Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3)47-55 47 The obesity epidem.docxdaniahendric
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, OH.
Correspondence Dr Guseman; [email protected]
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep
Patterns in First-semester College Students
Jonathon Whipps, MS
Mark Byra, PhD
Kenneth G. Gerow, PhD
Emily Hill Guseman, PhD
Objective: We evaluated how nighttime media use is associated with sleep behaviors in first-
semester college students, and variation by weight status. Methods: In September 2016, first-se-
mester college students (N = 114) completed surveys evaluating nighttime media usage (NMU)
and sleep behaviors. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured, and weight status
was determined by body mass index. Results: Students reported a mean sleep duration of 7.26 ±
0.93 hours. Only 33% (N = 38) reported sleeping at least 8 ...
Running head MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY1MEDIA DE.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
1
MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
5
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
LS 3010 Foundations for Undergraduate
Torri Sims
Northcentral University
Torri-overall this was a nicely executed assignment. You will find my specific comments below. My comments along with your corrections should be listed on your next Week’s assignment. You earned an A.
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
Today, the world sees a shift due to the existing communication technologies that have resulted in a trend where young and old are continually using their devices for various purposes such as communication and browsing. Browsing probably would benefit from a definition or description. Young users are continually using the devices even during their sleep time leading to a question whether the trend has a notable effect on their quality of sleep. This implies that adults are responsible users. There are various researchers that have attempted to evaluate the relationship between the continued use of the devices and the quality of sleep. There is a notable impact that is not necessarily strong where young and adolescent of the devices showed low quality sleep and more frequent sleeping problems. This sentence would benefit from being reworded.
A study carried out in 2014 that involved 1287 learners aged between 12 and 18 years indicated that children who are frequent media users reported more sleeping problems than children who are not (King, Delfabbro, Zwaans & Kaptsis, 2014). The study showed that the problems may vary from one child to the other depending on age and the frequency of media use. The study did not point out the exact reasons behind the findings, but the results resonate with a study carried out in 2015 that reported that adolescents and preadolescents using the devices past 9 pm experienced sleeping problems. The continued use of the media devices past 9 pm impacted the sleep quality among young adolescents (Bruni, Settee, Fontanesi, Baiocco, Laghi & Baumgartner, 2015). This can be cited as Bruni et al. The participants did not have enough sleep, which is one of the primary reasons why the quality of sleep was affected. The two studies noted that there is a need for younger individuals to have enough sleep, thus all distractions must be eliminated.
Further, a 2017 study showed that children who do not use media and communication devices had better sleep quality and duration of sleep than who continually used the devices (Dube, Khan, Loehr, Chu & Veugelers, 2017). The quality of sleep is dependent on the duration of sleep and children without the devices are likely to sleep for the recommended time. Is this information derived from the cited study? If so, that needs to be clearer.The study also raised the sleep duration issue where the devices prevent the young learners from having enough sleep. Additionally, some of the users suffer ...
Body mass-index-quality-of-life-and-migraine-in-studentsAnnex Publishers
Migraine is reported globally with a higher prevalence in students. The present study aims to evaluate the association between nutritional status, quality of life (QL) and characteristics of migraine.
A cross-sectional study. Headache characteristics, level of disability caused by migraine crises (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment - PedMIDAS) and QL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory- PedsQL) were assessed. Anthropometric variables were also measured.
Data were collected from 98 students with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.7 years. Migraine had the highest prevalence (54.8%). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the total sample was 20.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and among students with migraine and students with tension headache, the average BMIs were 20.4 ± 4.0 and 19.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2, respectively (p = 0.264, Student's t-test). Around 47.5% from migraineurs were overweight or obese. Regarding QL, the average total score in students with migraine was 74.4 ± 12.4, with no differences observed among normal weight, overweight or obese students, and no correlation between the scores of the PedsQL and BMI (r = -0.182, p = 0.165, Pearson correlation coefficient) was observed. There was a high percentage of overweight students with migraine. Analyses show no associations between the nutritional status, frequency, severity, disability caused by crises, or QL.
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3)47-55 47 The obesity epidem.docxdaniahendric
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, OH.
Correspondence Dr Guseman; [email protected]
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep
Patterns in First-semester College Students
Jonathon Whipps, MS
Mark Byra, PhD
Kenneth G. Gerow, PhD
Emily Hill Guseman, PhD
Objective: We evaluated how nighttime media use is associated with sleep behaviors in first-
semester college students, and variation by weight status. Methods: In September 2016, first-se-
mester college students (N = 114) completed surveys evaluating nighttime media usage (NMU)
and sleep behaviors. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured, and weight status
was determined by body mass index. Results: Students reported a mean sleep duration of 7.26 ±
0.93 hours. Only 33% (N = 38) reported sleeping at least 8 ...
Running head MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY1MEDIA DE.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
1
MEDIA DEVICES USE AND SLEEP QUALITY
5
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
LS 3010 Foundations for Undergraduate
Torri Sims
Northcentral University
Torri-overall this was a nicely executed assignment. You will find my specific comments below. My comments along with your corrections should be listed on your next Week’s assignment. You earned an A.
The Effects of Electronic Media Devices on the Quality of Sleep
Today, the world sees a shift due to the existing communication technologies that have resulted in a trend where young and old are continually using their devices for various purposes such as communication and browsing. Browsing probably would benefit from a definition or description. Young users are continually using the devices even during their sleep time leading to a question whether the trend has a notable effect on their quality of sleep. This implies that adults are responsible users. There are various researchers that have attempted to evaluate the relationship between the continued use of the devices and the quality of sleep. There is a notable impact that is not necessarily strong where young and adolescent of the devices showed low quality sleep and more frequent sleeping problems. This sentence would benefit from being reworded.
A study carried out in 2014 that involved 1287 learners aged between 12 and 18 years indicated that children who are frequent media users reported more sleeping problems than children who are not (King, Delfabbro, Zwaans & Kaptsis, 2014). The study showed that the problems may vary from one child to the other depending on age and the frequency of media use. The study did not point out the exact reasons behind the findings, but the results resonate with a study carried out in 2015 that reported that adolescents and preadolescents using the devices past 9 pm experienced sleeping problems. The continued use of the media devices past 9 pm impacted the sleep quality among young adolescents (Bruni, Settee, Fontanesi, Baiocco, Laghi & Baumgartner, 2015). This can be cited as Bruni et al. The participants did not have enough sleep, which is one of the primary reasons why the quality of sleep was affected. The two studies noted that there is a need for younger individuals to have enough sleep, thus all distractions must be eliminated.
Further, a 2017 study showed that children who do not use media and communication devices had better sleep quality and duration of sleep than who continually used the devices (Dube, Khan, Loehr, Chu & Veugelers, 2017). The quality of sleep is dependent on the duration of sleep and children without the devices are likely to sleep for the recommended time. Is this information derived from the cited study? If so, that needs to be clearer.The study also raised the sleep duration issue where the devices prevent the young learners from having enough sleep. Additionally, some of the users suffer ...
Body mass-index-quality-of-life-and-migraine-in-studentsAnnex Publishers
Migraine is reported globally with a higher prevalence in students. The present study aims to evaluate the association between nutritional status, quality of life (QL) and characteristics of migraine.
A cross-sectional study. Headache characteristics, level of disability caused by migraine crises (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment - PedMIDAS) and QL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory- PedsQL) were assessed. Anthropometric variables were also measured.
Data were collected from 98 students with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.7 years. Migraine had the highest prevalence (54.8%). The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the total sample was 20.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and among students with migraine and students with tension headache, the average BMIs were 20.4 ± 4.0 and 19.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2, respectively (p = 0.264, Student's t-test). Around 47.5% from migraineurs were overweight or obese. Regarding QL, the average total score in students with migraine was 74.4 ± 12.4, with no differences observed among normal weight, overweight or obese students, and no correlation between the scores of the PedsQL and BMI (r = -0.182, p = 0.165, Pearson correlation coefficient) was observed. There was a high percentage of overweight students with migraine. Analyses show no associations between the nutritional status, frequency, severity, disability caused by crises, or QL.
