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This document outlines the topics to be covered in an Introduction to Law course. The course will cover the development of law and different legal theories. It will examine key concepts in law like the sources of law, types of law, legal persons and liability. Major topics will include natural law theory, the social contract theory, sources of Islamic law and English law, prominent jurists' contributions, Islamic concepts of state and justice. The course is divided into 10 units that will cover these essential aspects of the legal system and jurisprudence.
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Outlines
This document outlines an introduction to law course, including key topics, terms, and legal theories that will be covered. The course covers the development of law from its divine origins and pre-state societies through modern legal systems. It compares different legal typologies and sources of law, such as divine law, natural law, customary law, and common law. Major legal philosophies are discussed, including natural law theory, legal positivism, and legal realism. Prominent jurists from both Western and Islamic legal traditions will be examined. The course also addresses Islamic concepts of sovereignty, rights, obligations, and punishment. Recommended books on jurisprudence and legal philosophy are listed.
Outlines
The syllabus of Introduction to Law for the students of LL.B first semester University Law College and Zarghoon Law College Quetta With recommended books.
1st ,2nd, 3rd and 4th lecture handout
Law is a social science that develops alongside society to deal with new problems. There are various definitions of law provided by different jurists. John Austin's definition states that law is a command issued by a sovereign power to inferiors and enforced by coercion. Sir John Salmond defines law as "the body of principles recognized and applied by the State in the administration of justice." There are two broad senses of law - the general sense referring to uniformity in nature, and the juridical sense referring to rules enforced by human authority in a political society. The purposes of law include maintaining order, preserving the status quo, enabling individual freedom, and satisfying people's needs.
Different Kinds of Law
Natural law arises from human dignity and dictates universal ethical principles of right and wrong. Moral law governs individual behavior according to truth. Human law deals with legal order and common good, while divine law includes scripture and Jesus' teachings of love. Church law expresses divine law for Christians. Civil law governs secular relationships. The Ten Commandments and Beatitudes express obligations to God and others. Ultimately, Christian moral law centers on loving God and others as exemplified by Jesus Christ.
Jurisprudence study guide 2.docx
It gives a brief outline of the Subject of Jurisprudence including Syllabus, Bibliography, Lecture Plan etc. It also contains some 47 Model Questions from all chapters of the syllabus. Hope it may be helpful for students.
Lecture 1 and 2 introduction to law part 1
This document provides an introduction to the concept of law. It discusses different definitions and classifications of law. In the general sense, law refers to any rules that govern actions, including divine laws, physical laws, and human laws. Human laws are further divided into moral laws and positive laws. Positive laws refer specifically to laws enforced by a sovereign state. The document outlines several definitions of law provided by legal philosophers and theorists. It also summarizes Dr. Salmond's eight-category classification of different types of law, including imperative law, physical law, natural/moral law, conventional law, customary law, practical/technical law, international law, and civil law.
Understanding the evolution of law in society
This document provides an overview of the evolution of law in society from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how laws first emerged to regulate social interactions between individuals as societies grew larger. It then explains several influential legal theories and concepts such as natural law, social contract theory, rule of law, and separation of powers that have helped shape modern law. The document emphasizes how many modern legal principles can be traced back to ideas from ancient Greek and Roman philosophers as well as Enlightenment thinkers.
Jurisprudence
This document discusses legal personality and its origin and definitions. It begins by noting that law regulates the relationship between individuals and society, and that for something to be a legal person it must have rights and duties. It then discusses the origin of the term "legal personality" from Latin and its evolution to refer to living beings with rights and duties. The document defines legal persons as either natural persons (human beings) or artificial persons (entities other than human beings like corporations that have rights and duties). It provides Salmond's definition that a legal person is any being the law recognizes as capable of rights or duties. Finally, it notes the different legal statuses of unborn individuals, dead individuals, animals, and idols/mosques.
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Outlines
This document outlines an introduction to law course, including key topics, terms, and legal theories that will be covered. The course covers the development of law from its divine origins and pre-state societies through modern legal systems. It compares different legal typologies and sources of law, such as divine law, natural law, customary law, and common law. Major legal philosophies are discussed, including natural law theory, legal positivism, and legal realism. Prominent jurists from both Western and Islamic legal traditions will be examined. The course also addresses Islamic concepts of sovereignty, rights, obligations, and punishment. Recommended books on jurisprudence and legal philosophy are listed.
Outlines
The syllabus of Introduction to Law for the students of LL.B first semester University Law College and Zarghoon Law College Quetta With recommended books.
1st ,2nd, 3rd and 4th lecture handout
Law is a social science that develops alongside society to deal with new problems. There are various definitions of law provided by different jurists. John Austin's definition states that law is a command issued by a sovereign power to inferiors and enforced by coercion. Sir John Salmond defines law as "the body of principles recognized and applied by the State in the administration of justice." There are two broad senses of law - the general sense referring to uniformity in nature, and the juridical sense referring to rules enforced by human authority in a political society. The purposes of law include maintaining order, preserving the status quo, enabling individual freedom, and satisfying people's needs.
