This document provides an overview of radiographic evaluation and classification of acetabular fractures. It begins by outlining objectives related to standard radiographic evaluation of intact acetabula and plain radiograph and CT evaluation and classification of acetabular fractures. It then details standard pelvic radiograph views and Letournel's six radiographic landmarks used for evaluation. The document concludes by explaining Letournel's classification system for acetabular fractures including elementary fracture patterns like anterior wall, posterior wall, anterior column, and posterior column fractures as well as associated patterns.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, osteology, vascular and neural structures of the acetabulum. It discusses the Judet and Letournel classification system for acetabular fractures and describes mechanisms of injury. Evaluation methods such as plain radiography, CT imaging, and dynamic stress exams are covered. Key radiographic landmarks and measurements like roof arcs are explained. The goal is to provide radiographic and anatomic context for understanding and classifying acetabular fractures.
This document discusses the anatomy and classification of fractures of the femoral neck. It begins by providing background on the increasing incidence of hip fractures globally. It then describes the anatomy of the hip joint and proximal femur, including the femoral neck, angles, blood supply, and trabecular patterns. It discusses several classification systems for femoral neck fractures, including the Garden, Pauwels, and OTA classifications, which are based on the location and degree of displacement of the fracture. Imaging modalities for evaluating these fractures such as radiography, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine are also summarized.
The document discusses acetabular fractures, including the anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification systems, clinical features, investigations, and management. Acetabular fractures can be treated non-operatively for non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures that maintain hip joint stability and congruity, while operative treatment is indicated for unstable, incongruent, or malaligned fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like x-rays and CT to assess fracture patterns and involvement of columns, walls, and articulating surfaces to guide surgical or non-surgical management.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fracture anatomy, classification, and radiographic evaluation. It describes the key osteology and columns of the acetabulum. The Judet and Letournel classification system is explained, categorizing fractures as elementary or associated based on involvement of the anterior or posterior columns. Important aspects of radiographic evaluation using AP, oblique, and CT views are outlined. Examples of common fracture types are illustrated, including posterior wall, posterior column, and anterior wall fractures. Roof arc measurement is introduced as a method to assess fracture stability and treatment approach.
- A 62-year-old male presented with severe neck pain after a fall from a ladder one week prior.
- MRI showed a left lateral mass fracture of C1 and a left posterior arch linear fracture of C1.
- The patient was subsequently admitted to the hospital for a liver abscess and left intraocular infection.
- Fractures of the upper cervical spine like those seen in this patient require careful evaluation to determine appropriate treatment, whether conservative management with a collar or surgical stabilization is necessary.
This document summarizes surgical management of acetabular fractures. It discusses the goals of operative management as anatomic reduction and different surgical approaches for specific fracture patterns. The Kocher-Langenbeck approach is indicated for posterior wall, column and transverse fractures involving the posterior region. The ilioinguinal approach is used for anterior wall, column and transverse fractures involving the anterior region. Perfect anatomic reduction is important for excellent outcomes, and timing of surgery within 2 weeks can improve chances of anatomic reduction. Complications of each approach are discussed.
1) Fractures of the talus are difficult to treat due to its complex anatomy and poor blood supply, which can lead to complications like avascular necrosis.
2) Hawkins classification is commonly used to describe talar neck fractures and predict risk of avascular necrosis, with type III fractures having the highest risk.
3) Treatment goals are anatomic reduction, stable fixation to allow early motion, and prevention of complications.
4) Surgical techniques may include closed or open reduction, internal fixation with screws or plates through one or two incisions, and occasionally arthrodesis or excision of small fragments.
Fractures of the femoral neck in children can have high complication rates. Type II fractures have the highest risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) at 50%. Internal fixation is now preferred over casting for displaced fractures to reduce complications like coxa vara and nonunion. AVN is the most common complication and is associated with fracture displacement and hematoma formation. Urgent surgical decompression may reduce AVN risks. Hip dislocations also have risks of AVN and are treated with prompt closed reduction or open reduction if closed fails.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, osteology, vascular and neural structures of the acetabulum. It discusses the Judet and Letournel classification system for acetabular fractures and describes mechanisms of injury. Evaluation methods such as plain radiography, CT imaging, and dynamic stress exams are covered. Key radiographic landmarks and measurements like roof arcs are explained. The goal is to provide radiographic and anatomic context for understanding and classifying acetabular fractures.
This document discusses the anatomy and classification of fractures of the femoral neck. It begins by providing background on the increasing incidence of hip fractures globally. It then describes the anatomy of the hip joint and proximal femur, including the femoral neck, angles, blood supply, and trabecular patterns. It discusses several classification systems for femoral neck fractures, including the Garden, Pauwels, and OTA classifications, which are based on the location and degree of displacement of the fracture. Imaging modalities for evaluating these fractures such as radiography, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine are also summarized.
The document discusses acetabular fractures, including the anatomy, mechanisms of injury, classification systems, clinical features, investigations, and management. Acetabular fractures can be treated non-operatively for non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures that maintain hip joint stability and congruity, while operative treatment is indicated for unstable, incongruent, or malaligned fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like x-rays and CT to assess fracture patterns and involvement of columns, walls, and articulating surfaces to guide surgical or non-surgical management.
