Colleges should start classes later in the day, study saysStewart_Rees
College students looking for an opportunity to sleep in and attend class in the late morning will find support in a new study which details the benefits of starting school days later in the morning. Researchers discovered that colleges should begin classes in the latter part of morning — around 11 am — because this period is the time when students’ minds are at their best.
Colleges should start classes later in the day, study saysStewart_Rees
College students looking for an opportunity to sleep in and attend class in the late morning will find support in a new study which details the benefits of starting school days later in the morning. Researchers discovered that colleges should begin classes in the latter part of morning — around 11 am — because this period is the time when students’ minds are at their best.
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are molianaalbee2qly
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are mo.docxkarlhennesey
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are molianaalbee2qly
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are mo.docxkarlhennesey
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
1. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 1
The Effects of Sleep on College Students
Greg Hogya, Pat Dunne
Research Methods in Marketing-WI, MKT 09384 1
Professor Habte-Giorgis
April 8, 2011
Rowan University
2. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 2
Table of Contents
3. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 3
Managerial Summary
Objectives and Methodology
The purpose of this study was to determine whether college students were receiving
enough sleep and if they were taking sleep aids or energy supplements. The study was developed
to compare the results of our survey of a sample of college students sleep information, with the
secondary data discovered on this topic. The main objectives were to determine if college
students were getting enough sleep, to determine the effects of energy supplements and sleep
aids, and to determine how knowledgeable college students were about the negative and positive
effects of sleep. The primary data in this study came from the questionnaire which was
distributed to 52 college students here at Rowan University. A survey was used to get the sleep
information on college students. Secondary data came from the topics analyzed in our literature
review. This secondary data included journal articles, websites, and newspaper articles. The
research was descriptive research because it describes data and characteristics about the
population we were studying in comparison with the sample data we generated. The study was
performed to answer the questions who, what, where, when, and how as they related to sleep in
college students. The study randomly selected 52 participants to fill out our surveys. The only
requirements for these individuals were that they had to be college students enrolled in Rowan
University. These surveys were randomly distributed throughout campus. Only 4 people refused
to participate citing they were studying for mid-terms as their reason for not participating in the
survey. The surveys were also distributed in Labor and Employee Relations class to get 15 of the
4. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 4
surveys filled out. Ten surveys were handed out in the downstairs Bunce computer lab. The rest
were handed out randomly throughout campus. This was a simple random sample.
Findings
Through the questionnaire results, it was determined that college students felt that they
were not getting enough sleep. Although, they were getting more than hypothesized before the
study, college students preferred to sleep over eight hours. However, they found themselves
sleeping between six and a half to eight hours per night. Although, college students say they
prefer to sleep over eight hours, a recommended amount, they actually receive less sleep. The
original hypothesis was also incorrect about the use of energy supplements and sleep aids. The
original hypothesis predicted many more of our sample would use energy supplements. An
overwhelming amount of people thought energy drink use was increasing yet, very few people
said they had taken any of the energy supplements listed in the questionnaire. Comparing this
with sales figures and college student use statistics in numerous articles in the literature review,
these results are shocking. Some of their responses in the survey contradicted secondary data
researched in the literature review. The results surprised us to learn that college students believed
they had knowledge about both the effects of sleep and the sleep cycle itself. Studies show that
there is very little knowledge about the sleep cycle, sleep deprivation, and the benefits of sleep
among college students especially because of their lack of sleep. According to our survey,
college students believed they had this knowledge even though they felt they did not receive
enough sleep per night.
5. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
College students felt they were not getting enough sleep and they in fact were not.
According to the questionnaire responses, it would be recommended college students spend less
time watching TV/movies, going on the computer, drinking/partying, and hanging out with
friends. They also need to learn how to budget their time better so they don’t feel like homework
is getting in their way of sleeping. Since, an overwhelming amount of people feel that there is a
strong relationship between sleep and academic performance, they need to learn how to fit both
into their schedule. According to the questionnaire, the college students surveyed rarely use sleep
aids and energy supplements. This was contradictory to the secondary data studied and was
surprising to say the least. It is also recommended college students learn how to achieve adequate
sleep before resorting to energy supplements which may cause them long-term harm but, they
appear to not be using them to the extent hypothesized. This is according to the secondary data in
the literature review. College students believe they have sufficient knowledge of the sleep cycle
and the effects of sleep deprivation. I would disagree that they have this knowledge as evidenced
by the amount of sleep they have per night and some of their other surveyed answers. I would
recommend that they increase their knowledge about the effects of sleep and sleep cycle so that
they realize that adequate sleep is of great importance to their academic abilities.
6. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 6
Background/Introduction
General background to the situation that led to the research project
Sleep is one of the most fundamental necessities to ensuring an individual’s health. The
lack of sleep in America is debilitating to society as a whole, and without a proper sleep regimen,
detrimental side effects may occur. The study and previous literature on the subject, felt that
college students today weren’t receiving enough sleep per night. With the stress of academic
performance and social activities, the concept of sleep deprivation and energy supplements made
us curious to find out whether college students neglected the importance of sleep. The
importance of sleep on the body is an understated issue. Sleep is almost just as important as diet
and exercise to the human body. The college students in today’s society appear to not receive
enough sleep per night nor do they understand the benefits of sleep. The use of energy
supplements in America as well as many other countries is increasing. This topic intrigues us
because of the potential harmful effects of these supplements and their abuse by college students.
College students, also, are not as educated about the sleep cycle and the effects of sleep
deprivation according to numerous sources. Knowledge of the sleep cycle and the negative
effects of sleep deprivation are unknown to most and this study wanted to figure out whether
people thought they had knowledge about this topic.
7. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 7
Information pertaining to the business or issue being researched
The information and secondary data discovered for this study determined that college
students were not receiving enough sleep due to overwhelming work and strange schedules. The
amount of sleep Americans are getting has been decreasing for some time and is estimated to
continue to decrease throughout the 21st century. Sleep deprivation is a serious issue and can
cause obesity, fatigue, mood swings, and poor decision-making.
Information was also gathered on how important sleep actually is to the body. Sleep is
needed to rejuvenate the body and it helps the human body recharge after a days activities. The
four stages of sleep are also examined in the literature review. Stage one is a light state of sleep
while stage four is a deeper stage of sleep in which more energy is gathered then the first stage.
However, it takes a certain amount of time to go through these stages and if the required hours
are not met there is a chance that sleep deprivation may occur.
Research was also analyzed on how mental sleep disorders can affect sleep in people. A
sleep disorder consists of any forms of mental illness that deprives a person of sleep, the most
common of which being insomnia. These disorders cause sleep deprivation at its most intense
level. Hallucinations may occur as well as cognitive impairment. This is a serious problem
because people may hurt themselves or hurt others because of their fatigue or impairment.
Some other information gathered indicated that energy supplement use was increasing in
America and that college students and many young people were the main users of these
8. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 8
supplements such as energy drinks and energy pills. There are many different types of energy
supplements as well as sleep aids. They are industries with a lot of competition and a limitless
amount of clients which makes them extremely profitable.
Research was performed on caffeine and the way it will affect the brain and body. Long-
term use of caffeine or some energy supplements can cause a dependency to form. Needing a cup
of coffee in the morning may not feel like a serious problem to you, but what happens that one
day that you have no coffee and cannot find any. Caffeine is a drug and is addictive when used in
excess. Caffeine can cause restlessness, nausea, dehydration, and upset stomach.