2
WEEK 2-ASSIGNMENT
Research Article Summaries
Magdalyn38
RES 5240 Applied Research Methods
Feb.28, 2020
What is the Intricate Relationship between Television Watching and Childhood Obesity?
1. Caroli, M., Argentieri, L., Cardone, M., & Masi, A. (2004). Role of television in childhood obesity prevention. International Journal of Obesity, 28(3), S104-S108.
The study seeks to come up with an explanation of the relationship between childhood obesity and TV watching. Food and obesity have many documented consequences and when coupled up with a sedentary lifestyle, the combined effects are quite negative. Specific aspects of TV watching, in this case, are documented and they are linked to the prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries in Europe. The intricate relationship between childhood obesity could also be attributed to the role of the different European government regulations which in all its differences has led to a significant difference in the prevalence of childhood obesity as per the authors of the article.
The research sought to review the role of television in specific activities. Amongst them, one of the effects of TV is the fact that it replaces vigorous activities. As such, there is a positive correlation between the time in which one spends on TV watching and being overweight. This is regardless of the ages of the people. The TV watching activity, as presented in the article, is also linked to obesity prevalence among the different ages of children. Generally, the more the number of hours that one spends watching TV, the higher the chance they are going to be obese.
Through the analysis of literature in the area, it is almost blatant that people that spent more than 4 hours on the TV seemed to have increased in the last 30 years. The analysis of literature was thematic in nature and this was geared towards finding information that was almost prevalent across the different secondary sources. The analysts targeted specific television food commercials targeting children, the use of food in movies and even other kid shows. Besides that, the obese subjects presented in kids’ content were reviewed with the aim of finding out ridiculous traits, and the results that worsen situations. The situation gets worse through the perceived isolation of these subjects. The method of enquiry in the article was evidently a literature study. The data obtained were mainly secondary data and this was through a thematic search of the secondary literature done in the area.
2. Zhang, G., Wu, L., Zhou, L., Lu, W., & Mao, C. (2016). Television watching and risk of childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 13-18.
This article is important and a viable contribution to the topic since it attempts to bring to light the relationship between the times spent watching TV and the risk of obesity among children. The article puts forward the argument that over the past few years, childhood obesity r.
2
WEEK 2-ASSIGNMENT
Research Article Summaries
Magdalyn38
RES 5240 Applied Research Methods
Feb.28, 2020
What is the Intricate Relationship between Television Watching and Childhood Obesity?
1. Caroli, M., Argentieri, L., Cardone, M., & Masi, A. (2004). Role of television in childhood obesity prevention. International Journal of Obesity, 28(3), S104-S108.
The study seeks to come up with an explanation of the relationship between childhood obesity and TV watching. Food and obesity have many documented consequences and when coupled up with a sedentary lifestyle, the combined effects are quite negative. Specific aspects of TV watching, in this case, are documented and they are linked to the prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries in Europe. The intricate relationship between childhood obesity could also be attributed to the role of the different European government regulations which in all its differences has led to a significant difference in the prevalence of childhood obesity as per the authors of the article.
The research sought to review the role of television in specific activities. Amongst them, one of the effects of TV is the fact that it replaces vigorous activities. As such, there is a positive correlation between the time in which one spends on TV watching and being overweight. This is regardless of the ages of the people. The TV watching activity, as presented in the article, is also linked to obesity prevalence among the different ages of children. Generally, the more the number of hours that one spends watching TV, the higher the chance they are going to be obese.
Through the analysis of literature in the area, it is almost blatant that people that spent more than 4 hours on the TV seemed to have increased in the last 30 years. The analysis of literature was thematic in nature and this was geared towards finding information that was almost prevalent across the different secondary sources. The analysts targeted specific television food commercials targeting children, the use of food in movies and even other kid shows. Besides that, the obese subjects presented in kids’ content were reviewed with the aim of finding out ridiculous traits, and the results that worsen situations. The situation gets worse through the perceived isolation of these subjects. The method of enquiry in the article was evidently a literature study. The data obtained were mainly secondary data and this was through a thematic search of the secondary literature done in the area.
2. Zhang, G., Wu, L., Zhou, L., Lu, W., & Mao, C. (2016). Television watching and risk of childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 13-18.
This article is important and a viable contribution to the topic since it attempts to bring to light the relationship between the times spent watching TV and the risk of obesity among children. The article puts forward the argument that over the past few years, childhood obesity r ...
JONAVolume 47, Number 1, pp 41-49Copyright B 2017 Wolters .docxvrickens
JONA
Volume 47, Number 1, pp 41-49
Copyright B 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
T H E J O U R N A L O F N U R S I N G A D M I N I S T R A T I O N
The Effect of Reported Sleep,
Perceived Fatigue, and Sleepiness on
Cognitive Performance in a Sample of
Emergency Nurses
Lisa A. Wolf, PhD, RN, CEN, FAEN
Cydne Perhats, MPH
Altair Delao, MPH
Zoran Martinovich, PhD
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore
the relationship between reported sleep, perceived
fatigue and sleepiness, and cognitive performance.
BACKGROUND: Although evidence suggests that
fatigue and sleepiness affect the provision of care in
inpatient units, there is a lack of research on the sleep
patterns of emergency nurses and the effects of dis-
turbed sleep and fatigue on their cognitive abilities
and susceptibility to medical errors.
METHODS: A quantitative correlational design was
used in this study; in each of 7 different statistical models,
zero-order relationships between predictors and the
dependent variable were examined with appropriate
inferential tests.
RESULTS: Participants reported high levels of
sleepiness and chronic fatigue that impeded full
functioning both at work and at home.
CONCLUSIONS: Although high levels of self-reported
fatigue did not show any effects on cognitive function,
other factors in the environment may contribute to
delayed, missed, or inappropriate care. Further research
is indicated.
Studies of worker fatigue in the military and com-
mercial trucking industries1,2 suggest that long hours,
especially extending into overnight, can be hazardous
in terms of the potential for errors due to sleepiness
and reduced vigilance. Medical providers, both nurses
and physicians, are at risk because of the need for
around-the-clock coverage and the number and type
of decisions they must make in a given time span; in
1989, the Bell Commission Report cited sleep depri-
vation in medical house officers as a major contrib-
utor to the 1984 death of Libby Zion, an 18-year-old
who died at New York Hospital, leading to a restruc-
turing of the hours involved in medical residencies.3
The long (up to 36 hour) shifts of the medical resi-
dents in charge of her care and the consequences of
their fatigue on the decisions that were made were
cited as factors in her death. As a result of their inves-
tigation of the case, the Bell commission recommen-
ded limiting the work hours of medical residents to
less than 80 hours a week and no more than 24 hours
in a row, and subsequent research has led to similar
recommendations for the nursing workforce.4,5
Emergency care settings are chaotic environ-
ments, where there is high patient turnover, constantly
changing priorities and frequent changes in patient
condition. High demand work settings are associated
with increased fatigue, which can impair nurses_ at-
tentiveness and ability not only to recognize potential
errors they might commit but also to recognize and
mitigate the errors of others, inc ...
SW 619Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted.docxmabelf3
SW 619
Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted Children
While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake and nourishment through the
placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs, alcohol or tobacco that enters the
mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to the fetus as well. From birth to three
years old is the most critical period in a child’s development process. Children of mothers that use
drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the child will suffer from some form of
birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting effects of prenatal cocaine affect the
growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of premature birth, and generalized growth
retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference
(Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al, 2011; Mayes et al, 2003).
These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible damage that affect the child’s normal
development process with regards to proper development of organs and brain function.