This document provides an overview of acetabular fracture anatomy, classification, and radiographic evaluation. It describes the key osteology and columns of the acetabulum. The Judet and Letournel classification system is explained, categorizing fractures as elementary or associated based on involvement of the anterior or posterior columns. Important aspects of radiographic evaluation using AP, oblique, and CT views are outlined. Examples of common fracture types are illustrated, including posterior wall, posterior column, and anterior wall fractures. Roof arc measurement is introduced as a method to assess fracture stability and treatment approach.
- A 62-year-old male presented with severe neck pain after a fall from a ladder one week prior.
- MRI showed a left lateral mass fracture of C1 and a left posterior arch linear fracture of C1.
- The patient was subsequently admitted to the hospital for a liver abscess and left intraocular infection.
- Fractures of the upper cervical spine like those seen in this patient require careful evaluation to determine appropriate treatment, whether conservative management with a collar or surgical stabilization is necessary.
This document summarizes surgical management of acetabular fractures. It discusses the goals of operative management as anatomic reduction and different surgical approaches for specific fracture patterns. The Kocher-Langenbeck approach is indicated for posterior wall, column and transverse fractures involving the posterior region. The ilioinguinal approach is used for anterior wall, column and transverse fractures involving the anterior region. Perfect anatomic reduction is important for excellent outcomes, and timing of surgery within 2 weeks can improve chances of anatomic reduction. Complications of each approach are discussed.
1) Fractures of the talus are difficult to treat due to its complex anatomy and poor blood supply, which can lead to complications like avascular necrosis.
2) Hawkins classification is commonly used to describe talar neck fractures and predict risk of avascular necrosis, with type III fractures having the highest risk.
3) Treatment goals are anatomic reduction, stable fixation to allow early motion, and prevention of complications.
4) Surgical techniques may include closed or open reduction, internal fixation with screws or plates through one or two incisions, and occasionally arthrodesis or excision of small fragments.
Fractures of the femoral neck in children can have high complication rates. Type II fractures have the highest risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) at 50%. Internal fixation is now preferred over casting for displaced fractures to reduce complications like coxa vara and nonunion. AVN is the most common complication and is associated with fracture displacement and hematoma formation. Urgent surgical decompression may reduce AVN risks. Hip dislocations also have risks of AVN and are treated with prompt closed reduction or open reduction if closed fails.
This document provides an overview of pelvic and acetabular anatomy including osteology, ligaments, muscles, neurovasculature. It begins with the bones of the pelvis - innominate bones and sacrum. It describes the ligaments of the pelvis including the symphysis pubis, sacroiliac ligaments. It outlines the muscles that attach to the pelvis. It details the neurovascular structures such as the lumbosacral plexus, internal iliac vessels. For the acetabulum, it outlines the osteology including the anterior and posterior columns. It notes the capsule, labrum and transverse acetabular ligament. It emphasizes important neurovascular structures like the superior gl
Neck of femur fractures most commonly occur in elderly patients due to osteoporosis and are often caused by falls. The Garden classification system is used to categorize neck of femur fractures based on the degree of displacement. Treatment depends on factors like the patient's age, bone quality, and fracture displacement - undisplaced fractures may be treated with internal fixation while displaced fractures in elderly patients are typically treated with hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement.
Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging Case Studies #7 Pediatric Elbow FracturesSean M. Fox
The document provides an overview of commonly encountered pediatric elbow injuries seen in the emergency department setting. It reviews the anatomy and imaging evaluation of pediatric elbow fractures including the supracondylar humerus, radial neck, lateral condyle, and medial epicondyle fractures. Specific radiographic findings that help identify subtle fractures are discussed. Challenges in pediatric elbow imaging related to ossification centers are also covered. The goal is to help emergency physicians accurately diagnose pediatric elbow fractures on radiographs.
Acetabulum Fractures - Anatomy, Radiological Evaluation, Classification and M...Arun Upreti
Acetabular fractures are complex injuries that require classification based on radiographic findings to guide management. The goals of treatment are anatomic reduction of the fracture and stability of the hip joint. Surgery may be indicated for displaced fragments or instability and requires special equipment. Outcomes improve with surgical expertise but complications are still common, such as post-traumatic arthritis, nerve injuries, and heterotopic ossification. Proper surgical treatment based on the fracture pattern can help reduce long-term complications.
1) Acetabular fractures involve the two columns of bone that make up the acetabulum - the anterior and posterior columns.
2) Classification systems help determine the best surgical approach and treatment based on which column(s) are fractured and the degree of displacement.
3) Surgical treatment aims to anatomically reduce the articular surface through approaches like the Kocher-Langenbeck or ilioinguinal to place plates and screws, while nonsurgical treatment is indicated for non- or minimally displaced fractures.
This document discusses fracture care in rural settings. It provides principles for fracture management including setting the fracture, immobilizing it, following up, activating the limb, rehabilitating, and investigating the cause. Specific fractures discussed include metacarpal fractures, which can often be treated with a pedestal cast, scaphoid fractures requiring careful investigation, and distal radial fractures where the goal is to reduce dorsal angulation and maintain radial length. Referral is recommended for open fractures, significant deformities, or multiple unstable fractures.