Another topic researched was the dependency related to sleep aids. Studies show that
using sleep aids constantly and daily may cause a dependency problem. People who take sleep
aids every night may develop a problem that prevents them from falling asleep without using a
sleep aid as a catalyst for sleep. Overuse of sleep aids can cause next day tiredness, dizziness,
and drowsiness. Sleep aids are commonly used by persons with sleep disorders, however,
college students and night workers are known to use them to help them stay on their sleep
schedule.
This study has given insight into the use of energy supplements, sleep aids, caffeine, and
energy drinks by college students and their perceptions about their usefulness, harmfulness, and
effectiveness. Although, the use of energy supplements is increasing at a phenomenal rate in
America, and according to secondary research amongst college students, this study did not in
fact prove that. Marketing researchers could use this study to show perceptions by college
students of energy drinks and their effects. According to the survey, college students agree
energy supplement use is increasing, they keep them awake but, they also see that energy
9. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 9
supplements produce more harm than good. This could show that possible health issues are
becoming more evident in college students today, and could be furthered looked into.
The situation or management problem that led to the study
The situation or management problem that led to this study was whether or not college
students received enough sleep. Many sources suggest to us that college students do not sleep
enough and they are not knowledgeable about sleep and over abuse energy supplements in order
to stay awake. This study investigated whether these college students were receiving adequate
sleep through the night, and if they weren’t, what the reason they weren’t and what was getting
in the way of their sleep. The situation of the college environment, with strong academic
pressures and social gatherings, influencing college students, attracted us to studying the
sleeping habits amongst college students.
Significance of the study
This study gives insight into the use of energy supplements and sleep aids by college
students. This information is pertinent to companies that either manufacture or produce sleep
aids and energy supplements because they need to know whose purchasing and using their
products. The results conducted through this survey did not match up with the secondary data
that we researched. The study also showed the sleeping habits of college students. This
information is crucial for anyone marketers in the industry selling sleep aids or energy
supplements. By knowing how much they sleep and their knowledge about sleep, marketers are
10. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 10
better able to narrow in on the college market to see how to best help them with their sleeping
habits.
11. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 11
Literature Review
Running Head: Sleep Deprivation
The Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Greg Hogya
Rowan University
12. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 12
I. Sleep Stages and Sleep Effects on Individuals
The amount of time Americans sleep has been decreasing and is projected to continue to
decline in the future. Sleep is a biological need for all humans and sleep deprivation is causing
humans to function at lower levels with dreadful side-effects for both the short- and long-term.
Sleep has a myriad of effects on an individual depending on such factors as the stages of sleep,
age, duration, and timing of sleep. When an individual is deprived of sleep, negative
consequences emerge. These consequences emerge as a result of such sleep disorders as
insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy as well as the irregular sleep schedules and sleep deficits
in many human beings that endanger their health in a variety of ways (Stein, 2005).
The negative effects of sleep deprivation include obesity, cognitive issues, mood
variations, irregular hormone secretions, negative memory functions, decision-making, daily
functioning, poor immune system functioning, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety,
decreased alertness, and inadequate daily functioning. The negative effects of sleep deprivation
harm many individuals. But, unlike obtaining medical care, individuals fail to seek treatment for
sleep disorders (Gaultney & Collins-McNeil, 2009). This failure to seek help or acknowledge
sleep deprivation as an illness has caused many people to fail to see the truly debilitating effects
that a lack of sleep can impose upon individuals. This paper will show these detrimental effects
and why sleep deprivation is a serious issue, especially in America.
Sleep operates in unique stages that rejuvenate the body. Sleep is necessary to keep
individuals healthy and should be considered as equally important in one’s health schedule as
diet and exercise. Sleep patterns begin with NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep which
comprises 75% of the night. NREM is composed of four stages. Stage one is a light form of
sleep, where stage four is a deep state of sleep. REM sleep encompasses the other 25% of the
13. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 13
night. The stages of sleep are important because certain stages are necessary for individuals to
remain healthy. For example, stage four in the sleep cycle is crucial for individuals to remain
healthy. In stage four of the sleep cycle individuals experience the most profound and
recuperative sleep. In stage four blood pressure drops, blood supply increases to muscles making
them more relaxed, muscle tissue repair occurs, and important hormones are released, such as
growth hormones. Deep sleep secretes human growth hormones, which is necessary for all
individuals. This is especially true in young individuals that need muscle development and
reparation. REM sleep is crucial because it provides energy, aids in brain functioning, and
relaxes body and muscular tension. In REM sleep the eyes move from side to side. REM is when
dreaming occurs and is absolutely essential for consolidating memories, creativity, learning,
decision-making, and problem-solving (Beck, 2009). REM sleep is needed for individuals to
function properly in their daily activities. During sleep, a hormone cortisol is released. It is
needed to make individuals alert when they wake up. If this hormone was not produced the
irregular hormone imbalance could lead to a lack of functioning in areas such as alertness,
decision-making, and memory. REM and deep sleep are the two most important areas that
decline with age and are substantially prone to health issues such as anxiety, sleep disorders, and
cognitive issues. The stages of sleep are important to understand because without properly
experiencing these stages, the above listed negative effects of sleep deprivation can result.
The age of an individual plays a large role in sleep effects. Studies show that sleep is
most important for children. Children that have sleep deficits earlier in life are at a greater risk
for mental disorders, learning problems, aggressive behavior, and obesity. Children are more
prone to suffering mental illnesses, particularly depression and anxiety, later in life as well as
abusing alcohol and drugs if they encountered sleep problems earlier in life (Petersen, 2011). The
14. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 14
effects of sleep on the brain are what lead to mental illnesses and decreased concentration. The
most important factor for children concerning sleep is getting the proper hormones. Without
adequate sleep, children would be unable to get the proper growth hormones. Without the proper
growth hormones in the deeper stages of sleep, children would be hindered in muscle
development and muscle repair.
The recommended sleep duration varies based upon age. It is commonly recommended
that younger individual get more sleep than older individuals. It is recommended that adults get
seven to nine hours per night whereas children are recommended between nine and eleven hours,
according to the averages of the articles studied. With twenty percent of Americans sleeping less
than six hours per night, sleep deprivation is a serious issue that needs to be addressed in our
society (Beck, 2009). Americans average only 6.9 hours of sleep per night which has drastically
gone down over only a small period of time (Epstein, 2010). These numbers are worrisome,
especially since individuals don’t truly understand the detriments of inadequate sleep patterns.
Overall, it appears that younger individuals sleep more than older individuals. This is important,
as illustrated before younger people need more sleep. It is important to note that most studies
involving age and sleep show that as individuals age there is progressively less depth in the sleep
cycle and there is also less continuity in their sleep measurements (Hume, Van, & Watson,
1998). This percentage is only increasing as sleep deprivation rates are on the rise and more
unhealthy side effects are becoming known to the public.
II. The Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation
The negative effects of sleep deprivation can include reduced cognitive impairment, reduced
academic performance, increased accidents because of delayed reaction time, decreased hormone
15. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 15
secretions including cortisol and growth hormones, negative immune system functioning, leaning
impairment, memory deficits, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, obesity which
has been shown to lead to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, and a reduced level of
daily functioning. The four most debilitating effects are obesity, mental disorders, cognitive
impairment, and hormonal imbalances.