From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have develop motor skills that would
include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes, kicking waving, have the ability to
recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would change, meaning that as they grow older
children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby. Children from the ages of 2
months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and pick up toys and other objects,
hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another. The child should be able to pick up
finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem with a child is when they are not able
to perform these age appropriate task.
A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children that have been exposed to substance may struggle with completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine
and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a lack of interest and motivation in
unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk preterm children. Using play behavior,
one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly. However, by
3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine motor performance or behavior observed
with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years old. Stress and psychological
symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation with increased child behavioral issues;
indicating that the effected children may have m.
Health Promotion in School-Going Adolescents: Does The Biopsychosocial Correl...iConferences
Prepared by Bindu John, PhD, College of Health Sciences, the University of Bahrain for International Conference on Public Health and Well-being 2019, 4-5 April, Negombo, Sri Lanka
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a wide range of crises affecting many nations, resulting in adverse health consequences. The implementation of the lock down upended the lifestyle of mostly all people and was associated with disturbed sleep. Our study is to estimate the variation of the sleep-wake cycle during lockdown and after lock down among people of age 15-60 and its impact on Psychological wellbeing.
Materials and Methods: We have done a cross-sectional and descriptive study with a sample of 152 participants was formed using convenience sampling method by online google form. They were administered with The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and The Flourishing scale. The responses were collected during and after lock down. The data obtained is subjected to descriptive analysis.
Results: In this study we have included 304 participants. Out of 304 participants, 151 (49.7%) were male and 153 (50.3%) were female. Flourishing scale scores mean during lockdown was 28.83 ± 4.75 and after lockdown was 41.50 ± 4.42 and the mean value was more in after lockdown period and a paired-t test showed statistically highly significant difference at p-value <0.01.
Conclusion: The variation in the sleep-wake cycle was more in adolescents than in other age groups and the Psychological wellbeing of women was affected more than men in all age groups during lockdown.
Key Words: lockdown, sleep-wake cycle, psychological wellbeing, age difference, gender difference
Health Consciousness of School Going Adolescents*AI Publications
The study was conducted among the school going adolescents in Kerala to assess their socio-personal profile, food consumption pattern and to understand their health consciousness and health status through health indicators like Body Mass Index (BMI). The study revealed that 15.6 per cent of the respondents had symptoms suggestive of some nutritional problems. Regarding BMI, above two-third of the students were included in the underweight category, 1.7 per cent were having overweight and a small percentage were even obese.
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Resources Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources
Write
a no more than 3 page paper, in which you identify a total compensation plan for an organization focused on internal equity, and a total compensation plan for an organization focused on external equity.
Identify
advantages and disadvantages of internal and external equity for the organizations.
Explain
how each plan supports that organization's total compensation objective and the relationship of the organization's financial situation to its plan.
Draw conclusions based upon Electronic Reserve Readings in eCampus
, Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
personal experience, and data collected from organizations.
Integrate Week 2 readings
,
Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
throughout paper.
Direct quotations should be avoided.
Research should be summarized and synthesized using your own words
; be certain to cite sources of knowledge.
Format
your paper consistent with
APA 6
th
Edition
guidelines.
.
Resource Review Documenting the Face of America Roy Stryker and.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Review "Documenting the Face of America: Roy Stryker and the FSA/OWI Photographers," and Ch. 5 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How was photography used as an instrument for social reform? What photograph do you think makes the most powerful social commentary? Why?
Submit
your assignment in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
.
More Related Content
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2
WEEK 2-ASSIGNMENT
Research Article Summaries
Magdalyn38
RES 5240 Applied Research Methods
Feb.28, 2020
What is the Intricate Relationship between Television Watching and Childhood Obesity?
1. Caroli, M., Argentieri, L., Cardone, M., & Masi, A. (2004). Role of television in childhood obesity prevention. International Journal of Obesity, 28(3), S104-S108.
The study seeks to come up with an explanation of the relationship between childhood obesity and TV watching. Food and obesity have many documented consequences and when coupled up with a sedentary lifestyle, the combined effects are quite negative. Specific aspects of TV watching, in this case, are documented and they are linked to the prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries in Europe. The intricate relationship between childhood obesity could also be attributed to the role of the different European government regulations which in all its differences has led to a significant difference in the prevalence of childhood obesity as per the authors of the article.
The research sought to review the role of television in specific activities. Amongst them, one of the effects of TV is the fact that it replaces vigorous activities. As such, there is a positive correlation between the time in which one spends on TV watching and being overweight. This is regardless of the ages of the people. The TV watching activity, as presented in the article, is also linked to obesity prevalence among the different ages of children. Generally, the more the number of hours that one spends watching TV, the higher the chance they are going to be obese.
Through the analysis of literature in the area, it is almost blatant that people that spent more than 4 hours on the TV seemed to have increased in the last 30 years. The analysis of literature was thematic in nature and this was geared towards finding information that was almost prevalent across the different secondary sources. The analysts targeted specific television food commercials targeting children, the use of food in movies and even other kid shows. Besides that, the obese subjects presented in kids’ content were reviewed with the aim of finding out ridiculous traits, and the results that worsen situations. The situation gets worse through the perceived isolation of these subjects. The method of enquiry in the article was evidently a literature study. The data obtained were mainly secondary data and this was through a thematic search of the secondary literature done in the area.
2. Zhang, G., Wu, L., Zhou, L., Lu, W., & Mao, C. (2016). Television watching and risk of childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 13-18.
This article is important and a viable contribution to the topic since it attempts to bring to light the relationship between the times spent watching TV and the risk of obesity among children. The article puts forward the argument that over the past few years, childhood obesity r.
2
WEEK 2-ASSIGNMENT
Research Article Summaries
Magdalyn38
RES 5240 Applied Research Methods
Feb.28, 2020
What is the Intricate Relationship between Television Watching and Childhood Obesity?
1. Caroli, M., Argentieri, L., Cardone, M., & Masi, A. (2004). Role of television in childhood obesity prevention. International Journal of Obesity, 28(3), S104-S108.
The study seeks to come up with an explanation of the relationship between childhood obesity and TV watching. Food and obesity have many documented consequences and when coupled up with a sedentary lifestyle, the combined effects are quite negative. Specific aspects of TV watching, in this case, are documented and they are linked to the prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries in Europe. The intricate relationship between childhood obesity could also be attributed to the role of the different European government regulations which in all its differences has led to a significant difference in the prevalence of childhood obesity as per the authors of the article.
The research sought to review the role of television in specific activities. Amongst them, one of the effects of TV is the fact that it replaces vigorous activities. As such, there is a positive correlation between the time in which one spends on TV watching and being overweight. This is regardless of the ages of the people. The TV watching activity, as presented in the article, is also linked to obesity prevalence among the different ages of children. Generally, the more the number of hours that one spends watching TV, the higher the chance they are going to be obese.
Through the analysis of literature in the area, it is almost blatant that people that spent more than 4 hours on the TV seemed to have increased in the last 30 years. The analysis of literature was thematic in nature and this was geared towards finding information that was almost prevalent across the different secondary sources. The analysts targeted specific television food commercials targeting children, the use of food in movies and even other kid shows. Besides that, the obese subjects presented in kids’ content were reviewed with the aim of finding out ridiculous traits, and the results that worsen situations. The situation gets worse through the perceived isolation of these subjects. The method of enquiry in the article was evidently a literature study. The data obtained were mainly secondary data and this was through a thematic search of the secondary literature done in the area.
2. Zhang, G., Wu, L., Zhou, L., Lu, W., & Mao, C. (2016). Television watching and risk of childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 13-18.
This article is important and a viable contribution to the topic since it attempts to bring to light the relationship between the times spent watching TV and the risk of obesity among children. The article puts forward the argument that over the past few years, childhood obesity r ...