This document discusses idiopathic scoliosis, which is defined as a spinal deformity characterized by lateral bending and fixed rotation of the spine without a known cause. It is divided into subgroups based on age of onset, including infantile, juvenile, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Treatment options include observation for mild curves, bracing to prevent progression of moderate curves, and surgery to correct severe or progressive curves. Surgical techniques have advanced from Harrington instrumentation to segmental fixation with hooks and more recently pedicle screws, allowing for improved three-dimensional correction while fusion fewer vertebrae.
The document discusses rural fracture care and provides examples of fractures that may be encountered. It begins with an overview of treating fractures in rural settings and driving between rural hospitals. It then covers principles of fracture management and casting. Specific fractures discussed include metacarpal fractures, scaphoid fractures, and distal radial fractures. Treatment options and criteria for referral are provided for each fracture type. Throughout, mnemonics and principles are presented to aid in learning fracture management.
This document provides an overview of classifications and management approaches for fractures and dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine. It discusses several classification systems, including the Denis system which divides the spine into three columns, and the TLICS system which scores injuries based on morphology, posterior ligament integrity and neurologic status to determine surgical vs non-surgical management. For most thoracolumbar injuries without neurologic deficit, non-surgical treatment is appropriate. Surgical intervention may improve mobilization and function for unstable fractures or injuries involving neurologic compression. The goals of management are maximizing neurologic recovery while stabilizing the spine to facilitate early rehabilitation.
This document provides information on fractures of the femoral neck, including:
- Undisplaced fractures can often be treated non-operatively but have a high risk of displacement. Displaced fractures require surgical fixation or hemiarthroplasty.
- Surgical options for displaced fractures include fixation with screws or a sliding hip screw, or hemiarthroplasty. Hemiarthroplasty provides better outcomes for elderly patients.
- Approaches for hemiarthroplasty include the posterior approach and direct lateral approach. Placement, positioning and closure techniques are described for each approach.
This document provides an overview of radial head and neck fractures, including anatomy, classification, treatment options, and surgical approaches. Key points include:
- Radial head and neck fractures are typically caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand, resulting in axial loading and valgus force.
- Fractures are classified using the Mason system from non-displaced to comminuted. Treatment depends on displacement and stability.
- Surgical options include excision of fragments, open reduction and internal fixation, or radial head arthroplasty. Placement of implants and sizing of replacements is important to avoid complications.
- Common approaches to the lateral elbow are the Kocher and Kaplan, which require care to avoid injury
Fractures around elbow lateral condyle and intercondylar fracturesSiddhartha Sinha
Fractures around the elbow include lateral condyle fractures and intercondylar fractures. Lateral condyle fractures involve the lateral epicondyle and account for 17% of distal humeral fractures in children. They often result in less satisfactory outcomes than supracondylar fractures due to missed diagnoses and loss of motion. Intercondylar fractures involve a T or Y-shaped fracture line through the two humeral condyles and comminution is common. Both fracture types are typically treated operatively with open reduction and internal fixation to restore the joint surface and columns. Complications can include post-traumatic arthritis, failure of fixation, loss of motion, and neurologic injury.
floating shoulder ppt-3.pptx Dr Ashish pargaie Orthopaedic resident Aiims ris...ashishpargaie
1) A floating shoulder injury involves concurrent fractures of the ipsilateral clavicle and scapular neck.
2) The superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC) is a bone and soft tissue structure that connects the scapula, clavicle, and coracoid process to maintain shoulder stability.
3) Floating shoulder injuries are often high-energy injuries associated with other fractures and injuries. Surgical treatment is usually indicated for significantly displaced or articular fractures to restore anatomy and function.
Fractures around elbow lateral condyle and intercondylar fracturesSiddhartha Sinha
1) Lateral condyle fractures and intercondylar fractures of the elbow involve fractures around the lower end of the humerus.
2) Lateral condyle fractures, which account for 17% of distal humeral fractures in children, often require fixation to prevent nonunion. Intercondylar fractures in adults involve a T or Y-shaped fracture through the two humeral condyles.
3) Treatment depends on the type and severity of the fracture, ranging from casting for nondisplaced fractures to open reduction and internal fixation for displaced fractures to prevent long-term complications like nonunion and deformity.
Femur Fracture power point gagahagwhagahahahapublicnewbie
1) The document discusses distal femur fractures, providing information on classification, treatment options, surgical approaches, and fixation methods.
2) Distal femur fractures account for 7% of femur fractures and can be either high-energy injuries in younger patients or low-energy fractures in elderly patients.
3) Treatment has shifted from skeletal traction to operative fixation with plates or nails, with the goal of anatomic reduction and stable fixation to allow early range of motion.