Obesity is considered an epidemic in America today. Sleep deprivation could become one of
the next big epidemics in America. Every article and journal analyzed showed obesity as a side
effect of sleep deprivation. When individuals are deprived of sleep they have an increased
hunger and appetite (Orzeł-Gryglewska, 2010). A lack of sleep has been shown to have
correlations with obesity, hypertension, and metabolic disorders. There is also evidence to
support that people that are obese are more likely to have a sleep disorder, such as sleep apnea or
chronic insomnia. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between weight gain and short
sleep in conjunction with appetite-regulating hormones. These appetite-regulating hormones
include leptin and ghrelin. Their fluctuations depend on a variety of factors. Leptin and ghrelin
are essential hormones produced during deep sleep which are necessary for the human body
(Spivey, 2010).
The release of hormones regulating growth and appetite are necessary for human functioning.
Since they are secreted during deep sleep, without sleep, harmful effects could overtake one’s
body. Leptin is a hormone that suppresses appetite and ghrelin is a peptide that stimulates
appetite (Gaultney & Collins-McNeil, 2009). These hormones are essential to understanding the
correlation between obesity and sleep deprivation. With too much ghrelin in our system, our
appetites can be overly stimulated. If one lack’s the hormone Leptin, one’s appetite will not
appear as full as it truly is. This causes individuals to eat more and progressively leads to obesity
16. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 16
in hormone deficient individuals. Other studies attribute obesity to be a result of increased
activity in the sympathetic nervous system. This would ultimately lead to raised heart rate, blood
pressure, more exposure to possible cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. During stages of
deep sleep or stage four of the sleep cycle, our blood pressure drops. This drop in blood pressure
if not experienced during nightly sleep, could result in hypertension to individuals that suffer
from sleep deprivation. Inadequate sleeping habits can cause lower energy expenditures where
individuals have no desire to do any physical activity or even worse, cutting off the body’s
hormones that are secreted during sleep (Gaultney & Collins-McNeil, 2009). When we analyze
both the effect of hormones on the body’s metabolism we can see that people eat more and they
perceive their hunger as not being as satisfied (Beck, 2009). Obesity is a very detrimental effect
of sleep deprivation and is currently being researched daily to determine the exact nature of the
relationship between a lack of sleep and obesity.
The most common mental disorders related to sleep deprivation are depression and anxiety.
Mania is also another mental disorder that can aggravate sleep deprivation. Episodes of mania
aggravate sleep deprivation by turning into insomnia or increasing aggressive behavior among
individuals (Orzeł-Gryglewska, 2010). Aggressive behavior is found in individuals who go
through manic episodes and people experiencing depression and anxiety. These mental disorders
need therapeutic treatment, although sleep deprivation does not get treated as frequently as other
mental disorders. Individuals often do not realize the severity of their sleep disorders. Mental
disorders are also a serious issue because many psychological disorders severely compromise an
individual’s health and make sleeping difficult.
Sleep is frequently disrupted by individuals who have other mental disorders (Gaultney &
Collins-McNeil, 2009). ADHD is common in individuals with erratic sleeping patterns. By not
17. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 17
following the proper stages of sleep explained above, individuals may be more predisposed to
experiencing these mental disorders later in life. It is also important to recognize sleep disorders
that can cause individuals to have inadequate sleep which leads to problems discussed here.
Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and it makes it very difficult for individuals to get
to sleep. Restless leg syndrome can cause disturbances in the sleep cycle. Narcolepsy can also
cause irregular sleeping patterns as individuals are overcome by unexpected attacks of deeper
stages of sleep as well as sleep walking. Sleep apnea is a condition that can be caused by shallow
breathing or pauses in breathing that disrupts an individual’s sleeping habits making the crucial
stages of the sleep cycle difficult to reach (Lovgren, 2005). Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders
can cause the mental disorders mentioned above and cause cognitive impairment in individuals.
A lack of sleep or sleep disorders can cause cognitive impairment in numerous ways, such as
a lack of concentration. That is why it is crucial that children and teens get enough sleep at night
in order to have superior academic performance. Inadequate sleep of any kind can cause
cognitive impairment in the forms of delayed reflexes, poor memory function, failure to pay
attention, impaired learning, and poor decision-making. Sleep deprivation has been shown to
slow down the attention and reaction times of individuals which can show severe consequences
when driving, using machinery, or doing complex work (Gaultney & Collins-McNeil, 2009).
Sleep is becoming recommended by employers to their employees so their cognitive
functioning is not impaired during working hours. An increase in the amount of daytime
sleepiness up to 20% is becoming a major concern for employers because this could hinder their
employees from performing at optimal levels (Lovgren, 2005). This lack of sleep experienced by
employees could produce hazardous results to workers who have jobs that require them to
perform heavy lifting, complex calculations, surgery, manufacturing, as well as many others. If
18. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 18
the cognitive abilities of these workers are not at their premium level, employers may want to
begin to examine these individuals sleeping habits. Recent scientific studies have tied memory
and recall problems to REM sleep deprivation. Recall performance is significantly decreased if
individuals are deprived of sleep. Scientists are currently doing further research on the effects of
sleep deprivation on the other stages of the sleep as well as further investigating the effects on
REM sleep. The recent studies have shown definite correlations between consolidation of
memories, cognitive skills, and recall during REM and the certain areas of NREM sleep. For
cognitive skills to be functioning at their top level, REM sleep and going through the proper
sleep cycles are essential for individuals (Rauchs, Desgranges, Foret, & Eustache, 2005).
Hormonal imbalances are one of the most detrimental effects of sleep deprivation and
they are becoming more evident through the scientific studies performed today. Certain
hormones are secreted during sleep making them a necessity to fuel our daily functioning. If
these hormones are not produced during the necessary sleep stages negative effects can result in
individuals. The first two hormones important to note are leptin and ghrelin. As mentioned
before, these are related to appetite regulation for the human body. If someone does not get
enough sleep these hormones may change their sensation of being full, increasing their appetite,
and altering the body’s response to sugar intake. These all cause weight gain which could lead to
diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease (Epstein, 2010). There have been
numerous correlations with a lack of sleep earlier in life and obesity later in life. These hormonal
imbalances are especially important with children who are still growing. During stage four of the
sleep cycle, hormones are secreted. Growth hormones are secreted here and they are essential for
a child’s muscular development. If a child does not receive enough sleep or suffers from sleep
disorder symptoms, the child may not receive the appropriate amount of growth hormones his or
19. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 19
her body needs to grow and develop. Recent studies have shown increased levels of visfatin in
individuals who do not receive adequate sleep. Visfatin is a hormone that has been shown to
have a strong relationship with insulin resistance (Beck, 2009). Effects of these hormones can
show possible associations with a lack of sleep and obesity, diabetes, poor immune system
functioning, and cardiovascular disease. As shown in the sleep cycle above, it is important to see
that children must enter stage four of the sleep cycle to ensure they receive their adequate levels
of hormones to promote proper daily functioning. For children to develop properly they must
make sure they receive adequate sleep to ensure proper hormonal functioning and body
development.
