.html
Extreme Cold Weather Condition Extreme Hot Weather Condition
• Residential crowding has been linked both with
physical illness, such as tuberculosis and
respiratory infections, and with psychological
distress among both adults and children.
Tuberculosis And Respiratory Infections

Shortage of houses fit to live in Houseless population
• Household crowding is a condition where the
number of occupants exceeds the capacity of the
dwelling space available, whether measured as
rooms, bedrooms or floor area, resulting in adverse
physical and mental health outcomes. Crowding is a
result of a mismatch between the dwelling and the
household
Sourcehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535289/
Housing-related hazards
• Radon: Radon represents one of the most important housing-related hazards. It is a naturally-
occurring, radioactive gas formed as part of the decay chain of uranium-238. It readily
diffuses through air, is soluble in water and it can accumulate inside buildings.
• Flooding: Physical risks, from drowning and injury, due to floodwaters, unstable buildings,
Mental health aspects, from being displaced, loss of property, possessions, despair, loss of
community, Contamination of water supplies, due to surface or groundwater flooding, by
sewage, Lack of drinking water, mains supply and services, e.g. electricity and gas supplies
being cut off, Disrupted access to services, e.g. transport, community services, schools,
health services, postal deliveries, etc.

Fundamental Physiologic Needs
Needs for healthy housing include the following:
• adequate privacy for the individual,
• opportunities for normal family life,
• opportunities for normal community life,
• facilities that make possible the performance of household tasks without undue physical and
mental fatigue,
• facilities for maintenance of cleanliness of the dwelling and of the person,
• possibilities for aesthetic satisfaction in the home and its surroundings, and
• concordance with prevailing social standards of the local community.
Source:
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/books/housing/cha02.htm
• provide a safe and sanitary water supply;
• protect the water supply system against pollution;
• provide toilet facilities that minimize the danger of transmitting disease;
• protect against sewage contamination of the interior surfaces of the dwelling;
• avoid unsanitary conditions near the dwelling;
• exclude vermin from the dwelling, which may play a part in transmitting disease;
• provide facilities for keeping milk and food fresh; and
• allow sufficient space in sleeping rooms to minimize the danger of contact infection.
Housing Should Provide !!!

Preventions:
• Sustaining and expanding Healthy Homes initiatives at the federal, state and local levels,
including public-private collaborative programs
• Support for high utilities costs through the Low Income Home Energy Assistance
Program and similar programs that assist households with unaffordable heating, cooling,
and electricity bills
• Strengthening enforcement of fair housing laws, including the Fair Housing Act and other
state and local regulations prohibiting racial discrimination in housing markets
• Exploring private initiatives, such as Habitat for Humanity, to create affordable, healthy
housing
• Continuing federal involvement in lending and fairness standards for banking and loan
institutions, and improving banking and lending procedures to create equal opportunities
for credit
Source: https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2011/05/housing-and-health.html

Various theories of housing
John Turner is a British architect who has written extensively on housing and
community organization, his writings being influenced by a formative period spent
working in the squatter settlements of Peru from 1957-1965. There, Turner studied
and advised on a number of reconstruction and slum upgrading programs which
were part of a nation-wide community development initiative. During this time
Peru was also a leading center for debate on housing policy, community
development and the role of self-help. Turner's own theoretical stance was formed
in this context and combined aspects of the work of the Peruvian urban theorists
Fernando Belaúnde, Pedro Beltrán and Carlos Delgado.
Turner's central thesis argued that housing is best provided and managed by those
who are to dwell in it rather than being centrally administered by the state. In the
self-building and self-management of housing and neighborhoods, Turner asserted
that the global North had much to learn from the rapidly developing cities of the
global South. Through a number of empirical studies, some of which were
published in a collection for Habitat International Coalition entitled Building
Community, he showed clearly that neighborhoods designed with local groups
worked better since people were experts on their own situations and should be
given the 'freedom to build', a phrase that became the title for an edited collection
by Tuner. Whether this freedom was granted by the state or wrested from it
through squatting was less important.