Pelvic injuries for MBBS (undergraduate medical education)Siddhartha Sinha
The document discusses pelvis fractures, including the anatomy of the pelvis, mechanisms of injury, classification systems, clinical evaluation, management, and treatment options. It describes the ligamentous structures that provide stability to the pelvis, different injury patterns based on the mechanism of force, methods to control hemorrhage, associated injuries, radiographic evaluation methods, and classifications used including the Tiles and Young-Burgess systems. Surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches are outlined depending on the stability and displacement of the fracture.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
More Related Content
Similar to ota_11c64fda84407245e876f7137fc6c234.pdf
This document provides an overview of pelvic and acetabular anatomy including osteology, ligaments, muscles, neurovasculature. It begins with the bones of the pelvis - innominate bones and sacrum. It describes the ligaments of the pelvis including the symphysis pubis, sacroiliac ligaments. It outlines the muscles that attach to the pelvis. It details the neurovascular structures such as the lumbosacral plexus, internal iliac vessels. For the acetabulum, it outlines the osteology including the anterior and posterior columns. It notes the capsule, labrum and transverse acetabular ligament. It emphasizes important neurovascular structures like the superior gl
Neck of femur fractures most commonly occur in elderly patients due to osteoporosis and are often caused by falls. The Garden classification system is used to categorize neck of femur fractures based on the degree of displacement. Treatment depends on factors like the patient's age, bone quality, and fracture displacement - undisplaced fractures may be treated with internal fixation while displaced fractures in elderly patients are typically treated with hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement.
Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging Case Studies #7 Pediatric Elbow FracturesSean M. Fox
The document provides an overview of commonly encountered pediatric elbow injuries seen in the emergency department setting. It reviews the anatomy and imaging evaluation of pediatric elbow fractures including the supracondylar humerus, radial neck, lateral condyle, and medial epicondyle fractures. Specific radiographic findings that help identify subtle fractures are discussed. Challenges in pediatric elbow imaging related to ossification centers are also covered. The goal is to help emergency physicians accurately diagnose pediatric elbow fractures on radiographs.
Acetabulum Fractures - Anatomy, Radiological Evaluation, Classification and M...Arun Upreti
Acetabular fractures are complex injuries that require classification based on radiographic findings to guide management. The goals of treatment are anatomic reduction of the fracture and stability of the hip joint. Surgery may be indicated for displaced fragments or instability and requires special equipment. Outcomes improve with surgical expertise but complications are still common, such as post-traumatic arthritis, nerve injuries, and heterotopic ossification. Proper surgical treatment based on the fracture pattern can help reduce long-term complications.
1) Acetabular fractures involve the two columns of bone that make up the acetabulum - the anterior and posterior columns.
2) Classification systems help determine the best surgical approach and treatment based on which column(s) are fractured and the degree of displacement.
3) Surgical treatment aims to anatomically reduce the articular surface through approaches like the Kocher-Langenbeck or ilioinguinal to place plates and screws, while nonsurgical treatment is indicated for non- or minimally displaced fractures.
This document discusses fracture care in rural settings. It provides principles for fracture management including setting the fracture, immobilizing it, following up, activating the limb, rehabilitating, and investigating the cause. Specific fractures discussed include metacarpal fractures, which can often be treated with a pedestal cast, scaphoid fractures requiring careful investigation, and distal radial fractures where the goal is to reduce dorsal angulation and maintain radial length. Referral is recommended for open fractures, significant deformities, or multiple unstable fractures.
This document discusses idiopathic scoliosis, which is defined as a spinal deformity characterized by lateral bending and fixed rotation of the spine without a known cause. It is divided into subgroups based on age of onset, including infantile, juvenile, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Treatment options include observation for mild curves, bracing to prevent progression of moderate curves, and surgery to correct severe or progressive curves. Surgical techniques have advanced from Harrington instrumentation to segmental fixation with hooks and more recently pedicle screws, allowing for improved three-dimensional correction while fusion fewer vertebrae.
The document discusses rural fracture care and provides examples of fractures that may be encountered. It begins with an overview of treating fractures in rural settings and driving between rural hospitals. It then covers principles of fracture management and casting. Specific fractures discussed include metacarpal fractures, scaphoid fractures, and distal radial fractures. Treatment options and criteria for referral are provided for each fracture type. Throughout, mnemonics and principles are presented to aid in learning fracture management.
This document provides an overview of classifications and management approaches for fractures and dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spine. It discusses several classification systems, including the Denis system which divides the spine into three columns, and the TLICS system which scores injuries based on morphology, posterior ligament integrity and neurologic status to determine surgical vs non-surgical management. For most thoracolumbar injuries without neurologic deficit, non-surgical treatment is appropriate. Surgical intervention may improve mobilization and function for unstable fractures or injuries involving neurologic compression. The goals of management are maximizing neurologic recovery while stabilizing the spine to facilitate early rehabilitation.
This document provides information on fractures of the femoral neck, including:
- Undisplaced fractures can often be treated non-operatively but have a high risk of displacement. Displaced fractures require surgical fixation or hemiarthroplasty.
- Surgical options for displaced fractures include fixation with screws or a sliding hip screw, or hemiarthroplasty. Hemiarthroplasty provides better outcomes for elderly patients.
- Approaches for hemiarthroplasty include the posterior approach and direct lateral approach. Placement, positioning and closure techniques are described for each approach.