Sleep deprivation can take a large toll on the human body if adequate sleep is not received.
This is especially important with younger children because of the effect that a lack of sleep can
have on them later in life. These negative effects on children later in life include obesity,
decreased secretion of growth hormones, hormonal imbalances, and cognitive impairment.
Americans in particular get less sleep than other countries and they need to receive adequate
sleep to improve their daily functioning. Sleep disorders often go unnoticed in this country and
are negatively affecting performance. If we do not get adequate sleep we risk facing obesity,
mental disorders, cognitive impairment, hormonal imbalances, and other negative side effects.
By informing individuals through seminars, manuals, and classes about sleep cycles, methods,
negative effects, and prevention measures we can enhance the well-being of individuals in
America.
20. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 20
Running Head: The Use of Energy Supplements and Sleep Aids
The Use of Energy Supplements and Sleep Aids
Patrick Dunne
Rowan University
21. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 21
The use of energy supplements, sleep aids, and caffeine is rising across the globe (Merrett
2007). The question some people fail to ask, however, is how these products affect a person’s
ability or inability to sleep normally. Throughout this literature review it will be proven that all
three of these things affect the amount and way people sleep. They all have similar positive and
negative effects on the body. This topic is important because the overall use of sleep aids and
energy supplements are increasing throughout the world and people do not really understand
how these products really affect the human body. Also sleep is extremely important to everyone
in the world. Everyone must do it to recharge their body after a long day. How much sleep a
person gets at night determines their alertness and performance ability (Bryant & Wolfson 2010).
How Energy Supplements, Sleep Aids, and Caffeine Effect Sleep
Energy supplements range from drinks to pills that contain a variety of different
chemicals, minerals, and herbal supplements. The most abundant of which is caffeine. Caffeine
is a white, bitter alkaloid that stimulants the nervous system of the human body usually creating
a sense of alertness and hyperactivity. Many studies have been done on caffeine in the last
couple decades to determine the overall negative and positive effects of the mineral. All these
studies have found that caffeine can have positive effects if used properly but may become
addictive and also can harm your body if abused (Topendsports.com).
Energy drinks are the most predominant energy supplements on the market today. Sales
have been slowly rising ever since Red Bull and other brands have been stocking shelves
(Merrett 2007). Other forms of energy drinks are 5 Hour Energy and MaXXX which are smaller
“shot” type drinks. Since this article was written in 2007 there has been a steady increase in the
use energy drinks. Use of energy drinks on a day to day basis may lead to dependency because
22. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 22
the body may get used to having a certain amount of caffeine in the body. It may become
necessary for a person to drink one as soon as they wake up or they will never get out of bed
(EDrinks.net).
Sleep aids are used to help people fall asleep and stay asleep. They can make someone
fall asleep even when they do not want to or when they physically cannot. Someone on sleep
medication can sleep through almost anything and cannot easily be woken up.
Negative and Positive Effects of Caffeine and Energy Supplements
Most energy supplements contain some amount of caffeine. Some more than others but
overall energy supplements have the same effects of caffeine. Caffeine has a variety of effects,
some of which are positive but many more that are negative. The positive effects include
improved performance, increased alertness, temporary reduction in fatigue, and it has some
positive effects on the heart (SteadyHealth.com). Caffeine is a stimulant which is why it affects
people this way. The negative effects, in my opinion, outweigh the benefits. Negative effects
include restlessness, nausea, sleep difficulties, upset stomach, and dehydration due to increased
urination. Other long-term effects are irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure. The most
prevalent negative effect to most people is the dependency that comes along with continued use.
In some cases people may even become addicted and have moderate withdrawal symptoms after
extended and constant use (Topendsports.com).
Negative and Positive Effects of Sleep Aids
Sleep aids also come with some negative and positive effects attached to use. The best
sleep aids are pills or medical containing melatonin, 5HTP, and some herbal supplements
23. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 23
(CantSleep.org). These sleep aids are known as barbiturates (WebMD.com 2010). Some
barbiturates include Lunesta, Ambien, and Sonata. Most people that use sleep aids are people
with sleep disorders such as insomnia. However, people who have irregular schedules such as
college students and night workers have also been known to use sleep aids to help them sleep
when they are stressed out or need to sleep during the day. The positive effects of sleep aids are
that they are effective, easily available, and can prevent sleep disruptions. These effects help
people who take them fall asleep and stay asleep when they are having trouble resting.
The negative effects include next day tiredness and some harmful side effects according
to WebMD.com. Harmful side effects such as changes in appetite, burning or tingling in hands or
feet, difficulty keeping balance, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, heartburn, and usual dreams
are results of taking this medication (WebMD.com 2010). The worst effect, however, is the
moderate dependency that comes along with extended and constant use. If a person uses sleep
aids every night to fall asleep they may soon find themselves unable to sleep without the
medication they had been taking (Pillitteri, Kozlowski, Person, & Spear 1994). Another type of
sleep aid are benzodiazepines. These are anti-anxiety drugs such as Xanax, Valium, and Ativan.
They carry much more harmful effects and a serious risk of dependency.
The overall summary of what has been learned since collecting these literary and public
sources and publications is that caffeine is the major factor when considering the effects of
energy supplements such as energy drinks and pills. Sleep aids and energy supplements have a
serious effect on the amount and way people sleep. There are harmful side effects in both cases
but there are also some positive effects as well. Sleep aids give people with insomnia and other
sleep deprivation problems the ability to sleep. Energy supplements allow people to be alert,
24. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 24
awake and improve performance. Both have a variety of different brands that contain different
chemicals and minerals.
25. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 25
Aims of the Research
General Purpose of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to indicate the effects of sleep on college students.
By analyzing college student’s knowledge of sleep, their actual sleep patterns, and how they
sleep, this study helped us understand their overall sleep patterns. This study also gave
significant insight into the rate of use of energy supplements and sleep aids among college
students so we can determine how these products affect their sleep schedule and which energy
supplements and sleep aids should be marketed towards college students. This study also showed
college students knowledge of the sleep cycle, sleep effects, and sleep deprivation to get an
overall view of their knowledge of sleep.
Motivation for Conducting Study
College students are often deprived of sleep and their inadequate sleep patterns are
detrimental, according to the secondary data on the topic. Through careful analysis of the
secondary data on the subject, colleges students is an area that marketers should focus on in
terms of sleep aids and energy supplements because of their irregular sleeping patterns. The
motivation for conducting this study was that, being college students and knowing how hard
managing your time is, do these products really help college students or are they actually
harming them. Energy supplements and sleep aids can help a college student stay up late to
finish a paper or help them sleep when their sleep schedule gets messed up from a long night
studying. Although, secondary data shows the negative effects of these supplements, this study
26. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 26
helped look into how college students use these aids to help them through their academic careers.
This is important research because both of these products can prove contradictory to each other
if used together and have different effects on the student in the long-run. Evaluating college
student’s knowledge of sleep was also of crucial importance in order to see how much they
would value help in this area to reform their sleep patterns to help their academic performance.