Different Kinds of Law
Natural law arises from human dignity and dictates universal ethical principles of right and wrong. Moral law governs individual behavior according to truth. Human law deals with legal order and common good, while divine law includes scripture and Jesus' teachings of love. Church law expresses divine law for Christians. Civil law governs secular relationships. The Ten Commandments and Beatitudes express obligations to God and others. Ultimately, Christian moral law centers on loving God and others as exemplified by Jesus Christ.
Jurisprudence study guide 2.docx
It gives a brief outline of the Subject of Jurisprudence including Syllabus, Bibliography, Lecture Plan etc. It also contains some 47 Model Questions from all chapters of the syllabus. Hope it may be helpful for students.
Lecture 1 and 2 introduction to law part 1
This document provides an introduction to the concept of law. It discusses different definitions and classifications of law. In the general sense, law refers to any rules that govern actions, including divine laws, physical laws, and human laws. Human laws are further divided into moral laws and positive laws. Positive laws refer specifically to laws enforced by a sovereign state. The document outlines several definitions of law provided by legal philosophers and theorists. It also summarizes Dr. Salmond's eight-category classification of different types of law, including imperative law, physical law, natural/moral law, conventional law, customary law, practical/technical law, international law, and civil law.
Understanding the evolution of law in society
This document provides an overview of the evolution of law in society from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how laws first emerged to regulate social interactions between individuals as societies grew larger. It then explains several influential legal theories and concepts such as natural law, social contract theory, rule of law, and separation of powers that have helped shape modern law. The document emphasizes how many modern legal principles can be traced back to ideas from ancient Greek and Roman philosophers as well as Enlightenment thinkers.
Jurisprudence
This document discusses legal personality and its origin and definitions. It begins by noting that law regulates the relationship between individuals and society, and that for something to be a legal person it must have rights and duties. It then discusses the origin of the term "legal personality" from Latin and its evolution to refer to living beings with rights and duties. The document defines legal persons as either natural persons (human beings) or artificial persons (entities other than human beings like corporations that have rights and duties). It provides Salmond's definition that a legal person is any being the law recognizes as capable of rights or duties. Finally, it notes the different legal statuses of unborn individuals, dead individuals, animals, and idols/mosques.
Jurisprudence - Natural Law
This document provides an overview of natural law theory, including its origins in ancient Greek philosophy and its development through thinkers like Aquinas, Grotius, and Locke. It discusses two main types of natural law theory: a theory of morality that argues moral propositions can be objectively true or false and are derived from human nature; and a theory of law that argues there is an overlap between law and morality such that legal validity depends at least partly on moral content. The document then examines conceptual naturalism as a form of natural law theory of law, outlining classical naturalism's view that human laws are only valid if consistent with natural law, deriving authority from it. It notes criticisms of conceptual naturalism but argues these
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This document summarizes key information about natural rights, civil rights, and rights and responsibilities according to the U.S. Constitution. It discusses natural rights like life, liberty, and property that cannot be taken away versus civil rights like voting, free speech, and religion that are granted by the Constitution and can change over time. It also provides examples of how rights entail corresponding duties to one's community and government. The document then examines several landmark Supreme Court cases that have helped define and shape civil rights protections in the U.S., including freedom of speech, religious establishment, press freedom, and defamation law.
Intro And Natural Law
Simplified version of Jurisprudence 1, chapter 1,please make your own research for further understanding.
Chapter 1 jurisprudence
1) Jurisprudence is defined as the study of law, including its meaning, types, and relationship to other social sciences.
2) There are two types of law: god-made (natural) law that is universal, and man-made (positive) law that is created by humans to regulate society. Jurisprudence focuses on positive law.
3) Positive law can be understood as "law as it is" - existing rules and statutes, or in the abstract - fundamental principles common across legal systems. Most contemporary jurists see jurisprudence as the study of law in the abstract sense rather than concrete statutes.
Law
The document discusses different types of law according to St. Thomas Aquinas. It defines law as a decree or ordinance of reason directed towards the common good and promulgated by competent authority. It then explains eternal law as God's plan for the universe, natural law as discernible through human reason, and divine and human positive laws which are enacted to preserve order and direct society for the common good in accordance with or in addition to eternal and natural law.
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Under the School of law in Jurisprudence the concept of Natural school of law is an initial phase for the development of other school of law. In this power point the concept of natural school of law from its origin to the modern days is presented.
Jurisprudence llb
This document summarizes several theories of jurisprudence:
1. Natural Law Theory defines principles of right and wrong that are considered to emanate from a supreme source like God or reason. It argues that unjust laws are not true laws. Critics say the concept of morality varies over time and place.
2. Marxist theory views law as a tool for the economically dominant class to exploit the oppressed class. Marx predicted society would evolve from capitalism to perfect communism with the elimination of classes and the withering away of law and the state.
3. Stammler's Natural Law with Variable Content holds that just law aims to preserve individual freedom within society, with the criteria of just law varying over time and place.