This document provides an overview of radial head and neck fractures, including anatomy, classification, treatment options, and surgical approaches. Key points include:
- Radial head and neck fractures are typically caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand, resulting in axial loading and valgus force.
- Fractures are classified using the Mason system from non-displaced to comminuted. Treatment depends on displacement and stability.
- Surgical options include excision of fragments, open reduction and internal fixation, or radial head arthroplasty. Placement of implants and sizing of replacements is important to avoid complications.
- Common approaches to the lateral elbow are the Kocher and Kaplan, which require care to avoid injury
Fractures around elbow lateral condyle and intercondylar fracturesSiddhartha Sinha
Fractures around the elbow include lateral condyle fractures and intercondylar fractures. Lateral condyle fractures involve the lateral epicondyle and account for 17% of distal humeral fractures in children. They often result in less satisfactory outcomes than supracondylar fractures due to missed diagnoses and loss of motion. Intercondylar fractures involve a T or Y-shaped fracture line through the two humeral condyles and comminution is common. Both fracture types are typically treated operatively with open reduction and internal fixation to restore the joint surface and columns. Complications can include post-traumatic arthritis, failure of fixation, loss of motion, and neurologic injury.
floating shoulder ppt-3.pptx Dr Ashish pargaie Orthopaedic resident Aiims ris...ashishpargaie
1) A floating shoulder injury involves concurrent fractures of the ipsilateral clavicle and scapular neck.
2) The superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC) is a bone and soft tissue structure that connects the scapula, clavicle, and coracoid process to maintain shoulder stability.
3) Floating shoulder injuries are often high-energy injuries associated with other fractures and injuries. Surgical treatment is usually indicated for significantly displaced or articular fractures to restore anatomy and function.
Fractures around elbow lateral condyle and intercondylar fracturesSiddhartha Sinha
1) Lateral condyle fractures and intercondylar fractures of the elbow involve fractures around the lower end of the humerus.
2) Lateral condyle fractures, which account for 17% of distal humeral fractures in children, often require fixation to prevent nonunion. Intercondylar fractures in adults involve a T or Y-shaped fracture through the two humeral condyles.
3) Treatment depends on the type and severity of the fracture, ranging from casting for nondisplaced fractures to open reduction and internal fixation for displaced fractures to prevent long-term complications like nonunion and deformity.
Femur Fracture power point gagahagwhagahahahapublicnewbie
1) The document discusses distal femur fractures, providing information on classification, treatment options, surgical approaches, and fixation methods.
2) Distal femur fractures account for 7% of femur fractures and can be either high-energy injuries in younger patients or low-energy fractures in elderly patients.
3) Treatment has shifted from skeletal traction to operative fixation with plates or nails, with the goal of anatomic reduction and stable fixation to allow early range of motion.
Pelvic injuries for MBBS (undergraduate medical education)Siddhartha Sinha
The document discusses pelvis fractures, including the anatomy of the pelvis, mechanisms of injury, classification systems, clinical evaluation, management, and treatment options. It describes the ligamentous structures that provide stability to the pelvis, different injury patterns based on the mechanism of force, methods to control hemorrhage, associated injuries, radiographic evaluation methods, and classifications used including the Tiles and Young-Burgess systems. Surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches are outlined depending on the stability and displacement of the fracture.
Similar to ota_11c64fda84407245e876f7137fc6c234.pdf (20)
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
1. Core Curriculum V5
Radiographic Evaluation &
Classification of Acetabular
Fractures
Laura Blum, MD
Orthopedic Trauma Surgeon
Atrium Health Cabarrus
Jeffery Chad Martin, DO
Assistant Professor
East Tennessee State
University
2. Core Curriculum V5
Objectives
• Intact Acetabulum: Standard radiographic evaluation
• Obtaining and understanding standard views
• Identifying and understanding Letournel’s six radiographic landmarks
• Acetabular Fractures: Plain Radiographs
• Classification of acetabular fractures
• Elementary and associated patterns
• Recognizing fracture patterns
• Classification algorithm
• Acetabular Fractures: CT evaluation
• Associated injuries
• Recognizing patterns on CT
• Further characterization of fractures
3. Core Curriculum V5
Objectives
• Intact Acetabulum: Standard radiographic evaluation
• Obtaining and understanding standard views
• Identifying and understanding Letournel’s six radiographic landmarks
• Acetabular Fractures: Plain Radiographs
• Classification of acetabular fractures
• Elementary and associated patterns
• Recognizing fracture patterns
• Classification algorithm
• Acetabular Fractures: CT evaluation
• Associated injuries
• Recognizing patterns on CT
• Further characterization of fractures
5. Core Curriculum V5
Standard Pelvic Radiographs
Three views should be
routinely obtained1:
• AP
• Judets (oblique)
• Obturator oblique
• Iliac oblique
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
6. Core Curriculum V5
AP Radiograph
• Centered on symphysis1
• Neutral rotation1,2
• Symmetric obturator
foramen
• Spinous process in line
with pubic symphysis
• Neutral pelvic tilt3
• Coccyx ~1-3cm above
symphysis
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
7. Core Curriculum V5
Judet Views
• Oriented 45 degrees to
coronal plane1
• Obturator ring is
perpendicular (orthogonal) to
iliac wing1,4
• Iliac oblique of one hip is
obturator oblique of
contralateral hip4
• Coccyx should be centered
over cotyloid fossa
Images courtesy of Dr. Raymond
Wright, MD
8. Core Curriculum V5
Obturator Oblique
• Injured hemipelvis bumped
up, toward XR beam1,2
• Iliac cross section small as
possible1
• Perfectly displays outline of
the obturator ring1
• Best demonstrates
• Anterior column
• Posterior wall