Specific Managerial/Marketing Decisions to be Supported by Results of the Study
The main decisions this study can help make is it can determine if marketing energy
supplements or sleep aids is necessary or effective in relation to college students. It also can
determine whether a supplier of these products should create more of an amount available around
college or university campuses. Sleep aids and energy supplements may be more important in
certain colleges than other colleges. This study looks into the use of sleep aids and energy
supplements by Rowan University students. This study also questions their knowledge about the
effects of these supplements as well as their knowledge of the effects of sleep. College students
knowledge of the effects of sleep deprivation is important to marketers because if can help them
better reach this growing niche market that may be in need of a refined marketing campaign.
Specific Research Objectives to be Attained
The research objectives attained would include an assortment of sleep based questions.
The main research objectives in this study were to analyze the amount of sleep college students
had each night, the effects of energy supplements and sleep aids, and the knowledge that college
students had about the effects of sleep. The topics covered included if a student felt like he slept
more than other students, how important sleep actually is to him/her, how much they actually
27. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 27
sleep each night, if they preferred sleeping longer or shorter than the recommended amount, the
effects of energy supplements and sleep aids, how sleep affects their academic performance, how
sleep affects their health, if they stay up at night; what kept them up, if where they lived affected
their sleep pattern, if the college they were in affected their sleep pattern, and lastly, if their year
in college affected their sleep pattern. All of these minor objectives combined to achieve the
three main research objectives.
28. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 28
Research Design and Methodology
Research method
The survey was used to find the sleep habits, energy supplements and sleep aid usage,
and effects of sleep information on college students. A survey was used because a survey was
capable of provide a large amount of data about the college students as it related to our study. A
questionnaire could provide us with descriptive information about our subjects and also lead to
more in-depth information about the individual’s views and knowledge of sleep. Through the
format of a survey we were able to work towards more complex answers and get a more rounded
view of the individual’s sleeping habits. In the first part of a Likert scale questions where the
survey compared the degree to which individuals agreed or disagreed with a statement, we could
easily gather information that provided us with answers to our research objectives. The second
part allowed us to dig deeper into their sleeping habits and we were able to get more in-depth
information to supplement the information in part one. Not only did the survey gather
demographic information, but it also allowed us to obtain the subject’s amount of sleep, what
distracts them when they should be sleeping, their use of energy supplements, if they had a
disorder, if they used sleep aids, and other information that aided our discovery process.
Descriptive data was gathered because the goal of the questionnaire was to find descriptive
characteristics about the population under study as represented in our sample. It was a goal of the
questionnaire to be able to answer the who, what, where, when, and how of college students
sleeping habits. The information provided, through descriptive research, in-depth information of
college students sleeping habits.
29. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 29
Sampling
This study used simple random sampling. This was used because we wanted to survey
college students but, not just survey our friends. Surveys were handed out in the Bunce computer
lab, in the Labor and Employees Relations class, in the library, and others were handed out
randomly throughout campus. This method helped us achieve the study’s research objectives
because each student was able to answer about their sleeping habits and energy supplement and
sleep aid usage. Although, it was thought that they may not have been as open about their usage
of energy supplements and sleep aids, all students genuinely filled out the surveys with interest
and curiosity. The college students that filled out our questionnaires also helped to show us their
knowledge about the sleep cycle and the effects of sleep deprivation, which was very important
to understanding how college students view the effects of sleep. The total sample size was 52
questionnaires which were distributed throughout campus. It was made sure that the sample only
consisted of college students currently enrolled in Rowan University.
Data Collection
The questionnaire used for this study includes both nominal and scale data. The
questionnaire is in the format of a Likert scale because respondents were asked to specify the
agreed or disagreed with a series of mental belief and behavioral belief statements all revolving
to some degree on sleep. Questions were structured to provide information to answer the
research objectives specifically. The Likert scale ranged from strongly agree to strongly disagree,
with the option for respondents to choose neither if they desired. The questionnaire began
thanking respondents for taking their valuable time to fill out the survey and they were told that
the results would be strictly confidential to be used for analysis in Research Methods in
30. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 30
Marketing class. Part one of the survey, as mentioned above was the Likert scale format. Part
one of the survey solely collected nominal data. Part two of the survey collected both nominal
and scale data, particularly scale data. Part two also collected demographic information and the
description of the respondents which is discussed in the first section of the results section in
detail. The scale data collected in this section that related to the research objectives of the study
were the number of naps per day, the amount of energy drinks consumed per week, the amount
of coffee consumed per day, and the amount of sleep on average per night. Data that was
inputted as nominal in SPSS 18.0, that was part two of the survey, included what respondents
stayed up late to do, their use of sleep aids, and if they had any diagnosed sleep disorder. Other
data collected in part two to further descriptive analysis of the respondents included the living
location, gender, college, and year in college of the respondent. A specimen questionnaire is
attached in the appendix under Questionnaire A1. An annotated questionnaire is also attached in
the appendix under Questionnaire A2.
Surveys were distributed randomly throughout campus and in two major areas. Fifteen of
the surveys were completed in Labor and Employees Relations class, ten were handed out in the
Bunce computer lab, and the rest were distributed randomly throughout campus. Four individuals
did not take the survey because they said they were too busy studying for midterms. Besides for
those four individuals refusing to participate, the other fifty-two respondents who did take the
survey seemed very interested and completed the survey with enthusiasm. In the limitations of
the study section, we discussed possible problems with the uneven amounts of respondents in
certain categories. Particularly, the thirty-four males compared to eighteen females, an
overwhelming amount of forty business majors, and thirty-five seniors, may have an impact on
the quality of the data because certain groups of students are not completely represented in this
31. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 31
data. If different colleges were to be selected, more females, and more lower-classman, the
quality of the data would improve because of better representation of groups that are now
minorities in our data. The quality of the data could be improved through increasing the amount
of surveys and possibly conducting surveys of alumni to see changes in sleep patterns once these
students leave college. These factors are discussed in more detail in the limitations of the study
section. To see these results, please go to the annotated questionnaire located in the appendix as
Questionnaire A2.
Tabulation and Analysis Procedures
SPSS 18.0 was utilized for data entry and processing. Statistical analyses were computed
using SPSS 18.0. To see the data set used in this study, go to section B1 in the appendix. Cross-
tabulations and graphs were computed for each of the questions. Non-parametric analyses and
parametric analyses were computed where appropriate to help with analyzing the data. SPSS
18.0 was used to analyze the data collected through the survey to better understand the data.
32. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 32
Results
Part One: Description of Respondents (Biographic Characteristics)
Biographic characteristics that were analyzed in this study include gender, college or
major, current year, and living location. A characteristic common to all respondents was that
they were enrolled in Rowan University. The location the students took the surveys in included
fifteen in a Labor and Employees Relations class, ten in the Bunce computer lab, and the
remaining surveys were randomly distributed throughout campus. Only 4 people refused to
participate in the survey because they said they were studying for mid-terms. Thirty-four of the
respondents were male and eighteen of the respondents were female. The gender bias in this
study significantly favors males. The college within Rowan University or the respondents major
was also analyzed in this survey. An overwhelming amount of students in this study were in the
Rohrer College of Business or the business major. Two respondents were communications
students, three respondents were education students, two respondents were engineering students,
zero respondents were fine arts students, and five respondents were liberal arts students. The
respondent’s ages are not known, but their current year in college is known. Only one respondent
was a freshman, four respondents were sophomores, twelve respondents were juniors, and thirty-
five respondents were seniors. Limitations on the disproportionate gender, year, and college
values are explained in the “Limitations of the Study” section. The living location of the
respondents was less dispersed as opposed to the other biographic characteristics. Fifteen
respondents lived on campus, twenty respondents lived off campus, and seventeen respondents
commuted from home.
33. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 33
Part Two: The Sleep Patterns of College Students
I. College students view sleep as a priority, although, they do not receive adequate
sleep.
The data proved to show many interesting findings for all of the project’s research
objectives. There were cases in which the data set went against the secondary data researched on
the topic as well as many instances where the data set agreed with the secondary data showing
intriguing results. The first overarching research objective analyzed was the sleeping patterns of
college students. This research objective was foundational to this project and was of prominent
importance to be analyzed through the questionnaire.
The first statement on the questionnaire was “I sleep more than other students my age.”
This was one of the few times where the data had a fairly even spread. This even distribution can
be seen in Chart C1. There was eighteen disagrees which proved to be surprising to say the least.
This would mean that eighteen of the respondents believed they slept less than other students
their age. According to secondary data, the amount of sleep that college students receive is
inadequate and this proves that numerous students realize that their sleep patterns are
debilitating. This statement is important when viewed in conjunction with the second statement
“Sleep is a priority to me.” An overwhelming majority agreed that sleep was a priority to them.
Therefore, it is evident that college students realize they are not getting enough sleep but they
view sleep as a priority. These contradictory views in the respondents mind, could best be seen in
a cross tabulation between these results. You would think that students who sleep more than
other students would view sleep as a priority yet, it is clear that college students realize they do
34. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 34
not receive enough sleep. The cross tabulation of “I sleep more hours than other students my
age” and “Sleep is a priority to me” is shown below.
Sleep more hours than other students * Sleep is a priority Cross-tabulation
Count
Sleep is a priority
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Sleep more hours Strongly Agree 5 5 0 0 0 10
than other students Agree 1 8 0 2 0 11
Neither 1 5 2 0 0 8
Disagree 4 7 2 2 3 18
Strongly Disagree 0 0 0 4 1 5
Total 11 25 4 8 4 52
This example illustrates that even though college students view sleep as a priority, they
still do not receive adequate sleep. To see college students actual amount of sleep each day of the
week with the statement they “Sleep more hours than other students” cross tabulation, please
look in the appendix at Cross-Tabulation D1.
II. College students believe they need more sleep, but their desire for adequate sleep
appears insincere.
The first example illustrated that sleep was a priority to them. This study calls into
question whether the priority that college students place on sleep is significant. College students
both leaned towards the agreement side on both the statements “I do not receive enough sleep
each night” and “I feel I need more sleep each night.” These questions were both very similar
and intended to see whether college students believed they needed more sleep each night. This
35. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 35
coincides with the how they view sleep as a priority. By saying that they need more sleep each
night and that they do not receive enough sleep each night, they are in fact admitting that they do
not receive optimum sleep per night. The fact that they do not receive optimum sleep per night
can be seen in questions forty-five through fifty-one. The average amount of hours college
students slept per night was analyzed and is below the recommended eight plus hours that many
of the secondary sources recommends. Only Tuesday had an average value below seven hours
per night. The frequencies for each of the hours can best be seen when compared in a chart. Bar
charts for each of the days of the week and their corresponding amount of sleep in hours can be
seen in the appendix as Chart C2 through Chart C8.
III. College students sleep patterns are significantly interrupted by watching
TV/movies, doing homework, going on the computer, drinking/partying, and
hanging out with their friends.
Questions thirty-two through thirty-eight asked respondents to check all of the reasons
they stay up late. Respondents checked off more responses than originally hypothesized. These
other activities, especially academic pressures and social gatherings, are believed to be at the root
of college students sleep inadequacies. The items listed in the survey are routine activities that
college students perform on a daily basis and it is believed that these are the activities interfering
with their sleep patterns. Thirty-nine respondents stayed up late to watch TV/movies, thirty-nine
respondents stayed up late to do homework, thirty-one respondents stayed up late to go on the
computer, seventeen respondents stayed up late to play video games, thirty-two respondents
stayed up late for drinking/partying, thirty-seven respondents stayed up late to hang out with
their friends, and four respondents stayed up later for reasons not specified in this questionnaire.
36. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 36
Charts are depicted in the appendix of the respondents answers to what causes them to stay up
late and these answers are contrasted with respondents overwhelming agreement that sleep is a
priority. Even though students view sleep as a priority, it is clear that they let drinking/party,
watching TV/movies, going on the computer, and hanging out with their friends get in the way of
their sleep routine. Charts C9-C14 depicts this relationship as shown in the appendix. Illustrated
below are cross-tabulations that show the activities that students view as interrupting their sleep
and the students that view sleep as a priority to them.
Sleep is a priority * Watch TV Movies Cross tabulation
Count
WatchTVMovies
No Yes Total
Sleep is a priority Strongly Agree 3 8 11
Agree 4 21 25
Neither 2 2 4
Disagree 2 6 8
Strongly Disagree 2 2 4
Total 13 39 52
Sleep is a priority * DoHomework Crosstabulation
Count
DoHomework
No Yes Total
Sleep is a priority Strongly Agree 3 8 11
Agree 8 17 25
Neither 0 4 4
Disagree 2 6 8
Strongly Disagree 0 4 4
Total 13 39 52
37. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 37
Sleep is a priority * Go on Computer Cross tabulation
Count
GoonComputer
No Yes Total
Sleep is a priority Strongly Agree 3 8 11
Agree 13 12 25
Neither 1 3 4
Disagree 3 5 8
Strongly Disagree 1 3 4
Total 21 31 52
Sleep is a priority * Drinking Partying Cross tabulation
Count
DrinkingPartying
No Yes Total
Sleep is a priority Strongly Agree 4 7 11
Agree 12 13 25
Neither 1 3 4
Disagree 2 6 8
Strongly Disagree 1 3 4
Total 20 32 52
38. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 38
Sleep is a priority * Hanging with Friends Cross tabulation
Count
HangingwithFriends
No Yes Total
Sleep is a priority Strongly Agree 3 8 11
Agree 8 17 25
Neither 1 3 4
Disagree 1 7 8
Strongly Disagree 2 2 4
Total 15 37 52
IV. The academic pressures of college take a substantial toll on students sleep
patterns.
College puts academic pressures on students. These academic pressures as shown earlier
effect the student’s sleep schedule. Unfortunately, these academic pressures have a negative
effect on their sleep schedule. Overall, college students believe that their sleep has a strong
relationship with their academic performance. Twenty-three students agree and nine students
strongly agree that “My sleep has a strong relationship with my academic performance.” This
statement has a relationship to “I find myself doing homework when I should be sleeping” and
“The more sleep I receive the better I can concentrate.”
39. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 39
Sleep relationship with academic performance * Do homework when I should be sleeping Cross tabulation
Count
Do homework when I should be sleeping
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Sleep relationship with academic Strongly 3 1 1 2 2 9
performance Agree
Agree 1 15 2 4 1 23
Neither 3 3 2 2 0 10
Disagree 2 4 0 1 1 8
Strongly 0 1 0 0 1 2
Disagree
Total 9 24 5 9 5 52
These cross-tabulations illustrate the relationships college students believe that their academic
performance has with concentration. Academic performance is strongly related to academic
performance and these cross-tabulations not only prove that but show how college students need
to get adequate sleep to improve their academic performance.