JONAVolume 47, Number 1, pp 41-49Copyright B 2017 Wolters .docxvrickens
JONA
Volume 47, Number 1, pp 41-49
Copyright B 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
T H E J O U R N A L O F N U R S I N G A D M I N I S T R A T I O N
The Effect of Reported Sleep,
Perceived Fatigue, and Sleepiness on
Cognitive Performance in a Sample of
Emergency Nurses
Lisa A. Wolf, PhD, RN, CEN, FAEN
Cydne Perhats, MPH
Altair Delao, MPH
Zoran Martinovich, PhD
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore
the relationship between reported sleep, perceived
fatigue and sleepiness, and cognitive performance.
BACKGROUND: Although evidence suggests that
fatigue and sleepiness affect the provision of care in
inpatient units, there is a lack of research on the sleep
patterns of emergency nurses and the effects of dis-
turbed sleep and fatigue on their cognitive abilities
and susceptibility to medical errors.
METHODS: A quantitative correlational design was
used in this study; in each of 7 different statistical models,
zero-order relationships between predictors and the
dependent variable were examined with appropriate
inferential tests.
RESULTS: Participants reported high levels of
sleepiness and chronic fatigue that impeded full
functioning both at work and at home.
CONCLUSIONS: Although high levels of self-reported
fatigue did not show any effects on cognitive function,
other factors in the environment may contribute to
delayed, missed, or inappropriate care. Further research
is indicated.
Studies of worker fatigue in the military and com-
mercial trucking industries1,2 suggest that long hours,
especially extending into overnight, can be hazardous
in terms of the potential for errors due to sleepiness
and reduced vigilance. Medical providers, both nurses
and physicians, are at risk because of the need for
around-the-clock coverage and the number and type
of decisions they must make in a given time span; in
1989, the Bell Commission Report cited sleep depri-
vation in medical house officers as a major contrib-
utor to the 1984 death of Libby Zion, an 18-year-old
who died at New York Hospital, leading to a restruc-
turing of the hours involved in medical residencies.3
The long (up to 36 hour) shifts of the medical resi-
dents in charge of her care and the consequences of
their fatigue on the decisions that were made were
cited as factors in her death. As a result of their inves-
tigation of the case, the Bell commission recommen-
ded limiting the work hours of medical residents to
less than 80 hours a week and no more than 24 hours
in a row, and subsequent research has led to similar
recommendations for the nursing workforce.4,5
Emergency care settings are chaotic environ-
ments, where there is high patient turnover, constantly
changing priorities and frequent changes in patient
condition. High demand work settings are associated
with increased fatigue, which can impair nurses_ at-
tentiveness and ability not only to recognize potential
errors they might commit but also to recognize and
mitigate the errors of others, inc ...
SW 619Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted.docxmabelf3
SW 619
Infancy and Early Childhood Development of Drug Addicted Children
While in the womb fetus is in the it feeds off the food intake and nourishment through the
placenta, which also means that any substances such as drugs, alcohol or tobacco that enters the
mothers system flows through the placenta and is delivered to the fetus as well. From birth to three
years old is the most critical period in a child’s development process. Children of mothers that use
drugs while they are pregnant increase the likelihood that the child will suffer from some form of
birth defect and oftentimes born prematurely. The lasting effects of prenatal cocaine affect the
growth of the fetus physically. The results of the increase of premature birth, and generalized growth
retardation including decreased birth weight, shorter body length, and smaller head circumference
(Bigsby et al, 2011; Covington et al, 2002; Gouin et al, 2011; Mayes et al, 2003).
These toxic chemicals can sometimes have irreversible damage that affect the child’s normal
development process with regards to proper development of organs and brain function.
From the ages of 0-2 months old a child are expected to have develop motor skills that would
include the ability to recognize different colors and shapes, kicking waving, have the ability to
recognize familiar voices and their sleeping patterns would change, meaning that as they grow older
children should be sleeping a little longer than a new born baby. Children from the ages of 2
months old should be able to extend their arm and reach and pick up toys and other objects,
hand coordination by shifting objects from one hand to another. The child should be able to pick up
finger food and bring it to their mouths. Identifying a problem with a child is when they are not able
to perform these age appropriate task.
A toddler ages 3 to 5 years old should be able to perform task such as holding crayons drawing horizontal lines, circles and have the ability to fold and snip paper with scissors. Children that have been exposed to substance may struggle with completing these tasks or will develop these cognitive skills at a slower rate. One study using play behavior (Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1989a) found that preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine
and other drugs to show poorly developed play behaviors, and a lack of interest and motivation in
unstructured situations, in comparison to a group of high risk preterm children. Using play behavior,
one study found preterm toddlers exposed to cocaine and other drugs to show poorly. However, by
3 years of age, there were no changes associated with fine motor performance or behavior observed
with the child externalizing behavioral problems at age 5 years old. Stress and psychological
symptoms of caregivers were found to be in direct correlation with increased child behavioral issues;
indicating that the effected children may have m.
Health Promotion in School-Going Adolescents: Does The Biopsychosocial Correl...iConferences
Prepared by Bindu John, PhD, College of Health Sciences, the University of Bahrain for International Conference on Public Health and Well-being 2019, 4-5 April, Negombo, Sri Lanka
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a wide range of crises affecting many nations, resulting in adverse health consequences. The implementation of the lock down upended the lifestyle of mostly all people and was associated with disturbed sleep. Our study is to estimate the variation of the sleep-wake cycle during lockdown and after lock down among people of age 15-60 and its impact on Psychological wellbeing.
Materials and Methods: We have done a cross-sectional and descriptive study with a sample of 152 participants was formed using convenience sampling method by online google form. They were administered with The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and The Flourishing scale. The responses were collected during and after lock down. The data obtained is subjected to descriptive analysis.
Results: In this study we have included 304 participants. Out of 304 participants, 151 (49.7%) were male and 153 (50.3%) were female. Flourishing scale scores mean during lockdown was 28.83 ± 4.75 and after lockdown was 41.50 ± 4.42 and the mean value was more in after lockdown period and a paired-t test showed statistically highly significant difference at p-value <0.01.
Conclusion: The variation in the sleep-wake cycle was more in adolescents than in other age groups and the Psychological wellbeing of women was affected more than men in all age groups during lockdown.
Key Words: lockdown, sleep-wake cycle, psychological wellbeing, age difference, gender difference
Health Consciousness of School Going Adolescents*AI Publications
The study was conducted among the school going adolescents in Kerala to assess their socio-personal profile, food consumption pattern and to understand their health consciousness and health status through health indicators like Body Mass Index (BMI). The study revealed that 15.6 per cent of the respondents had symptoms suggestive of some nutritional problems. Regarding BMI, above two-third of the students were included in the underweight category, 1.7 per cent were having overweight and a small percentage were even obese.
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Resources Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources
Write
a no more than 3 page paper, in which you identify a total compensation plan for an organization focused on internal equity, and a total compensation plan for an organization focused on external equity.
Identify
advantages and disadvantages of internal and external equity for the organizations.
Explain
how each plan supports that organization's total compensation objective and the relationship of the organization's financial situation to its plan.
Draw conclusions based upon Electronic Reserve Readings in eCampus
, Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
personal experience, and data collected from organizations.
Integrate Week 2 readings
,
Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
throughout paper.
Direct quotations should be avoided.
Research should be summarized and synthesized using your own words
; be certain to cite sources of knowledge.
Format
your paper consistent with
APA 6
th
Edition
guidelines.
.
Resource Review Documenting the Face of America Roy Stryker and.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Review "Documenting the Face of America: Roy Stryker and the FSA/OWI Photographers," and Ch. 5 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How was photography used as an instrument for social reform? What photograph do you think makes the most powerful social commentary? Why?
Submit
your assignment in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
.
Resource Review Thelma Golden--How Art Gives Shape to Cultural C.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Review "Thelma Golden--How Art Gives Shape to Cultural Change," Ch. 9 and 11 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
, and the Week Five Electronic Reserve Readings.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How has art, in the context of the social justice movements of the twentieth century, challenged, and shaped American society?