Natural law
This document discusses the concept of natural law. It defines natural law as principles of human conduct that are discoverable by reason from basic aspects of human nature. Natural law is believed to exist independently of human will and is not created by humans. The document outlines several key characteristics of natural law, including that it is universal, immutable, and has always existed. It also discusses different trends in natural law theory and how it has been used both conservatively to maintain the status quo and progressively to enact change. A brief history of natural law in Greek philosophy is provided.
Jurisprudence - What is law
This document discusses several schools of thought on what law is:
1. Natural law theory asserts that there are laws immanent in nature that enacted laws should correspond to. An unjust law is not considered a true law if it is contrary to natural law.
2. Legal positivism views that law is defined by the social rules and practices that identify certain norms as laws, such as Jeremy Bentham's view that law is the command of the sovereign backed by threats.
3. Legal realism views that law should be understood how it is practiced rather than statutes, recognizing that results are not fully determined by written law.
4. Utilitarianism holds that morality is based on producing
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Brian Tamanaha developed a realistic socio-legal theory in the late 1990s that sought to establish philosophical and methodological foundations for the social scientific study of law. He argued that there is no single concept of law and that law is a cultural construct without a universal essence. Tamanaha believed legal theory and socio-legal studies could learn from one another if law is subject to empirical investigation rather than being defined in ways that assume sociological connections. His theory evaluates concepts of law based on coherence, consistency with reality, and usefulness for social scientific study of legal phenomena like understanding how race impacts judicial decisions. Tamanaha aimed to incorporate insights from socio-legal studies into legal theory without subsuming legal theory within socio-legal
Jurisprudence ppt
It is a power point presentation on Natural law theory of Jurisprudence which is very important to learn by a person who wants to understand law. This theory is basis for fundamental rights given in part of Indian constitution so it is very important to understand and imply it in our legal system.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The document discusses various topics related to human rights including the United Nations Human Rights Council, measures for protecting child rights, objectives and features of the Human Rights Act 1993 in India, constitution of the National Human Rights Commission in India, collective rights, and the scope of public interest litigation with respect to human rights in India. It provides answers to several questions related to these topics with details on international conventions, classifications of rights, duties of state institutions, and the role of courts in protecting human rights.
Natural law revision notes
Natural law claims that everything has a purpose designed by its creator, and this purpose is what is intrinsically good. The concept has its roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as described by thinkers like Aristotle and Cicero. Thomas Aquinas was a major proponent of natural law in the 13th century. He argued that natural law is derived from human reason and aims toward the highest good of God. Natural law theory proposes that there are fundamental moral principles knowable by reason, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and deception. However, critics argue that natural law faces challenges in accounting for concepts like homosexuality, contraception, and evaluating actions based on their consequences rather than intrinsic nature alone.
7) theory of law
This document provides an overview of three major theories of law: natural law, positivism, and sociological theories.
The natural law section describes natural law as law that is in accordance with nature and morality. It outlines key principles like laws being derived from human reasoning and conscience. Positivism holds that only positive law established by the state is valid law, regardless of morality. Sociological theories view law as a social institution that should be interpreted in its social context to benefit society. Law is studied as a means of social control and problem-solving.
Jurisprudence - Volksgeist
Friedrich Carl von Savigny was a 19th century German jurist who is considered the founder of the historical school of law. He argued that law develops organically over time based on the shared customs and beliefs of a people, which he termed the "Volksgeist" or national spirit. Savigny believed that any legal system is an expression of the Volksgeist of the nation to which it belongs. Codification of laws should not be undertaken hastily without first thoroughly studying the historical development of a people's legal traditions and customs, as reflected in their Volksgeist. Savigny's concept of Volksgeist had a major influence on legal theory and opposed the natural law school's view
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The document discusses the importance of law in society. It notes that there are many disciplines of law, including civil and penal law. The law is a normative order that is based on principles of justice and determines appropriate human behavior. Custom and doctrine also influence the law. The law is important because it governs society and establishes rules for citizens to follow in different situations. The document lists several types of law and influential legal theorists. It also provides related Wikipedia links.
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The document discusses the Historical Theory of Rights. According to this theory, rights are products of historical evolution rather than being created by the state. Over long periods of time, human societies evolved customs and traditions for the common good, which eventually became the basis for written laws and the recognition of individual rights. While the theory correctly notes that some rights arose from history, its defects are that not all rights stem from history and some are created by state laws, which can override historical practices like aspects of the Indian caste system.
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Natural law refers to universal moral principles that govern human behavior. This presentation discusses the history and evolution of natural law from ancient Greece and Rome to modern times. It notes that natural law was distinguished from positive law in ancient times. Major philosophers like Aristotle emphasized distinguishing what is just by nature from what is just by convention. Natural law was an important legal concept that was developed further during Roman, Christian, Medieval, and Modern periods. The presentation concludes with discussing the relevance of natural law concepts in the Indian legal system and constitution.