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
Obturator oblique
Iliac oblique
9. Core Curriculum V5
Iliac Oblique
• Contralateral (uninjured)
hemipelvis bumped up,
toward XR beam1,2
• Exposes surface of the iliac
wing1
• Obturator foramen not visible,
obturator ring as thin as
possible1
• Best demonstrates1
• Posterior column
• Anterior wall
• Iliac wing in profile
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
Obturator oblique
Iliac oblique
11. Core Curriculum V5
Letournel’s 6 Radiographic Landmarks
1. Iliopectineal line
2. Ilio-ischial line
3. Teardrop
4. Acetabular roof
5. Anterior wall
6. Posterior wall
*All identified on AP
pelvis radiograph
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
12. Core Curriculum V5
Iliopectineal line
• Landmark for anterior
column1
• Anterior ¾: pelvic brim
• Posterior ¼: sciatic
buttress and roof of
sciatic notch
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
13. Core Curriculum V5
Ilioischial line
• Landmark for posterior
column1
• Created by beam tangent
to posterior portion of
quadrilateral surface
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
14. Core Curriculum V5
Teardrop
• Not a true anatomic
structure1
• Medial limb
• obturator canal and
anteroinferior portion of
quadrilateral surface1
• Lateral limb
• Inferior aspect of anterior
wall1
• Represents maintained
relationship between
columns2
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
15. Core Curriculum V5
Acetabular Roof
• “Sourcil” = eyebrow1
• Created by beam tangent
to subchondral bone of
superior portion of
acetabulum1
• Represents superior
articular surface of the
acetabulum2
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
16. Core Curriculum V5
Border of Anterior & Posterior Wall
• Acetabulum slightly
anteverted
• Anterior wall appears
medial to posterior wall1
• Anterior wall is more
horizontal than posterior
wall2
• Radiographic landmark
for anterior wall is
contiguous w superior
border of obturator
foramen1,2
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
17. Core Curriculum V5
Letournel’s 6 Radiographic Landmarks
1. Iliopectineal line
• Anterior Column
2. Ilio-ischial line
• Posterior column
3. Teardrop
• Relationship between
columns
4. Acetabular roof
• Superior articular surface
5. Anterior wall
6. Posterior wall
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
19. Core Curriculum V5
Classification of Acetabular Fractures
Letournel’s Classification of Acetabular Fractures
Elementary Patterns
• Anterior wall fracture
• Posterior wall fracture
• Anterior column fracture
• Posterior column fracture
• Transverse fracture
Associated Patterns
• Transverse + posterior wall fracture
• Posterior column + posterior wall
• Anterior column + posterior
hemitransverse fracture
• T-type fracture
• Both column fracture
• Letournel’s Classification
• Five elementary patterns & five
associated patterns
• Based on anatomic pattern
• Determined by analyzing six
radiographic landmarks
• Determine which are disrupted
• Variations from these patterns
are common and well-
recognized1,2
20. Core Curriculum V5
Classification of Acetabular Fractures
• Elementary patterns
• Separates part or entirety of
single column from
acetabulum1
• Transverse fractures are an
exception1
• Both columns involved
• Included in elementary family
due to fundamental nature of
fracture line1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
A
A
A
A
A
21. Core Curriculum V5
Classification of Acetabular Fractures
• Associated patterns
• Combination of elementary
patterns1
• Elementary pattern + additional
fracture component1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
A
A A
A A A
A
23. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Wall Fractures
• Uncommon as isolated fractures1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
A
24. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Wall Fractures
• AP
• AIIS & pubis are not involved1
• Typically occurs along upper 1/31
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
25. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Wall Fractures
• Obturator Oblique
• Trapezoidal shaped fragment1
• Middle portion of anterior column
• Driven medially by femoral head
• Assess extent of articular surface
involvement
• How much is attached to the wall
fragment1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
26. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Wall Fractures
• Iliac Oblique
• Posterior column intact1
• Establish point of rupture of
anterior wall1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
27. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Wall Fractures
• Common pattern
• Commonly associated with
• Posterior dislocation of femoral
head1
• Significant marginal impaction1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
28. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Wall Fractures
• AP
• Often associated with posterior
dislocation of the femoral head1
• PW fragment appears as cap on
dislocated head1
• Once reduced, fracture may be
difficult to identify1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
29. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Wall Fractures
• Obturator oblique
• Provides most information
regarding posterior wall fracture1
• Depicts fragment size &
displacement1
• Any residual subluxation of the
femoral head1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
30. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Wall Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Typically not particularly useful in
characterizing posterior wall
fractures
• Fracture may not be visualized at
all
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
31. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Wall Fractures
• CT
• Fracture line oblique, anteriorly
and peripherally, at ~45 degrees1
• Characterizes marginal impaction1
• Rule out associated, minimally
displaced transverse fractures not
visible on plain radiographs1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
32. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column Fractures
• Subclassified based on where cranial
extent of fracture line exits 1,2
• A.) Very low: anteroinferior acetabulum
• Large portion of acetabular roof usually left
intact
• Often reduces spontaneously, remains
stable
• B.) Low: Psoas gutter
• Inferior to AIIS
• C.) Intermediate: Anterior interspinous
notch
• Between AIIS and ASIS
• D.) High: Iliac crest