Various theories of housing
Within this framework the state as well as private professionals such as
architects and engineers, act as enablers, resulting in a shift in thinking
that valorizes experience and local know-how over technocratic and
professionalized forms of knowledge.
In contrast to the 'aided self-help' policies of the World Bank, for which
Turner is frequently credited, his vision was far more radical as he not
only contended that residents should build their own houses and
neighborhoods, but that they should also have control over their finances
and management. In Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing
Process, which was first published in 1972, Turner sets out these views,
which remain relevant today. Whilst there have been some attempts in
Europe to involve residents in decisions regarding their built environment,
such as the work of the participatory architects of the 1960s and 1970s,
the Scandinavian cohousing movement, the community technical aid
centres of the UK and the work of architects such as Walter Segal, the full
potential of such an engagement has not yet been realized.

Concept Of Green Housing
A green home is a type of house designed to be environmentally sustainable. Green homes
focus on the efficient use of "energy, water, and building materials". A green home may use
sustainably sourced, environmentally friendly, and/or recycled building materials. It may
include sustainable energy sources such as solar or geothermal, and be sited to take maximum
advantage of natural features such as sunlight and tree cover to improve energy efficiency.
• Site Selection and Planning
• Land Use Planning
• Transportation Planning
• Infrastructure Resource Management
• Innovation & Design Process
Green rating depends upon various categories :
Objectives of a Green Building
• Improving employee productivity,
• Using energy, water and other resources more
efficiently,
• Reducing overall impact to the environment,
• Optimal environmental and economic performance,
• Satisfying and quality indoor spaces.

In India, there are three rating systems which are most often used that have their own
set of criteria to be followed. They are: 1) LEED India, 2) GRIHA, 3) IGBC
LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. It is
recognised in India and globally as a point of reference for design,
construction and operation of Green Buildings. It was originally developed by
the US Green Building Council (USGBC) for promoting sustainability through
the construction of Green buildings. The standards used by LEED are
developed to suit every kind
of building type and phase including new construction, interior designing
layout, operations, maintenance, core and shell.
A LEED certification can be achieved by a building if it
meets all prerequisites and achieves the bare minimum
standard according to them. Their rating system is based
on points and establishes the intent and technology or
strategies for every credit. Based on the number of points
received, a project can earn one out of four levels of LEED
certification,
The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad is
LEED 'Silver' rated.
Source: https://www.buildersmart.in/blogs/Green-building-rating-in-India/

IGBC stands for Indian Green Building Council. This Green building rating system was developed with a
holistic approach towards creating environmentally-friendly buildings. The IGBC system uses an arbitrary
approach with a few mandatory requirements to award credit points. The system is designed to initiate a
need to address national priorities and increase the quality of life for its occupants and it keeps pace with
current standards and growing technology. It is mainly designed for newly built structures, both air-
conditioned and non-air conditioned buildings including residential, factory buildings, schools, integrated
townships, offices, commercial buildings, etc. The rating system is classified into two types: Owner-
occupied and Tenant-occupied buildings.
Based on the total level of credits earned, a building is awarded a level of certification.
Wipro Technologies in Gopanpally, Hyderabad has a Gold level
certification.

GRIHA is a National Rating System that was developed keeping in mind the different climatic zones in the
country. It is suitable for rating all kinds of buildings. GRIHA stands for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment. The rating system takes into account the National Building Code of India, Energy Conservation
Building Code, several IS codes and local standards and laws. The GRIHA rating system evaluates the
environmental performance of a building over its entire life cycle and provides a standard for what is
represented as a 'green building'. The standard criteria are revised every three years to maintain a balance
between established practices and technology that is emerging in the field.
GRIHAs rating system has 100 points where certain requirements are mandatory to receive a minimum score of
50. There are also innovation points that can be awarded over the 100 point system. A project can hypothetically
apply for a maximum score of 104 points, however, the final scoring is awarded out of 100 points.
Rail Nirman Nilayam in Hyderabad has a 3-star GRIHA rating.

 Reduction of greenhouses gases protects the
environment
 Green homes are more air tight and thermally
comfortable
 Improve indoor air quality. Green homes have
exceptional indoor air quality
 Reduce use of water
 Reduce operating cost
 Green homes will have higher resale value
 Hedging against the future costs of utilities
 Green homes are, generally speaking, more durable
than their counterparts
 Green homes reduce noise from the exterior
 Green homes provide better daylight and views
 Green home use less materials
 Green homes location
 Green home owners are happier

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