Walsh power point_chapter 1
1) Law serves to regulate human behavior and transform self-interest into social interest by establishing general rules that bind a community.
2) Scholars have proposed different perspectives on law and its role in society, ranging from it maintaining order and consensus to it perpetuating conflicts between groups.
3) Key thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, and Locke contributed different philosophical views of law and its relationship to concepts like justice, the state, and social contracts.
Assignemnt
This document outlines the requirements for a law assignment on the topic of the law and its purposes. Students must write a 4 page maximum main body discussing the definition of law, purpose of law, development of law, and comparing law to morality. The assignment must follow a specific format including a particulars page, contents page, main body of no more than 4 pages, and remarks page, and be printed and submitted by April 15, 2017 for the Introduction to Law course.
Social science research principles methods and practices
This document summarizes a textbook on social science research methods. It provides information about the textbook's author, Anol Bhattacherjee, and discusses how the textbook is made freely available online through an open access collection at the University of South Florida library. The textbook covers the entire research process from developing theories to collecting and analyzing data using various quantitative and qualitative methods. It is designed to introduce doctoral and graduate students to scientific research principles and practices in the social sciences. The textbook is available under a Creative Commons license to allow free sharing and distribution with proper attribution.
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This document provides an overview of natural law theory, including its origins in ancient Greek philosophy and its development through thinkers like Aquinas, Grotius, and Locke. It discusses two main types of natural law theory: a theory of morality that argues moral propositions can be objectively true or false and are derived from human nature; and a theory of law that argues there is an overlap between law and morality such that legal validity depends at least partly on moral content. The document then examines conceptual naturalism as a form of natural law theory of law, outlining classical naturalism's view that human laws are only valid if consistent with natural law, deriving authority from it. It notes criticisms of conceptual naturalism but argues these
Natural and Civil Rights
This document summarizes key information about natural rights, civil rights, and rights and responsibilities according to the U.S. Constitution. It discusses natural rights like life, liberty, and property that cannot be taken away versus civil rights like voting, free speech, and religion that are granted by the Constitution and can change over time. It also provides examples of how rights entail corresponding duties to one's community and government. The document then examines several landmark Supreme Court cases that have helped define and shape civil rights protections in the U.S., including freedom of speech, religious establishment, press freedom, and defamation law.
Intro And Natural Law
Simplified version of Jurisprudence 1, chapter 1,please make your own research for further understanding.
Chapter 1 jurisprudence
1) Jurisprudence is defined as the study of law, including its meaning, types, and relationship to other social sciences.
2) There are two types of law: god-made (natural) law that is universal, and man-made (positive) law that is created by humans to regulate society. Jurisprudence focuses on positive law.
3) Positive law can be understood as "law as it is" - existing rules and statutes, or in the abstract - fundamental principles common across legal systems. Most contemporary jurists see jurisprudence as the study of law in the abstract sense rather than concrete statutes.
Law
The document discusses different types of law according to St. Thomas Aquinas. It defines law as a decree or ordinance of reason directed towards the common good and promulgated by competent authority. It then explains eternal law as God's plan for the universe, natural law as discernible through human reason, and divine and human positive laws which are enacted to preserve order and direct society for the common good in accordance with or in addition to eternal and natural law.
Natural school of thoughts
Under the School of law in Jurisprudence the concept of Natural school of law is an initial phase for the development of other school of law. In this power point the concept of natural school of law from its origin to the modern days is presented.
Jurisprudence llb
This document summarizes several theories of jurisprudence:
1. Natural Law Theory defines principles of right and wrong that are considered to emanate from a supreme source like God or reason. It argues that unjust laws are not true laws. Critics say the concept of morality varies over time and place.
2. Marxist theory views law as a tool for the economically dominant class to exploit the oppressed class. Marx predicted society would evolve from capitalism to perfect communism with the elimination of classes and the withering away of law and the state.
3. Stammler's Natural Law with Variable Content holds that just law aims to preserve individual freedom within society, with the criteria of just law varying over time and place.
Natural law
This document discusses the concept of natural law. It defines natural law as principles of human conduct that are discoverable by reason from basic aspects of human nature. Natural law is believed to exist independently of human will and is not created by humans. The document outlines several key characteristics of natural law, including that it is universal, immutable, and has always existed. It also discusses different trends in natural law theory and how it has been used both conservatively to maintain the status quo and progressively to enact change. A brief history of natural law in Greek philosophy is provided.
Jurisprudence - What is law
This document discusses several schools of thought on what law is:
1. Natural law theory asserts that there are laws immanent in nature that enacted laws should correspond to. An unjust law is not considered a true law if it is contrary to natural law.
2. Legal positivism views that law is defined by the social rules and practices that identify certain norms as laws, such as Jeremy Bentham's view that law is the command of the sovereign backed by threats.
3. Legal realism views that law should be understood how it is practiced rather than statutes, recognizing that results are not fully determined by written law.
