1. The Era of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto
Week 09
Course: PAKISTAN STUDIES
Code: PKS-101
Instructor: MISS NAZIA SHAFFIQUE
2. Indicators of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s
Era
• Rise of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Important policy measures taken by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
1: Labor Reforms
2: Land Reforms
3: Economic Reforms
4: Social or Educational Reforms
• Foreign Policy of zulifqar Ali Bhutto
• Introduced third Constitution 1973
• Simla Agreement or Accord
4. Rise of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• In 1957, he became the youngest member of
Pakistan’s delegation to the United Nations.
• In 1958, he became Pakistan’s cabinet minister. He
was assigned ministry of Water and Power.
• In 1963, he became Foreign Minister.
• After Tashkent Agreement, he left Ayub Khan and
resigned in 1966.
• Founded Pakistan People’s Party 1967.
• Contested elections in 1970 & won majority in West
Pakistan.
5. • Took over from Ayub Khan in 1971, became first
civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator.
• Disintegration of Bangladesh.
6. Labor Reforms
• Labor Law Ordinance 1975, to satisfy the
militant labor force.
• The industrialists & factory owners were
made responsible for bearing the
expenditure of education of one child of
every worker or labourer.
7. Land Reforms
• It was promised of fixing a low ceiling, abortion of absentees,
landlordism and promotion of farming.
• Landholdings limited to 150 acres irrigated and 300 acres
non-irrigated in 1972.
• Landholdings later limited to 100 acres irrigated and 200
non-irrigated.
• Right of pre-emption were granted to the tenants for the
area cultivated by them, to ensure security to the tenancy
right.
• In 1975, small landholders of 12 acres irrigated and 25 non-
irrigated were exempted from land revenue and cesses.
8. Economic Reforms
• Nationalization, govt. wanted to save people from
adverse impact of galloping price. Government
raised the wages and salaries which laid
tremendous inflationary stress on economy.
Nationalization program could not arrest inflation
and also missed the corporatist element.
9. Social or Educational Reforms
• 1st phase of educational policy announced
in Oct, 1972.
• Education made compulsory up to class 8th.
• In 2nd phase Education made compulsory
and free up to 10th.
10. Foreign Policy of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto
• Saudia Arabia was one of the strongest supporters
of Pakistan during Pakistan’s wars with India. In
1974, Pakistan held 2nd OIC with collaboration with
Saudia Arabia. Bhutto cashed popularity of Shah
Faisal of Saudia Arabia. The major Pakistani city
Lyallpur was also renamed Faisalabad in the honor
of King Faisal in 1977.
• During Bhutto Era King Zahir Shah exercised a
moderate influence in Afghab government.
• Zulfiqar Ali government created the “Afghan Cell”
11. within Pakistan’s foreign office and assigned it a
policy that include strengthening ties with and
empowering Islamists in exile in Pakistan, and improving
Pakistan influence over government in Kabul.
During the state visit to Iran 1977, Bhutto persuaded
Pahlavi to win his support for the financial support over
its large-scale but clandestine atomic bomb project in
1970s.
Bangladesh and Pakistan discussed an agreement in
1975, in which Bangladesh agreed to take up half of
Pakistan’s pre-1971 external debt provided Bangladesh
received half of the country’s pre-1971 assets and credit
went unresolved.
12. • Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971, China-US
rapprochement and Pakistan military’s need for the
US equipment forced him to call for a continued
alliance with USA.
• Pakistan withdrew from Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) in 1972.
13. The Constitution 1973 and its
keys features
• 14 August 1973
• Democratic Creation
• Parliamentary system
• Bi-cameral legislature
• Provincial Autonomy
• Fundamental rights granted
• Direct Election
• Independence of Judiciary
14. • Protection of rights of minorities
• Socialist flavor
• The guarantee of preserving in
constitution.
• Solution of Qadiyani issue
• The separate Electoral system
• Urdu as state language
15. Islamic Provisions of 1973
Constitution
• Objective Resolution in preamble
• Sovereignty of Allah
• Islam as state religion
• Laws making in the light of Quran and Sunnah
• End of Usury
• Red cross changed Red Crescent
• Prime Minister and President must be Muslim
• Definition of Muslim, the acceptance of Khtam-e-
Nabuwat in the oath
• The formation of Islamic Council
16. • Sunday holiday were replaced with Friday
• Establishment of Ministry of Religious Affairs
• The correct printing of Holy Quran
• The teaching of Arabic
• Enforcement of Zakat & Ushar
• Alcohol, gambling and night clubs banned.
17. Simla Agreement (1972)
• 29 June---- 2 July, 1972.
• Both countries shall respect each other’s
borders, in line with the UN Charter.
• Both the gradual step to normalize their
relations, which included restoration of
communication & transport, increase the
culture, economic ties &diplomatic relation.
• Jammu & Occupied Kashmir’s cease fire shall
be respected.
• Both countries agreed to continue their talk
about Kashmir issue.
18. OIC Summit 1974
• Pakistan continues to enjoy a privileged status id OIC.
In term of population, it is the second largest member
of OIC, because of having only Muslim country nuclear
weapon, 7th largest military force labor workforce in
other Islamic countries. “Islamic Summit Minar” is built
on Mall road Lahore in the memory of 2nd summit
conference which was held in Lahore back in 1974.
Pakistan threat to boycott OIC has restricted India to
join the OIC even having 12% Muslim population of the
world.
19. Fall of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Dismissal of Government by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977
• Arrested and trialed for murder of the father of Ahmad Raza
Kasuri
• Controversy about Zia and court of that time.
• Sentenced to death in 1979.
20. Conclusion
• Bhutto had been political aware from an early age. He grave
interest in politics led him to write a letter to Mohammad Ali
Jinnah.
• He was first Asian student to be elected to student council at
USC.
• He was man full of contradiction. He was democrat with
despotic tendencies, populist but not afraid of taking a stand,
loved his country but no more than himself, socialist while
owning huge tracts of lands and much more.
21. Sources
• E-Book “Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan 1967-
1977” by Rafi Raza
• E-Book “Pakistan Studies” by Hafiz Ashfaq
Ahmad