Submit
in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above
.
Resource Review Representational Cityscape, and Ch. 3 of Oxfo.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Review "Representational Cityscape," and Ch. 3 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to and discussing the following:
The work of Joseph Stella and other early American modernists, such as Marsden Hartley, Max Weber, and Georgia O'Keeffe and how they differed greatly in subject and style to the work of the Ashcan School, and include the following:
Where did this abstract style originate? Describe at least one art work in your summary.
Choose one art form or cultural development that originated elsewhere but which is currently a part of American culture.
Describe how this art form has directly affected you.
Submit
your assignment in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
.
Resource Part 2 of Terrorism TodayYou work on a national se.docxkarlhennesey
Resource
: Part 2 of
Terrorism Today
You work on a national security team of intelligence analysts and you have been asked to give a threat analysis presentation to intelligence agents who are assigned to work in various regions around the world. Your small team is assigned to present on one region specifically.
Select
one of the following eleven regions:
The Persian Gulf
Create
a 2 slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with
detailed speaker notes
. Use complete sentences, with correct grammar and punctuation, to fully explain each slide as if you were giving an in-person presentation.
Address
the following in your presentation:
Explain the purpose of counterterrorism analysis
Format
your presentation following APA guidelines.
.
Resources Appendix A, The Home Depot, Inc. Annual Report in Fun.docxkarlhennesey
Resources:
Appendix A, The Home Depot, Inc. Annual Report in
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting
Write
a 1,050- word paper in which you address the following:
Does management’s assessment of the financial condition agree with your assessment from the Financial Statements Paper Part I? Explain your response. Support your answer using trend analysis, vertical analysis, or ratio analysis.
In the Annual Report, there are several concerns from management. Discuss these concerns, and identify other weaknesses not discussed by management. Then, recommend a course of action addressing these concerns.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
Resources Annotated Bibliography document. Research five websites t.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: Annotated Bibliography document. Research five websites that contain mathematical activities, manipulatives, and lesson plans for different math concepts such as: fractions, decimals, or percentages. Prepare an annotated bibliography that includes the five selected websites. Include a brief explanation of why each site is a valuable resource and how each might be used in the classroom.
.
Resources American History, Primary Source Investigator;Cente.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: American History, Primary Source Investigator;
Center for Writing Excellence (CWE) Microsoft® PowerPoint® tutorial
Create a Microsoft® PowerPoint® or another multimedia tool presentation of at least 8 slides on the presidencies of Kennedy and Johnson.
Include the following:
•A title slide
•An introduction slide ◦At least 2 slides on Kennedy's domestic and international policies
◦At least 2 slides on Johnson's domestic and international policies
◦A conclusion slide
◦A reference slide
Include detailed speaker's notes.
Incorporate maps, images, and video from the Primary Source Investigator and from outside sources.
Create a visual template to use on each slide throughout the presentation. Use color.
Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines
.
Resource University of Phoenix Material Data SetDownload the.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Data Set
Download
the data set.
Review
the age and gender data in the data set.
Display
gender information in a chart and plot age data in a box plot.
Calculate
the appropriate measure of central tendency and variability for the age and gender. What conclusion can you draw from the data?
.
Resource Ch. 6 & 7 of Financial AccountingComplete Brief Ex.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Ch. 6 & 7 of
Financial Accounting
Complete
Brief Exercises BE6-2, BE6-3, BE6-4, BE7-3, BE7-8 & BE7-9.
Complete
Exercise E7-8.
Submit
as either a Microsoft
®
Excel
®
or a Microsoft
®
Word document.
*Due on 06/10/2015
.
Resource Films on DemandCrime and Punishment”Experiment Res.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Films on Demand
“Crime and Punishment”
“Experiment Research and Design”
“Selecting a Sample”
Resource: Types of Crime video in CJ Criminology
“Introduction to Crimes Kiosk”
Resource:
Criminology in the 21st Century
How Crimes are Measured
Utilize
FBI Uniform Crime Report data and select one offense, such as burglary, in two metropolitan areas.
Choose
metropolitan areas with different data.
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper comparing the occurrence of the offense in the selected areas. Identify the number of occurrences reported to the police for each area, and address the following questions:
Which area had more reported incidents?
What were the rates of the crime for each area?
Did the rates change over time in either area?
What factors might explain the differences in the rates?
Include
at least two peer reviewed references. I have attached the references that need to be used.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
Resource Managing Environmental Issues Simulation(or research a.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Managing Environmental Issues Simulation
(or research an instance where a city council may need to consider all angles for a local community and its surrounding natural environment.)
Write
a 1,050- to 1,400-word proposal to a local city council in which you propose deciding how to use money to best serve the environment within a community.
Address
the following:
Take the role of one of these stakeholders listed in the simulation
You have investments that total $250,000.
Decide how you would spend this money to improve the status of the environment in this community.
Explain how environmental justice plays a part in your proposal.
Explain to the council why they should choose your proposal.
.
Resource Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business Create a 5-to-7 slide .docxkarlhennesey
Resource: Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business
Create a 5-to-7 slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation to teach your fellow students about the following IT applications:
Transaction processing systems
Knowledge management systems
Expert system and artificial intelligence
Enterprise resource planning systems
E-commerce systems
Include detailed speaker notes and examples.
Use images as well.
.
Resource Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business Complete the table in .docxkarlhennesey
Resource: Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business
Complete the table in Appendix E by describing the uses of following hardware and software components:
Legacy systems
Mainframe computers
Microprocessors
PCs
Network computers
World Wide Web and the Internet
Wired and wireless broadband technology
PC software
Networking software
Computer security software
.
Resource Ch. 3 of ManagementIdentify a time in your life wh.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Ch. 3 of
Management
Identify
a time in your life when you had to make a personal or professional decision, such as buying a home, changing jobs, enrolling in school, or relocating to another state or region.
Write
a 200- to 350-word description in which you discuss your decision-making process. Support your ideas with academic research. Include the following:
Describe each step of your process.
How similar was your decision-making process to the one described in the text?
How might your decision be different if you had used the same steps included in the text?
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Resource Significant Health Care Event Paper Grading Criteria.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Significant Health Care Event Paper Grading Criteria
Select
,from your Week One readings, a significant event or aspect that has changed or affected health care today. Examples include, but are not limited to, managed care, capitation, the multiple-payer system, excessive litigation, and so forth.
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper and discuss the following:
How does this significant event relate to the changes on health care?
In your opinion, has this event impacted the historical evolution of health care? If so, how? If not, could it?
Do you personally agree with the event’s significance, based on your beliefs and values? How so?
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
Resource Ch. 3 of Financial AccountingComplete Exercises E3.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Ch. 3 of
Financial Accounting
Complete
Exercises E3-9 & E3-13.
Submit
as either a Microsoft
®
Excel
®
or Microsoft
®
Word document.
Click
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Resource University of Phoenix Material Appendix AIdentify.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A
Identify
a critical asset in your city or state that may be vulnerable to domestic terrorism.
Use
University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A to identify five threats against your critical asset. Consider both terrorist and non-terrorist threats and include at least one weapon of mass destruction.
Calculate
the risk for each threat and identify existing countermeasures.
Write
a 1,400- to 2,100-word proposal that assesses the current vulnerability of the critical asset. Consider the threats identified, the calculated risk, and existing countermeasures. Determine if the vulnerability is reasonable and offer additional countermeasures to mitigate the risk of attack.
Use
at least two sources for support.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines, and include the University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A as an appendix.
University of Phoenix Material
Appendix A
Security Assessment
THREAT
Examples
RISK
COUNTERMEASURE
Probability
Criticality
Total
Bomb
3/10
8/10
11/20
Bomb dogs
Sniper attack
4/10
6/10
10/20
Spot scopes and increase officer presence
Biological weapon
1/10
9/10
10/20
Contamination equipment
Cyber virus
8/10
3/10
11/20
Enhanced virus protection and biometric access
.