4. Utilitarianism holds that morality is based on producing
Tamanaha
Brian Tamanaha developed a realistic socio-legal theory in the late 1990s that sought to establish philosophical and methodological foundations for the social scientific study of law. He argued that there is no single concept of law and that law is a cultural construct without a universal essence. Tamanaha believed legal theory and socio-legal studies could learn from one another if law is subject to empirical investigation rather than being defined in ways that assume sociological connections. His theory evaluates concepts of law based on coherence, consistency with reality, and usefulness for social scientific study of legal phenomena like understanding how race impacts judicial decisions. Tamanaha aimed to incorporate insights from socio-legal studies into legal theory without subsuming legal theory within socio-legal
Jurisprudence ppt
It is a power point presentation on Natural law theory of Jurisprudence which is very important to learn by a person who wants to understand law. This theory is basis for fundamental rights given in part of Indian constitution so it is very important to understand and imply it in our legal system.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The document discusses various topics related to human rights including the United Nations Human Rights Council, measures for protecting child rights, objectives and features of the Human Rights Act 1993 in India, constitution of the National Human Rights Commission in India, collective rights, and the scope of public interest litigation with respect to human rights in India. It provides answers to several questions related to these topics with details on international conventions, classifications of rights, duties of state institutions, and the role of courts in protecting human rights.
Natural law revision notes
Natural law claims that everything has a purpose designed by its creator, and this purpose is what is intrinsically good. The concept has its roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy as described by thinkers like Aristotle and Cicero. Thomas Aquinas was a major proponent of natural law in the 13th century. He argued that natural law is derived from human reason and aims toward the highest good of God. Natural law theory proposes that there are fundamental moral principles knowable by reason, including prohibitions against murder, theft, and deception. However, critics argue that natural law faces challenges in accounting for concepts like homosexuality, contraception, and evaluating actions based on their consequences rather than intrinsic nature alone.
7) theory of law
This document provides an overview of three major theories of law: natural law, positivism, and sociological theories.
The natural law section describes natural law as law that is in accordance with nature and morality. It outlines key principles like laws being derived from human reasoning and conscience. Positivism holds that only positive law established by the state is valid law, regardless of morality. Sociological theories view law as a social institution that should be interpreted in its social context to benefit society. Law is studied as a means of social control and problem-solving.
Jurisprudence - Volksgeist
Friedrich Carl von Savigny was a 19th century German jurist who is considered the founder of the historical school of law. He argued that law develops organically over time based on the shared customs and beliefs of a people, which he termed the "Volksgeist" or national spirit. Savigny believed that any legal system is an expression of the Volksgeist of the nation to which it belongs. Codification of laws should not be undertaken hastily without first thoroughly studying the historical development of a people's legal traditions and customs, as reflected in their Volksgeist. Savigny's concept of Volksgeist had a major influence on legal theory and opposed the natural law school's view
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FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
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HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Magazine of Law.
The document discusses the importance of law in society. It notes that there are many disciplines of law, including civil and penal law. The law is a normative order that is based on principles of justice and determines appropriate human behavior. Custom and doctrine also influence the law. The law is important because it governs society and establishes rules for citizens to follow in different situations. The document lists several types of law and influential legal theorists. It also provides related Wikipedia links.
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The document discusses the Historical Theory of Rights. According to this theory, rights are products of historical evolution rather than being created by the state. Over long periods of time, human societies evolved customs and traditions for the common good, which eventually became the basis for written laws and the recognition of individual rights. While the theory correctly notes that some rights arose from history, its defects are that not all rights stem from history and some are created by state laws, which can override historical practices like aspects of the Indian caste system.
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Natural law refers to universal moral principles that govern human behavior. This presentation discusses the history and evolution of natural law from ancient Greece and Rome to modern times. It notes that natural law was distinguished from positive law in ancient times. Major philosophers like Aristotle emphasized distinguishing what is just by nature from what is just by convention. Natural law was an important legal concept that was developed further during Roman, Christian, Medieval, and Modern periods. The presentation concludes with discussing the relevance of natural law concepts in the Indian legal system and constitution.
Walsh power point_chapter 1
1) Law serves to regulate human behavior and transform self-interest into social interest by establishing general rules that bind a community.
2) Scholars have proposed different perspectives on law and its role in society, ranging from it maintaining order and consensus to it perpetuating conflicts between groups.
3) Key thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, and Locke contributed different philosophical views of law and its relationship to concepts like justice, the state, and social contracts.
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The final aggregate result for the second year of LL.B is announced. The top student is Waris who scored 283 out of 400 and is named the outstanding student of the year. Sadiqa scored 281 and came second. Ilyas scored 280 and came third. The position holders are to be given shields. The lecturer, Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta, announced the results for Company Law for the second year LL.B students.
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This document discusses the quasi-judicial function and its differences from the traditional judiciary. It defines quasi-judicial function as when an administrative or executive authority performs the functions of the judiciary, such as investigating facts and drawing conclusions to make official decisions. Some criticisms of the traditional judiciary are that it has lengthy procedures, is costly, and has a slow system. Quasi-judicial decisions do not need to follow strict rules of evidence or precedent like judicial decisions do. There are key differences between judicial and quasi-judicial functions, such as quasi-judicial bodies not always being bound by precedent and not needing to follow strict rules of evidence.