• Posterior to ASIS Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
33. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column Fractures
• AP
• Disrupted iliopectineal line1
• Any involvement of iliac wing
often visible1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
34. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column Fractures
• Obturator Oblique
• Clearly shows location of
disruption of iliopectineal line1
• Best demonstrates extent of
medial displacement of anterior
column by femoral head1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
35. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Confirms integrity of posterior
column1
• Best depicts any involvement of
iliac wing1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
36. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column Fractures
• Fracture extends from posterior
column near apex of greater
sciatic notch2
• Continues caudally through
inferior ramus2
• Separates entire
ischioacetabular segment from
innominate bone2
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
37. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column Fractures
• AP:
• Loss of relationship of teardrop
with iliopectineal line1
• Ilioischial line displaced medially by
femoral head1
• Iliopectineal line intact1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
38. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column Fractures
• Obturator Oblique
• Confirms integrity of iliopectineal
line (Black arrow)1,2
• Ischiopubic segment disrupted
(White arrow)1,2
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
39. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column Fractures
• Iliac Oblique
• Confirms disrupted ilioischial line,
and extent of superior involvement1
• Typically angle of greater sciatic notch1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
40. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column Fractures
• CT
• Fracture line has transverse
(coronal) orientation on axial CT1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
41. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse Fractures
• Subclassified based on level of
fracture relative to acetabular
roof1,2
• A.) Infratectal
• Inferior part of anterior and posterior
walls
• B.) Juxtatectal
• Passes through highest point of
cotyloid fossa
• C.) Transtectal
• At the level of the roof
• Divides innominate bone into ilium
and ischiopubic segments1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
42. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse Fractures
• AP
• Both ilioischial and iliopectineal
lines disrupted1
• Obturator ring intact1
• Scrutinize for associated SI joint
injury1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
43. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse Fractures
• Obturator oblique
• Confirms integrity of obturator
ring1
• Aids in evaluation of relative
displacement of the fragments1
• Helpful for decision making for
choice of approach
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
44. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Depicts point of rupture of greater
sciatic notch (black arrow)1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood &
Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2019
45. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse Fractures
• CT
• Axial view
• Fracture line has vertical (sagittal)
orientation1
• Evaluate for concomitant SI joint
widening1
• Coronal view
• Useful for characterizing level of
fracture4
• ie. Trans/juxta/infra-tectal
• Assess for associated marginal
impaction4
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
47. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column + Posterior Wall Fractures
• Combination of two
elementary patterns2
• Posterior wall portion can be
thought of as comminution of
posterior rim where posterior
column fracture traverses it2
• Frequently associated with
femoral head dislocation2
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
48. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column + Posterior Wall Fractures
• AP
• Ilioischial line disrupted1
• “double” ilioischial line (black
arrow)1,2
• Sometimes posterior column
component is minimally displaced
and not readily visible on AP view1
• Posterior wall fragment
• Typically remains concentric with
femoral head in setting of
dislocation1
• Ischiopubic ramus typically
fractured1 (white arrowhead)
• Iliopectineal line intact1 (black
arrowheads)
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
49. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column + Posterior Wall Fractures
• Obturator oblique view
• Best demonstrates size and
displacement posterior wall
fragment1 (white arrow)
• Best delineates nature of inferior
exit point of posterior column
fracture1 (white arrowhead)
• Sometimes does not involve
obturator foramen1
• Instead splits the ischium1
• Intact iliopectineal line1 (black
arrowhead)
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2019
50. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column + Posterior Wall Fractures
• Iliac oblique view
• Best depicts displacement of
posterior column fragment1 (white
arrow)
• Disruption of greater sciatic notch1
• Posterior wall fragment appears
superimposed on roof of
acetabulum1 (black arrow)
Image courtesy of J. Chad Martin, DO
51. Core Curriculum V5
Posterior Column + Posterior Wall Fractures
• Axial CT
• Posterior column fracture (black
arrowheads)
• Can have coronal or oblique (anterior
and central) orientation1
• Posterior wall fracture (white
arrow)
• Orientation is typically oblique
(anterior and peripheral) at
approximately 45-60 degrees1
Image courtesy of J. Chad Martin, DO
52. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse + Posterior wall
• Transverse component
• Transtectal
• Juxtatectal
• Infratectal
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
53. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse + Posterior wall
• AP
• Teardrop is only remaining intact
radiographic landmark1
• Obturator ring intact1
• Ischiopubic segment driven
medially by femoral head1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
54. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse + Posterior wall
• Obturator oblique
• Best demonstrates posterior wall
fragment size and displacement1
• Best way to evaluate for any
persistent femoral head
subluxation1