Resource The Threat of Bioterrorism VideoWrite a 700 to 850-w.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
The Threat of Bioterrorism Video
Write
a 700 to 850-word paper discussing the goals of biological terrorism and how the potential threat of terrorist activity effects the public’s perception of risk.
Include
the following information in your paper:
Provide at least two examples of potential and past biological threats.
Describe how the potential threat of bioterrorism affects society
Discuss ways to mitigate the public’s perception of risk of biological threats.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Resource Ch. 14 of Introduction to Psychology Create an 8 to 12 s.docxkarlhennesey
Resource: Ch. 14 of Introduction to Psychology
Create an 8 to 12 slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation with speaker notes.
Summarize how psychological disorders are classified. Include the role of the DSM IV TR. Your presentation must have at least one slide for each major class of psychological disorders listed below. Describe the major characteristics of each class of disorder, and identify at least three disorders that fall under each category.
Anxiety disorders
Dissociative disorders
Somatoform disorders
Mood disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality disorders
Substance abuse disorders
.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are mo.docx
1. Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more
likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced
fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national
2. presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4%
of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
3. sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical
Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor,
Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G
Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and
Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage
College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, OH.
Correspondence Dr Guseman; [email protected]
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep
Patterns in First-semester College Students
Jonathon Whipps, MS
Mark Byra, PhD
Kenneth G. Gerow, PhD
Emily Hill Guseman, PhD
Objective: We evaluated how nighttime media use is associated
with sleep behaviors in first-
semester college students, and variation by weight status.
Methods: In September 2016, first-se-
mester college students (N = 114) completed surveys evaluating
nighttime media usage (NMU)
and sleep behaviors. Height, weight, and waist circumference
were measured, and weight status
was determined by body mass index. Results: Students reported
a mean sleep duration of 7.26 ±
0.93 hours. Only 33% (N = 38) reported sleeping at least 8
hours/night on average. Higher scores
on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were correlated with
reports of texting after bed (r = .199,
4. p = .04). Total time in bed was correlated with texting in bed (r
= .217, p = .026) and device-
related sleep interruptions (r = .215, p = .028). Social media
usage (r = 0.270, p = .005), mobile
gaming (r = .208, p = .033), and texting (r = .293, p = .002)
were correlated with sleep interrup-
tions. NMU was positively correlated with weight and weight
status. Conclusions: These results
suggest NMU is associated with reduced sleep quality.
Key words: media use; first-semester college students; sleep
quality; sleep patterns; weight status; college student health
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.3.5
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep Patterns in First-
semester College Students
48
but has not been well described in young adults
(18-24 years old) or college students specifically.
Also, research has yet to explore whether a direct
relationship exists between nighttime media habits
and sleep hygiene.
College freshmen prove to be an important group
for studying this phenomenon. Young adults mov-
ing from the high school to college setting undergo
a transition in behaviors as described by Chicker-
ing’s Theory of Identity Development.10 Because
these individuals are undergoing a change in be-
havior and have been raised in a technological envi-
ronment, they may provide valuable insight about
5. this area.
Better understanding of the associations among
sleep patterns, nighttime media usage, and weight
status can provide novel insight as to how these fac-
tors may impact weight. Although some research
has explored the relationship that nighttime media
use has with sleep habits, most have not described
a direct relationship between NMU and sleep, and
most have not looked at this relationship in young
adults or colleges students. Therefore, the purpose
of this study was to determine the association be-
tween presence and use of media devices at night-
time, such as tablets and smart phones, and sleep
patterns of first-semester college students (young
adults), and whether these behaviors are associated
with weight gain. We hypothesized that first-semes-
ter college students who exhibited suboptimal sleep
patterns would show increased incidence of sleep
disturbance via nighttime media usage and would
be associated with weight gain over the course of
one semester.
METHODS
Participants
Participants were 18-24-year-old first-semester
students at the University of Wyoming. Instructors
of 34 first-year seminar (FYS) courses were contact-
ed in September of 2016 and 6 instructors invited
the researchers to recruit participants from their
classrooms. The main investigator (JW) attended
each FYS course in September 2016 to explain the
study, invite students to participate, and explain
the consent form; freedom of consent was stressed
during this process. Of 142 potentially-eligible
6. students, 128 (90.1%) chose to participate. Sur-
veys were completed during the class period with
assistance from the main investigator (JW) when
necessary (ie, clarifying survey items). For anthro-
pometric measures, participants were taken to an
adjacent room or area divided by a privacy screen.
All members of the study team were trained in hu-
man subject research protections, anthropometric
measures, and the survey instruments. The main
investigator (JW) and/or faculty supervisor (EHG)
were present at all data collection sessions.
Sleep Quality and Duration
We assessed sleep quality and duration using
the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).11 The
PSQI measures 7 variables associated with sleep:
sleep quality, sleep duration, habitual sleep effi-
ciency, sleep disturbances, use of medications to
assist with sleep, and daytime dysfunction.7,11 The
combination of scores from the measured sleep vari-
ables determines an individual’s global sleep quality
score (GSQ). The PSQI scores can range from 0 to
21, with higher scores indicative of lower quality
of sleep. Individuals with a GSQ greater than 5 are
classified as poor sleepers, whereas those with scores
less than 5 are considered to be good sleepers. The
survey evaluated the prevalence of the above vari-
ables from the last month.7 The PSQI has been vali-
dated to assess sleep quality and duration.11 Scoring
procedures specific to the PSQI were used to quan-
tify survey responses for statistical analysis.
Nighttime Media Usage
We assessed nighttime media usage (NMU) us-
7. ing 7 questions adapted from those used by Ada-
chi-Mejia et al.8 Table 1 shows the survey items
and coding. In this survey, items 1-6 were scored
using 5-point Likert scale responses used to quan-
tify responses (1 meaning never to 5 meaning all
the time) and were collapsed as necessary. Item 7
was entered as nights per week (up to 7). We used
this information to determine the frequency with
which nighttime media disturbs sleep, and how fre-
quently students access media devices prior to bed.
We compared these activities to other variables.
Anthropometric Measures
We measured height, weight, body mass index
(BMI), and waist circumference at baseline and at
a follow-up date approximately 10.5 ± 1.02 weeks
Whipps et al
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 49 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.3.5
later (range = 9.3 to 12.3 weeks). Prior to taking
height and weight measurements, we instructed
participants to remove their shoes and any bulky
articles of clothing. Height was determined using
a portable stadiometer and reported in meters. We
measured weight using a portable digital scale and
we reported it in kilograms (kg). Using the mea-
sured heights and weights of the participants, we
calculated BMI using the standard BMI equation
(BMI = Weight (kg) / Height2 (m2)). We measured
8. waist circumference (WC) using a flexible measur-
ing tape. We instructed participants to cross their
arms across their chest and to place their hands
upon their shoulders. Using the right side of the
body, a trained research team member located the
ileum and marked the site using a non-permanent
marker. A cross was made across this mark in line
with the mid-axillary line. Once marked, the par-
ticipants were instructed to stand up straight with
the arms at the side and relaxed, head facing for-
ward, and with the feet shoulders distance apart.
The measuring tape was wrapped around the par-
ticipant’s waist, ensuring the tape was parallel to
the floor and was crossing the iliac mark. Once the
tape was correctly positioned, a measurement was
taken and recorded in centimeters (cm) at the end
of a normal exhalation.
Data Analysis and Statistics
We computed descriptive statistics for physical
characteristics and used independent sample t-tests
to identify any potential differences between men
and women. No statistically significant differences
between men and women existed, so analyses of
the main outcome variables were not completed
separately for each sex. Frequency distributions
were calculated for categorical scores from the
PSQI and responses to the NMU questionnaire.