2nd lecture
Constitutional posts are positions established by the Constitution whose powers and appointment methods are also outlined in the Constitution. An All-Pakistan service exists across both the federal and provincial governments, while the service of Pakistan includes the armed forces and other positions established by law. Appointments to federal civil service positions are made by Parliament according to Article 240, while provincial civil service appointments are made by provincial assemblies. Existing rules remain valid unless inconsistent with the Constitution. The Constitution also provides for equal opportunity and representation in government services.
1st lecture
The document discusses the history and evolution of civil services in Pakistan. It explains that British initially ruled the native population through the Indian Civil Service, which was mostly comprised of British officers. In the early 20th century, Indians began competing for these positions as well. After partition in 1947, the term "Central Superior Services" was used in Pakistan to describe the all-Pakistan civil services system, which maintained a class-based hierarchy. In 1972, an administrative reforms committee was formed to address various issues regarding the civil services, including reservations, pay scales, the role of the Federal Public Service Commission, and reducing perceived corruption and elitism.
27th lecture
The document discusses the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), which is the corporate regulatory authority in Pakistan. It defines the SECP as the authority that controls corporate structures and observes corporate activities, taking appropriate action against violations of corporate law. The SECP was established under the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act of 1997. It is headed in Islamabad and led by a chairman appointed by the federal government. The SECP regulates stock exchanges, brokers and investigates offenses under related ordinances. It also considers reforms to company, corporate and securities market laws.
4th lecture
This document defines key terms used in the Civil Servants Act of 1973. Section 2(1) defines terms including "initial appointment", "pay", "permanent post", "prescribed", "rules", "selection authority", and "temporary post". It also states that an appointment will be deemed regular if made in the prescribed manner. Section 2(2) defines "civil servant" and provides exclusions from this definition. The overall summary is that Section 2 of the Civil Servants Act of 1973 establishes definitions for terms used in the Act that are important for understanding appointments and conditions of service for civil servants in Pakistan.
13th lecture
This document outlines the key requirements and contents of a company's Article of Association (AOA). The AOA must be dated, printed, divided into paragraphs, and signed by subscribers. It defines matters like the company's business, capital structure, shareholder rights, director appointment and duties. The AOA is subordinate to the Memorandum of Association and company law. It establishes internal rules for company management and must not contain anything illegal, inconsistent with the MOA, or against company ordinance. Registration of the AOA is optional for some companies but compulsory for others. The document was prepared by a law lecturer for second year law students on the topic of company AOA.
Scientific research
This document discusses scientific research principles and practices. It defines science as the systematic acquisition of knowledge using the scientific method. There are two broad categories of science: natural science, which studies natural phenomena, and social science, which studies human behavior and societies. Natural sciences tend to be more precise and accurate while social sciences have more uncertainty due to measurement errors. Scientific research operates at both a theoretical level, developing and testing theories, and an empirical level through observations. Both inductive and deductive research are important but inductive research is more useful early on to build theories while deductive research tests existing theories. Mastering theoretical skills through experience is more challenging than learning methodological skills. The scientific method establishes techniques for building knowledge through valid observations
Scientific social science research
This document discusses scientific social science research and the scientific method. It explains that social science research refers to the scientific study of human behavior and interaction. The scientific method relies on evidence, concepts, objectivity, and logical reasoning processes like induction and deduction. Induction involves studying individual cases to draw generalizations, while deduction applies general principles to specific cases. For research to be considered scientific, it must follow a systematic process including defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting quantitative data, stating clear generalizations, and fully reporting the research process and methods of analysis.
5th lecture
The document discusses the Civil Servants Act of 1973 which governs the appointment, promotion, transfer, and other terms of employment for civil servants in Pakistan. Specifically, it covers Sections 3-5 which address appointment, probation, confirmation, seniority, promotion, transfer, lien, leave, conduct, efficiency, pay, pension, and retirement. It also discusses the power of the President to appoint civil servants, make rules under the Act, and the role of the Federal Public Service Commission and other bodies in appointments and promotions at different pay scales.
23rd lecture
Driot administratif refers to the rules of the French legal system that regulate the relationship between the administration and citizens of the state. Its origins can be traced back to 1302 with the establishment of the Conseil du Roi and Conseil D'État to advise the monarch. After the 1789 revolution, the Conseil du Roi was abolished and the Conseil d'État was established in 1799 by Napoleon to provide citizens relief against the excessive power of the administration. The Conseil d'État is now the highest administrative court that hears cases involving acts by public officials and was gradually given more independence and authority over time, including the power to directly hear complaints from citizens in
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Promoters play an important role in establishing a company by organizing capital, preparing legal documents, and bearing initial expenses. However, promoters have a fiduciary relationship with the company and cannot profit secretly from their position. Promoters are responsible for pre-incorporation contracts and must reimburse the company for any fraud, secret profits, or breach of trust. Upon registration of the company, the promoter's role is complete except if they issue a prospectus afterwards. The document discusses the legal responsibilities and status of promoters under company law.
