John Adams appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. However, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. This led to the landmark Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, marking the first time it struck down a law for being unconstitutional. This established the Supreme Court's ability to review the constitutionality of laws and acts of Congress.