Sleep relationship with academic performance * More sleep the better my concentration Crosstabulation
Count
More sleep the better my concentration
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Sleep relationship with academic Strongly 8 0 1 0 0 9
performance Agree
Agree 3 19 1 0 0 23
Neither 0 7 2 0 1 10
Disagree 2 4 1 1 0 8
40. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 40
Strongly 1 1 0 0 0 2
Disagree
Total 14 31 5 1 1 52
Thirty-one students agreed and fourteen students strongly agreed that the “The more sleep I
receive the better I can concentrate.” This shows that college students strongly see the correlation
between their concentration and academic performance, which was discussed thoroughly in the
literature reviews. Even though, college students value their sleep and academic performance, it
appears that both are conflicting for them. Thirty-nine students said that they stayed up late to do
homework and twenty-four students agreed and nine students strongly agreed that “I find myself
doing homework when I should be sleeping.”
41. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 41
Another surprising fact was the amount of students that found themselves falling asleep in
class. During their class time, students should be staying awake since they value their academic
studies as shown by the survey. If students are falling asleep in class, they may not value their
academic studies to the degree that they stated in the survey. It was surprising that even four
students strongly agreed and ten students agreed that they found themselves falling asleep in
class. It was hypothesized before the study that students would realize the importance of
alertness and concentration in class, and work to get efficient sleep so they were mentally
prepared for class time.
College students need to restructure their sleeping patterns, as shown in results section one,
in order to achieve their desired academic results. By doing homework instead of sleeping,
college students may not be able to concentrate to produce their best academic work. They may
harm themselves if they use energy supplements to try to help them concentrate, which may take
42. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 42
a toll on their health. If they fail to receive optimum sleep and develop adequate sleep patterns,
their school work will not be sufficient and they will need to receive adequate sleep to render
their problem. By looking at the hours of sleep per night, college students should realize they are
not receiving enough sleep and they should work to increase their rest to concentrate better in
class. To see the importance that sleep has on concentration look at the literature review.
Academic pressures can be resolved by getting adequate sleep to further student’s concentration
and improve their overall study skills.
Part Three: The Effects of Sleep Aids and Energy Supplements
I. Contradictions relating actually energy supplement use and the view that energy
supplement use increasing in America.
When asked how many energy drinks that actually drank per week, there was an
overwhelming amount of zeros. However this is contradictory to our primary data and secondary
data that stated that the use of energy supplements in America was increasing. Students that took
our survey said that the use of energy supplements were increasing and then turned around and
said they did not even use them. When asked how many and what energy drinks students drank
on a per week basis, seventy-eight to one hundred percent answered no use on energy drinks at
43. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 43
all. The brand with the highest amount of use was Monster but almost seventy-nine percent of
answered with no use per week. However, four respondents (7.7%) answered that they drank two
monsters a week while three respondents (5.8%) answered one per week. These tables show that
energy supplement use in America is not increasing in college students. College students seem to
avoid energy supplements because they feel that may be harmful to a person’s health.
Monster
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid .00 41 78.8 78.8 78.8
1.00 3 5.8 5.8 84.6
2.00 4 7.7 7.7 92.3
3.00 2 3.8 3.8 96.2
4.00 1 1.9 1.9 98.1
7.00 1 1.9 1.9 100.0
Total 52 100.0 100.0
Redbull
44. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 44
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid .00 43 82.7 82.7 82.7
1.00 3 5.8 5.8 88.5
2.00 2 3.8 3.8 92.3
3.00 3 5.8 5.8 98.1
5.00 1 1.9 1.9 100.0
Total 52 100.0 100.0
Rockstar
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid .00 50 96.2 96.2 96.2
1.00 1 1.9 1.9 98.1
4.00 1 1.9 1.9 100.0
Total 52 100.0 100.0
Maxxx
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid .00 52 100.0 100.0 100.0
HourEnergy
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid .00 46 88.5 88.5 88.5
1.00 3 5.8 5.8 94.2
2.00 2 3.8 3.8 98.1
3.00 1 1.9 1.9 100.0
Total 52 100.0 100.0
II. Rare use of energy supplements stem from thought that they produce more
harm than good.
45. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 45
Most of the students we surveyed felt that energy supplements produce more harm than
good. Also, there was an overwhelming amount of students that did not use energy supplements
at all. This shows that the use of energy supplements by college students has been slowed by the
thought of energy supplements being bad for your health. However, when asked if energy
supplements made students crash there was a normal curve from strongly agree to strongly
disagree. This shows that energy supplement crashes have a small effect of college students and
their decision to use energy supplements.
Energy supplement use increasing * Energy supplements produce more harm than good Cross tabulation
Count
Energy supplements produce more harm than good
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Energy supplement use Strongly 4 6 6 2 0 18
increasing Agree
Agree 2 11 9 4 0 26
Neither 2 0 1 1 1 5
Disagree 0 2 0 1 0 3
Total 8 19 16 8 1 52
46. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 46
This next graph shows the data received on how college students felt about energy
supplements desired negative and positive effects. Fifty-two percent of surveyed college students
answered that they either strongly agree or agree that energy supplements produce more harm
than good while only about seventeen percent strongly disagreed or disagreed.
47. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 47
III. Sleep aid use is very uncommon among college students.
The data that was collected made a very obvious point almost immediately. College students
do not use sleep aids. Out of fifty-two respondents, only three replied affirmatively when asked
if they used sleep aids. Only one person responded yes to both questions. This contradicted the
hypothesized results that we expected to receive. Our secondary data indicated that young people
rarely know if they have a sleep disorder and it is very uncommon for a college student to be
diagnosed with a sleep disorder. It is rare, however, for anyone to get checked for a sleep
disorder and more people should consider being checked.
Sleep Aids * Sleep Disorder Cross
tabulation
Count
Sleep Disorder
No Yes Total
Sleep No 47 2 49
Aids Yes 2 1 3
Total 49 3 52
48. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 48
Part Four: The Knowledge of College Students about the Effects of Sleep
I. College students believe they have a sufficient knowledge of sleep, yet, they do
not apply this knowledge.
College students overall agreed that they had sufficient knowledge of sleep. This can
most evidently be seen in the statement “Sleep deprivation has many negative effects.”
Although, this statement is very obvious, it cannot be under stressed. Especially, this cannot
be under stressed for college students where there are many instances where they deprive
themselves of sleep. There were only a few respondents in this survey that had extreme sleep
deprivation illustrated in the hours they slept. Overall, though, the sleep college students
receive is still not sufficient. They believe in sleeping over eight hours, they see the benefits
in sleeping eight hours (all shown in the responses to the survey which can be seen in
Questionnaire A2), but they do not sleep the eight hours per night. The average amount of
sleep is always below eight hours and closer to seven. For students who need to concentrate
and be alert, these numbers are inadequate and need to be looked into. For the statement
49. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 49
“Sleep deprivation has many negative effects,” fourteen respondents strongly agreed and
twenty-eight students agreed with this statement. This overwhelmingly majority illustrates
that college students see the dangers in sleep deprivation especially, within the college
environment A chart showing the responses for this statement as well as other charts showing
students knowledge of sleep is shown in the appendix in charts C21-C26. The following
cross tabulations show college students knowledge of sleep, knowledge of sleep deprivation,
and knowledge of sleep effects.