7th lecture
The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. The promotion stage involves preparing essential documents like the memorandum and articles of association.
2. The incorporation/registration stage where the company is formally registered by submitting documents like the memorandum, articles, and director information to the registrar.
3. After registration, the company can raise capital through issuing a prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus for public companies and then commence its business operations upon receiving a certificate of business from the registrar.
6th lecture
A private company has several restrictions compared to a public company, including:
- Restricting the right to transfer shares
- Limiting membership to 50 people maximum
- Prohibiting any invitation to the public
A public company does not have these restrictions and has fewer procedural requirements compared to a private company, such as:
- Membership is unlimited
- Shares are freely transferable
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The key difference is that a private company provides more procedural relaxations while a public company has fewer restrictions but more disclosure requirements. Both have equal legal status as independent legal entities.
5th lecture .
This document compares companies and partnerships across various factors such as legal status, liability, governance, and registration requirements. Key differences include:
- Companies have a distinct legal personality and perpetual succession while partnerships do not.
- Partners have unlimited liability for partnership debts but members of companies have limited liability.
- Partnerships are governed by partnership agreements while companies are governed by their memorandum and articles of association.
- Registration is optional for partnerships but mandatory for companies to obtain legal status and limited liability.
4th lecture
This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. It notes that companies can be private or public. It also discusses associations not for profit, and the power of the Commission to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable companies. Examples of different types of companies are provided such as chartered companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, home companies, foreign companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
Agency
An agency is a contract that regulates the relationship between a principal and an agent. The principal is the person who authorizes another to act on their behalf as an agent. An agent is a person employed to act for or represent the principal in dealing with third parties. An agency can be created through agreement, estoppel, ratification, or operation of law. The duties of an agent include following the principal's directions, working with reasonable skill, compensating the principal, maintaining accounts, and communicating with the principal. An agency terminates through agreement between the parties, revocation, completion of the task, expiration of time, or circumstances such as death, insanity, insolvency, or a change in law.
Registration process
Two or more partners can register their partnership firm under the Partnership Act of 1932. The application process involves filling out Form 1, providing a partnership deed signed by all partners, and paying a registration fee of Rs. 1000. Applicants must also submit copies of CNICs, proof of a business address, and an authority letter if an agent is applying on behalf of the partners. Once completed documents are submitted to the Assistant District Officer, the registration will be processed according to the Partnership Act if all prerequisites are met. The registrar will issue a registration certificate if satisfied with the documents.
Essentials
This document discusses key aspects of partnership law, including:
1. The definition of partnership as a relation between persons sharing profits from a business carried on by agreement.
2. The four essential elements that must exist for a partnership: carrying on a business, agreement to share profits, business carried on by all or acting for all.
3. The importance of a partnership agreement which establishes terms, management regulations, and other provisions.
4. Examples of important provisions that should be included in a partnership agreement such as the name, nature of business, locations, partners, salaries, work divisions, profits, dealing bank, capital contributions, profit ratios, drawings, interest, admissions, goodwill, accounts, rights/dut
First assignment
Ms. Calpana Lee wants to register a firm called "Thanga Bahnga Lee" with the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Quetta, but they refused. She argued that companies and firms have the same legal status, so the registration forum does not matter. Students of the 6th semester LL.B program must complete an assignment examining Ms. Lee's statement as the legal advisor to SECP. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with sections for particulars, contents, the main 3-page body, and remarks, and must be handwritten, with an April 8th deadline.
2nd lecture typology of partnership
This document summarizes different types of partnerships and their key characteristics. It describes general partnerships as those where all partners' liabilities are unlimited. Particular partnerships are formed for a specific project or time period. Partnerships at will have an unlimited time period. The document outlines that a partnership requires at least two people, is for business purposes only, involves mutual agency between partners and sharing of profits, and has unlimited liabilities for all partners. A limited partnership has at least one partner with unlimited liability and one or more with limited liability.
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This document defines and explains the concept of bailment under contract law. It discusses:
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3) The document outlines the duties of both the bailor and bailee, as well as their respective rights. It also discusses how a bailment can be terminated.
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This document provides an introduction to the subject of law of business organization. It outlines 9 key learning objectives: 1) to understand law, business, and organization, 2) the definition of law of business organization, 3) its nature and scope, 4) relevant laws, 5) the syllabus, and 6) the importance of business law. Business law regulates commercial activities and dealings through rules governing how to establish and run a business. It protects liberties, maintains order, resolves disputes, and establishes standards for business concerns and their interactions with government agencies and individuals. As infrastructure projects like CPEC develop, the significance of business law will increase considerably in Pakistan.
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This document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role numbers of 502 students and their individual scores on Quiz 1, Quiz 2, Quiz 3, Assignment 1, and Assignment 2. The lecturer is Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta. It is dated October 31, 2020 and is regarding the results of the first quiz for Unit One of the Introduction to Law course.