Pearson correlations were used to determine the ex-
tent to which the presence of electronic devices in
the bedroom and NMU correlate with categories
of sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep quality, and
sleep efficiency. A type-I error rate of .05 was used
to determine statistical significance. We used the
9. IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
version 23.0 to conduct statistical analyses.
RESULTS
Participant Characteristics
Table 2 displays participant characteristics. Of
128 students initially surveyed, 114 completed the
entire study (retention rate = 89.1%). The partici-
pants that did not complete the study (N = 14)
were either not present for the follow-up assess-
ment period or had incomplete survey responses.
Participants who were not present for the follow-
up assessment were not contacted to complete the
study. Of participants who completed the study,
just over half (55%) identified as female (N = 52).
The mean age of the students at the initial visit was
18.7 ± 0.4 years. Ninety-three percent (N = 106)
of students identified as Caucasian/white, and the
other 7% of students (N = 8) reported another
ethnicity, not unlike the university overall (10%
minority, 53% female). There were no statistically
significant differences between sexes in anthropo-
metric measures except for height. Table 2 reports
differences for participant characteristics. Of the
Table 1
Nighttime Media Usage (NMU) Questionnaire Items and
Abbreviations
NMU1 Do you take your cell phone and/or tablet to bed with
you?
NMU2 Is your cell phone and/or tablet turned off when you
sleep?
10. NMU3 Do you use your cell phone and/or tablet as your alarm?
NMU4 Do you text or use a messaging app after you go to bed?
NMU5 Do you play games on your cell phone and/or tablet after
you have gone to bed?
NMU6 Do you use social media on your device(s) after you
have gone to bed?
NMU7 How many nights of the week do you get awakened by a
text or other notification from a friend or social media after you
go to bed to sleep
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep Patterns in First-
semester College Students
50
population measured, 2 males (3.8%) and 10 fe-
males (16.1%) had elevated waist circumferences
after initial measurements. These values did not
change significantly between pre- and post-mea-
surements. Average student BMI at the initial visit
was 24.1 kg/m2, which is slightly below the cutoff
for an overweight classification. Of participants,
25.4% (N = 29) were overweight (OW; BMI >
25.0 and < 30.0) and 8.8% were obese (OB; BMI
> 30.0). Between initial and final measurements,
participants’ mean weight increased 0.6 kg ± 1.92
and BMI increased 0.1 kg/m2 ± 5.74. Mean waist
circumference decreased by 1.1 cm ± 5.74, which
is approximately equal to the tolerable error limit
11. identified in the study protocol (1 cm).
Sleep Quantity and Quality
Table 3 displays sleep measurements. The most
common time (mode) students of both sexes re-
ported going to bed was 11:00 PM. The most
common rise time was 8:00 AM and the average
self-reported sleep duration was 7.26 ± 0.93 hours.
The mean time spent in bed was 8.12 ± 0.93 hours,
with an average sleep latency (time spent in bed
prior to sleep) of 19.6 ± 16.9 minutes. There were
Table 3
Average Sleep Characteristics from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
Index (PSQI)
Male (N = 52) Female (N = 62) Total (N = 114)
Mean Mean Mean
Average Bed Time (Mode) 11:30 PM 11:00 PM 11:00 PM
Average Rise Time (Mode) 7:15 AM 8:00 AM 8:00 AM
Average Sleep Latency (min) 18.3 (15.8) 20.8 (17.8) 19.6 (16.9)
Reported Sleep Duration (h) 7.21 (0.81) 7.30 (1.02) 7.26 (0.93)
Calculated Time in Bed (h) 8.05 (0.87) 8.18 (0.99) 8.12 (0.93)
Sleep Efficiency (%) 90.0 (8.8) 89.4 (9.3) 89.7 (9.0)
Average Global PSQI 4.94 (2.15) 5.51 (2.71) 5.25 (2.48)
Table 2
12. Participant Characteristics
Male (N = 52) Female (N = 62)
Pre Post Pre Post
Age 18.7 (0.5) -- 18.6 (0.3) --
Height (m) 1.80 (0.1) 1.81 (0.1) 1.66 (0.1) 1.66 (0.1)
Weight (kg) 79.9 (13.0) 80.7 (13.2) 65.1 (13.0) 65.6 (13.2)
WC (cm) 82.8 (11.6) 82.7 (9.1) 78.6 (9.8) 76.6 (9.6)
BMI (kg/m2) 24.6 (3.9) 24.8 (4.0) 23.6 (4.5) 23.8 (4.6)
OW (%) 30.8 36.5 21.0 24.2
OB (%) 9.6 7.7 8.1 6.5
Note.
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; OW =
overweight; OB = obesity
Whipps et al
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 51 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.3.5
no statistically significant gender differences. Only
one-third of participants (N = 38, 33.33%) re-
ported meeting sleep recommendations (sleeping
at least 8 hours per night). Of those who slept less
13. than 8 hours per night, 25.4% (N = 29) slept 6.5
hours per night or less.
Global PSQI
Overall sleep quality was assessed using global
scores calculated from the PSQI responses. Table
3 reports the average Global PSQI, and Table 4
displays the Global PSQI categories and frequen-
cies. Respondents who had a Global PSQI score
between 1 and 5 were categorized as optimal sleep-
ers (N = 68); scores between 6 and 7 were classi-
fied as borderline (N = 26); and poor sleepers were
those with scores greater than or equal to 8 (N =
20) based on categories defined within the PSQI
scoring guidelines as well as those presented by
Lund et al.7 Only 59.6% of respondents were con-
sidered optimal sleepers, whereas the other 40.4%
were either borderline to poor sleepers.
Nighttime Media Usage Questionnaire
Figure 1 displays the NMU response frequencies.
In some cases, responses were collapsed due to low
Table 4
Global PSQI Category Frequencies
Male (N = 52) Female (N = 62) Total (N = 114)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Optimal (1-5) 34 65.4 34 54.8 68 59.6
Borderline (6-7) 11 21.2 15 24.2 26 22.8
Poor (>8) 7 13.5 13 21.0 20 17.5
14. NMU1 NMU2 NMU3 NMU4 NMU5 NMU6 NMU7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Questionnaire Item
Pe
rc
en
t o
f T
ot
al
S
am
pl
e
Figure 1
NMU Questionnaire Response Frequencies
Note.
15. Responses to individual NMU question items (Table 1) as a
percent. NMU 1-6 are scored using 5-point Likert scale
responses used to quantify responses (1 meaning never to 5
meaning all the time) and were collapsed as necessary. NMU
7 is nights per week (up to 7).
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep Patterns in First-
semester College Students
52
response frequency; this is noted in the figure cap-
tion where appropriate. Almost all respondents (N
= 105, 92.1%) have their smartphones or tablets in
their rooms as they sleep frequently or all the time,
and most (N = 108, 94.7%) use their cell phone
or tablet as their alarm. Those who did not have
their cell phone on and in the bedroom (N = 9)
were removed from analyses for NMU questions 4
through 7.
Table 5 shows the correlations between anthro-
pometric variables and NMU responses. Those
who reported playing games in bed frequently
were significantly more likely to have a higher
initial weight (p = .006), post-weight (p = .006),
initial waist circumference (p = .006), post-waist
circumference (p = .037), initial BMI (p = .029),
and post-BMI (p = .035). None of the other cor-
relations were significant. Unsurprisingly, there was
Table 5
Correlations between NMU Variables and Anthropometric
Characteristics
16. NMU1 NMU2 NMU4 NMU5 NMU6 NMU7
r r r r r r
Pre Weight -0.083 -0.019 -0.039 0.263 * -0.032 -0.172
Post Weight -0.081 -0.029 -0.043 0.263 * -0.028 -0.174
WC -0.068 0.040 -0.029 0.263 * -0.026 -0.151
Post WC -0.047 -0.012 -0.039 0.201 * -0.014 -0.097
BMI 0.034 0.075 -0.023 0.210 * 0.001 -0.139
Post BMI 0.035 0.062 -0.036 0.203 * -0.004 -0.132
Note.
**Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed)
* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)
Table 6
Correlations between NMU Variables and Sleep Behaviors
Sleep
Duration
Bed
Hours
Global
PSQI
Texting
(NMU4)
17. Nighttime
Gaming
(NMU5)
Social
Media
(NMU6)
Nighttime
Interruptions
(NMU7)
r r r r r r r
Sleep Duration 1 - - - - - -
Bed Hours .684** 1 - - - - -
Global PSQI -.355** .053 1 - - - -
Texting (NMU4) .199* .217* -.032 1 - - -
Nighttime
Gaming (NMU5) .147 .103 .053 .379** 1 - -
Social Media
(NMU6) .102 .058 .074 .652** .328** 1 -
Nighttime
Interruptions
(NMU7)
.122 .215* .128 .293** .208* .270** 1
18. Note.
**Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed)
* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)
Whipps et al
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 53 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.42.3.5
no relationship between NMU and change in any
anthropometric variable over the 8-week period, as
there were no statistically significant changes in any
of these variables.
After selecting for students who frequently or al-
ways have their cell phones and/or tablets on while
sleeping (N = 105), bivariate Pearson correlation
models were run to determine how NMU respons-
es were correlated with sleep behaviors and PSQI
scores (Table 6). Texting after bed was moderately
correlated with participants’ Global PSQI score (r
= .199, p = .04). Bed hours (time spent in bed) was
moderately correlated with both texting in bed (r =
.199, p = .04) and device interruptions (r = .270, p
= .005). Social media usage and playing games in
bed were weakly to moderately correlated with in-
terruptions (r = .270, p = .005; r = .293, p = .002)
and playing mobile games in bed was moderately
correlated with interruptions (r = .208, p = .033).
DISCUSSION
In 2015, the American Academy of Sleep Medi-
cine and Sleep Research Society released a consen-
19. sus statement stating adults need 7 or more hours
of sleep per night and, for young adults, sleeping
more than 9 hours may be appropriate.12 Overall,
first year students in our sample reported chroni-
cally low levels of sleep compared to current recom-
mendations. Total reported sleep time and chronic
low sleep in this population were found to be simi-
lar to other American college students.7,13 These re-
sults emphasize the need to address sleep problems
that persist in college-age populations, especially
because sleep deprivation has been associated with
decreased academic performance,4 increased nega-
tive moods,14 increased anxiety and depression,15,16
drowsy driving,17 and reduced productivity.18 Inad-
equate time spent sleeping has been demonstrat-
ed across both US-born and foreign-born college
students as well. Eliasson and Lettieri conducted a
study comparing the sleep habits of US-born col-
lege students to those of foreign-born students.
Although both groups generally reported restrict-
ed sleep, foreign-born students were more likely
to stay awake longer studying, whereas US-born
students delay sleep for more social activities. This
suggests that strategies aimed at improving sleep
hygiene may need to be tailored based on cultural
backgrounds.19
Sleep deprivation is pervasive among young
adults in general in the US. Data from the 2014 Be-
havioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
found that 32.2% of young adults (age 18-24 years)
surveyed reported short sleep duration (<7 hours
per night) on average.20 Chronic short sleep may
not be unique to the US; the prevalence of short
sleep or borderline short sleep has been document-
ed in young adult populations in other countries.
20. There is evidence showing reduced sleep duration
in countries such as Japan,21 and this trend may ex-
tend to other countries as well.22 Furthermore, the
role that nighttime media usage plays in short sleep
duration may extend outside of young adult col-
lege students to young adults in general. Overall,
sleep problems may not be unique to the US and
potential interventions may need to be explored in-
ternationally in the future.
Our results support the hypothesis that night-
time media usage is related to sleep quality. The
directionality of the relationship cannot be deter-
mined from the current study. Participants who
more frequently reported playing games, using so-
cial media, or texting after bed were more likely
to report sleep interruptions by their devices. This
suggests that the presence of a smartphone or tablet
in the bedroom does increase the likelihood that
sleep will be disturbed and can have an overall im-
pact on sleep quality, however prospective studies
are necessary to confirm this.
Participants who reported playing games, tex-
ting, or using social media were also more likely to
report engaging in more than one type of activity.
Weak to moderately strong correlations were found
between those reporting to play games, use social
media, and/or text after they are in bed. This sug-
gests that first-semester college students are engag-
ing with their smartphone devices in multiple ways
at night prior to going to sleep; the increased use
of multiple types of media may exaggerate the po-
tential for sleep disturbances. Future studies should
focus on further describing these relationships.
21. Other studies have suggested that nighttime me-
dia use has no negative effect on sleep among young
adults, but instead, suggest that these individuals
use their media devices to cope with their existing
sleep problems. Taverniew and Willoughby sought
to determine the directionality of the relationship
between media use and sleep deprivation in first-
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep Patterns in First-
semester College Students
54
year Canadian college students. They found that,
although sleep problems acted as strong predictors
of increased time spent watching TV and online,
the relationship was not true when using media
time to predict sleep problems.18 Further studies
may be necessary to determine whether emerging
adults are looking to their media devices to cope
with their sleep problems or to prove further that
the relationship may be unidirectional.
Although this study demonstrated that night-
time media usage in the bedroom is associated with
sleep behaviors, we did not find that it was associat-
ed with change in weight or BMI. On average, our
participants (both male and female) gained 0.55
kg over the duration of the study. Whereas still
an overall increase in weight, the increase is small
enough not to be statistically significant. Other
studies have shown that first-year students do tend
to gain weight, but generally allow for more time
between measurements. Increases in weight for
22. first-year college students in other studies range
from 1.1 kg to 1.3 kg over about 3 months.23,24
However, none of the anthropometric variables
changed significantly over the course of the study
period. Given that the time between initial and fi-
nal measurements was only 8 weeks, the period of
time may not have been long enough to show any
significant change in weight or other markers. Fu-
ture studies should consider a longer period of time
between measurements.
Limitations
Self-reported behaviors can be inaccurate de-
pending on participants’ perception, potentially
confounding results. Self-reported sleep and NMU
may be associated with either recall or response bias.
Further, we did not assess whether participants had
any clinical conditions, such as obstructive sleep
apnea, that could interfere with sleep independent-
ly of sleep hygiene. Unfortunately, we were not able
to assess physical activity and dietary habits, limit-
ing our ability to discuss whether NMU is associat-
ed with weight change. However, this is unlikely to
be an issue in our study because weight remained
stable over the study period. Our results did show
that NMU was positively associated with weight
and weight status; however, the directionality of
this relationship could not be determined due to
the cross-sectional study design and the relatively
small convenience sample. Due to the small sam-
ple size, some of the statistically significant results
may have been due to chance alone; future studies
should be conducted using a larger sample size to
validate these findings.
23. Conclusions
Our data support the current literature in dem-
onstrating that college students, specifically first-
semester students, are likely to experience chronic
sleep deprivation and is novel in describing the sleep
patterns and NMU habits of first-semester college
students. This study also adds to the literature by
suggesting a relationship exists between sleep be-
haviors and nighttime media usage – as nighttime
usage (texting, social media, gaming, etc.) increas-
es, overall incidence of sleep interruptions increases
and sleep quality tends to decrease. Future studies
should focus on determining whether nighttime
media usage and poor sleep hygiene do have a re-
lationship with weight status and other markers of
health, as well as determine the true directionality
of the relationship between nighttime media usage
and sleep quality.
Human Subjects Statement
The University of Wyoming Institutional Review
Board (protocol #20160728JW01264) approved
this study. and all students provided informed con-
sent prior to participation.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to
disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge members of the Uni-
24. versity of Wyoming Pediatric Physical Activity
Lab for their assistance in data collection and data
management.
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