Knowledge of the effects of sleep * Knowledgeable about the sleep cycle Cross tabulation
Count
Knowledgeable about the sleep cycle
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Knowledge of the effects of Strongly Agree 1 3 0 0 0 4
sleep Agree 3 10 5 3 0 21
Neither 1 4 6 0 0 11
Disagree 1 2 3 6 1 13
Strongly 1 1 0 0 1 3
Disagree
Total 7 20 14 9 2 52
Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue * Sleep deprivation negative effects Cross tabulation
Count
Sleep deprivation negative effects
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Disagree Total
Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue Strongly Agree 6 1 0 2 9
50. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 50
Agree 7 18 2 1 28
Neither 1 8 1 2 12
Disagree 0 1 0 0 1
Strongly Disagree 0 0 1 1 2
Total 14 28 4 6 52
Sleep deprivation is associated with mental disorders * Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue Cross
tabulation
Count
Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Disagree Total
Sleep deprivation is associated Strongly 4 5 1 0 0 10
with mental disorders Agree
Agree 1 6 4 1 1 13
Neither 2 8 3 0 1 14
Disagree 2 8 2 0 0 12
Strongly 0 1 2 0 0 3
Disagree
Total 9 28 12 1 2 52
51. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 51
Sleep deprivation is associated with mental disorders * Sleep deprivation negative effects Cross tabulation
Count
Sleep deprivation negative effects
Strongly
Agree Agree Neither Disagree Total
Sleep deprivation is associated with mental Strongly Agree 9 1 0 0 10
disorders Agree 2 9 1 1 13
Neither 1 11 1 1 14
Disagree 2 7 1 2 12
Strongly 0 0 1 2 3
Disagree
Total 14 28 4 6 52
II. General knowledge about the effects of sleep and the hazardous effects of sleep
deprivation.
College students believe they have sufficient knowledge about the effects of sleep and
negative effects of sleep deprivation. Nine students strongly agree and twenty-eight students
agree that “Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue in America today.” This statement is
absolutely true and sleep deprivation is increasing in America today. Secondary data shows
that sleep deprivation has hazardous effects that many people are completely unaware of.
Four people strongly agreed and twenty-one people agreed that “I have sufficient knowledge
of the effects of sleep.” These numbers even seen large according to the little knowledge the
secondary data stated people have on the subject. The sleep cycle is also an area that people
do not have adequate knowledge about. Surprisingly, in the data collected seven people
52. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 52
strongly agreed and twenty people agreed with the statement “I am knowledgeable about the
sleep cycle.” College students do appear to be knowledgeable about the harmful effects of
energy supplements and their increasing use in America, but their knowledge of the effects of
sleep has been brought into question. As shown in the literature review, a lack of sleep and
obesity are related, and although many did, quite a few students did not realize this
relationship. Obesity and its relationship to sleep is currently being researched further to
determine the exact relationship, although hormones are definitely key to understanding this
relationship. Without sufficient knowledge of the hormones that are in play in when sleeping,
it is hard to believe that college students have sufficient knowledge of the relationship that
obesity and sleep have to one another. This is similar to the college students who agreed that
“Sleep deprivation is associated with mental disorders.” Most individuals in this statements
replied with neither because this is not common knowledge unless the respondent has
researched this topic. It was also rare that so many people had knowledge about the sleep
cycle because of its complex nature. Unless one has researched the sleep cycle it is also hard
to believe that one would have sufficient knowledge of how it works. An overwhelming
agreement that college students are absolutely correct on, is the extreme severity of sleep
deprivation and the negative effects that can come out of such things. It is important that
college students see the hazardous effects of sleep deprivation and warn others so that they
are aware of the true harm that can result.
III. Sleep disorders are rarely treated and they can have significant negative effects.
The last point we made in this research project was that sleep disorders are rarely treated
and they can have many negative effects. Many college students that may have a sleep
53. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 53
disorder would never know or be oblivious to its existence. They find themselves
overwhelmed with homework, tests, and other miscellaneous activities all the time on every
day. A sleep disorder can have a serious effect on a college student because sleep is very
important to everyone, especially someone as active as a college student. Three students
stated they had a sleep disorder and three students said they used sleep aids. Two of the three
students stated narcolepsy as their sleep disorder. Sleep disorders are rare and commonly go
untreated, according to the secondary data on the subject. The secondary data shows that
many people may never seek treatment for the sleep disorders and this may be illustrated
through the data collected. There were extreme cases where respondents slept very few hours
per night. This is unhealthy and dangerous. The negative effects of sleep disorders are
illustrated in-depth in the literature review. These negative effects need to be made public so
that individuals go seek treatment for their sleep disorder and live healthier lives.
54. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 54
Discussion
Our discussion section will focus on the major points of the research we have conducted.
The first result obtained was that college students view sleep as a priority, yet, they feel they do
not receive enough sleep. If college students view sleep is a priority they should be getting
enough sleep because it is important to them. It is obvious that other activities are much more
important such as watching TV and doing homework. College students today need to start
getting more sleep or determine how much of a priority sleeping really is to them.
The next point focused on is that college students believe they need more sleep, but their
desire for adequate sleep appears insincere. If college students really wanted to sleep enough
they need to begin to let go of some of the other things that keep them from sleeping. Adequate
sleep seems to be ranged between seven and eight hours by the college students we surveyed yet
most of them rarely received that much sleep on a regular day. How important can sleep be to
college students if they are not receiving the required amount of sleep each night?
The third point discussed was the fact that according to the data, college students sleep
patterns are significantly interrupted by watching TV/movies, doing homework, going on the
computer, drinking/partying, and hanging out with their friends. The graphs and tables shown for
this point make it clear that these activities severely affect the amount of sleep college students
received. Students should try to avoid these activities at nighttime when they should be sleeping
and manage their time better if they want to do some of these activities and sleep the required
amount as well.
55. The Effect of Sleep on College Students 55
The last point on college students and sleep is that the academic pressures of college take
a substantial toll on students sleep patterns. A large amount of the students that completed the
survey found that homework affected their sleep pattern. They also replied that they agreed that
the more sleep they received the better they could concentrate. Finally the data suggested that
most college students felt that the amount of sleep they received had a direct effect on their
academic performance.
Energy supplement and sleep aid use was the second part of this research project. After we
realized the contradictions relating actually energy supplement use and the view that energy
supplement use increasing in America that continued to arise, we found a way to focus on that.
The main point here is that many of the students recognized that energy supplement use was
increasing but they responded that they actually did not use them at all. How can you say that use
of something is increasing when you, yourself, are not using them?
The next point involving energy supplements was that rare use of energy supplements by college
students stem from thought that they produce more harm than good. Many college students
replied that they agreed that energy supplements produce more harm than good while very little
disagreed. However, when asked if energy supplements kept them awake or made students crash
the responses were evenly spread from strongly agree to strongly disagree with a lot of neither in
the middle. The major conclusion here was that there was an overwhelming reply to the thought
of energy supplements producing more harm than good, but when the actually negative effects
were considered they did not have much effect at all.