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The document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role, student number, name, and marks of 501 students. It also provides the course code, standard, topic, and details of the lecturer and college. The results are dated October 17, 2020 and are subject to errors and omissions.
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This document contains an answer key for a 1st quiz on introduction to law for an LL.B first semester course. The quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions and 5 matching questions covering topics like normative ethics, descriptive ethics, absolutism, and philosophers like Immanuel Kant and their contributions. The answer key provides the correct option selected for each question.
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The document outlines the requirements for an assignment on ethics and its branches for an Introduction to Law course. Students must define key ethics terms and distinguish between teleological and deontological ethics on the main body page, which cannot exceed 5 pages. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with multiple pages and be submitted in printed form by October 20th, 2020 to be considered.
4th lecture
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life and that people act to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Religion can be defined in different ways but generally involves a belief in a higher power and a system of worship. People follow religions for reasons like achieving supernatural rewards and avoiding punishments. Morality involves distinguishing between right and wrong behavior, and is related to but distinct from religion which involves external or metaphysical influences. Laws represent societal views on morality but morality comes from personal views of right and wrong.
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Morality refers to principles of right and wrong governing an individual's behavior. Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles and values relating to human conduct. The document discusses the concepts of morality and ethics, noting they are often used interchangeably but sometimes distinguished. Morality may refer more to personal principles while ethics refers to the standards of a community or profession. However, ethicists today generally use the terms interchangeably without distinguishing between them. The key aspects are that both morality and ethics concern principles of right and wrong behavior.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Receivership and liquidation Accounts Prof. Oyedokun.pptx
Receivership and liquidation Accounts Prof. Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government Liaison
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
Lincoln硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证原版一模一样、Lincoln毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《新西兰林肯大学毕业证购买流程》《Lincoln成绩单制作》新西兰林肯大学毕业证书Lincoln毕业证文凭新西兰林肯大学
本科毕业证书,学历学位认证如何办理【留学国外学位学历认证、毕业证、成绩单、大学Offer、雅思托福代考、语言证书、学生卡、高仿教育部认证等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务】代办国外（海外）英国、加拿大、美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等国外各大学毕业证、文凭学历证书、成绩单、学历学位认证真实可查。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
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Outlines
- 1. Subject: Introduction to Law Standard: LL.B Semester - 1 Topic: Course code LL.B 115(Outlines ) MUNIR HUSSAIN Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Divine Entity. Divine Energy .Morality. Ethics .Law .Development of Law. Purpose of Law . State of Nature. Hedonistic characteristics. Social Contract Theory .etc Key words .Law. Act. Rules .Statute. Ordinance .Offence. Crime. Contract .Constitution .Jurisprudence. Usul _al_ Fiqa .Sharia .Fiqa .Precedent . Justice. Sanction . Rule of Law .Separation of Powers .Judicial Review. Tort. Principles of Natural justice .Sovereign. Metaphysical Entity. etc Typology of law. Divine law . Natural l aw .man made law. Customary law. Physical law .International law. Municipal law. Public law .Private law. Civil law. Criminal law. Constitutional law .Administrative law .General law .Special law. Martial law .Substantive law . Procedural law .Remedial law. Islamic law.etc Sources of English law. Legislation .supreme and subordinate Legislation. Precedents and its typology .Customs .Treaties .Conventions. Juristic Work. etc. Nature and scope of law. Different legal theories ,Natural law theory , Imperative Theory of law. Legal realism , law is a system of rules .etc Prominent jurists and their contribution. Salmon. H L A Hart, Austin ,Bentham. kelson. Imam Jafer Sadiq ,Imam Abu Hanifa ,imam Malik, Imam Humble , Imam Shafie. etc Sources of Islamic law. Quran .Sunah.Hadit. Ijma .Qiyas .Istihsan . Ijtihad .Mujtahid. Islamic schools of thought. etc Islamic concept of state. sovereignty. act . Hukm. Obligation. Right of men . Right of God . Hudd and Tazir .etc , Administration of Justice, State and its typology. Concept of Punishment, Theories of punishment .justice and its typology.etc Person .Typology of person .Legal status of a person .Rights and Liabilities, Ownership and possession .etc Unit-1 Unit-2 Unit-3 Unit-4 Unit-5 Unit-6 Unit-7 Unit-8 Unit-9 Unit-10 1. Denning, Lord. The Discipline of Law. London: Butterworths, 1979. 2. Dworkin, Ronald. Taking Rights Seriously. London: Duckworth, 1977. 3. Fuller, Lon L. The Morality of Law, (re.). Delhi: Universal, 2009. (5th I rpt.). 4. Harris, Phil, An Introduction to Law, 7th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 5. Hart, H L A, The Concept of Law, 2nd edn. Oxford: OUP, 1997. 6. Posner Richard A. Overcoming Law. Delhi: Universal, 2007 (I.rpt.). Recommended books