• Obturator ring intact1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
55. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse + Posterior wall
• Iliac oblique
• Fracture line exiting greater sciatic
notch1
• Posterior wall fragment
superimposed on roof of
acetabulum1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
56. Core Curriculum V5
Transverse + Posterior wall
• Axial CT
• Transverse component
• vertical (sagittal) fracture
orientation1 (black arrow)
• Posterior wall component (white
arrow)
• typical oblique (anterior and
peripheral) fracture orientation1
• Assess for associated pelvic ring
injury1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures
in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2019
57. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column (or wall) + Posterior Hemitransverse
Fractures
• Common in elderly patients2,6
• Osteopenia
• Low energy mechanism
• Often have associated impaction
of the medial acetabular roof, or
“gull sign”2
• Majority involve anterior column
rather than anterior wall2
A A
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
58. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column (or wall) + Posterior Hemitransverse
Fractures
• AP
• Iliopectineal line disrupted
• Medial subluxation of femoral
head with segmental
displacement of iliopectineal line1
• Ilioischial line preserved1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
59. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column (or wall) + Posterior Hemitransverse
Fractures
• Obturator oblique
• Iliopectineal line disrupted
• Femoral head follows anterior
column lesion1
• Fracture often multifragmentary
with impaction1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens
Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2019
60. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column (or wall) + Posterior Hemitransverse
Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Best demonstrates direction of
posterior part of fracture1
• Disrupted posterior column
• Typically exits through greater sciatic
notch
• Demontrates involvement of ilium
when anterior column portion
extends into it1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2019
61. Core Curriculum V5
Anterior Column (or wall) + Posterior Hemitransverse
Fractures
• CT
• Anterior column component has
typical coronal orientation1
• Anterior fracture fragment often
highly comminuted1
• Posterior hemitransverse fracture
component typically has vertical
(anterior-posterior) direction,
reminiscent of transverse pattern1
• On axials, extends posteriorly from
the coronal anterior column fracture Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
62. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type Fractures
• Transverse fracture with vertical
fracture line through ischiopubic
segment
• On plain films, describe each
component sequentially:
1. Transverse component1:
• Transtectal
• Juxtatectal
• Infratectal
2. Vertical fracture line variants1
• Vertical: splits obturator ring down center
• Anterior: splits ring anteriorly
• Posterior: splits ring posteriorly
*Obturator ring may maintain its integrity
in anterior and posterior variants1
AAAAAAAAA
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
63. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type Fractures
• AP
• Transverse component almost
always has significant
displacement1
• Ilioischial line may appear
duplicated1,2 (black arrowheads)
• Displacement of vertical component
• Obturator ring disrupted1,2 (white
arrow)
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
64. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type Fractures
• Obturator oblique
• Disruption of the anterior
column
• Best characterizes pattern of
vertical (stem) component of
the fracture 1
• Vertical
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Best view to evaluate disruption
of obturator ring when present1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
65. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Disruption of greater sciatic
notch1, or posterior column (red
arrow)
• Best depicts any subluxation of
femoral head1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2019
66. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type Fractures
• CT
• Transverse component vertically
(sagittally) oriented on axial cuts1
• Best modality for diagnosing
minimally displaced vertical
components1
Images courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
67. Core Curriculum V5
T-Type vs. Anterior Column + Posterior
Hemitransverse
A
A
A
A
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
T-Type
Anterior Column +
Posterior Hemitransverse
68. Core Curriculum V5
Both Column Fractures
• No continuity between axial
skeleton and articular surface of
acetabulum1,2
• Typically very comminuted1
• Complexity is variable1
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
69. Core Curriculum V5
Both Column Fractures
• AP
• Disruption of all 6 of Letournel’s
radiographic lines1
• Femoral head often remains
congruent with roof & anterior
column1
• Commonly associated with fracture of
contralateral pubic body1
• Due to displacement of ipsilateral
superior pubic ramus fragment noted.
• Iliac wing fracture visualized when
present1
• May be incomplete1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
70. Core Curriculum V5
Both Column Fractures
• Obturator oblique
• Spur sign1,2
• Spike of non articular intact ilium
• Visible due to medial displacement
of acetabulum
• Confirms secondary congruence1
between femoral head and
acetabulum
• Rupture of obturator ring1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
71. Core Curriculum V5
Both Column Fractures
• Iliac oblique
• Best depicts displacement of
posterior column1
• Best depicts any fractures
extending into the ilium of the
ilium1
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
72. Core Curriculum V5
Both Column Fractures
• Axial CT
• Evaluate for any intact strut of
bone extending from sciatic
buttress to articular acetabulum4
• Spur sign of the iliac wing
• At level of roof, fracture typically
coronally oriented1
• Evaluate for associated
• Marginal impaction
• Intra-articular fragments
• Sacral fracture or SI joint injury
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
74. Core Curriculum V5
The Gull Sign
• Represents impaction of the
superomedial acetabular roof5
• Reminiscent of gull’s wing
• Indication of osteopenic bone5
• Poor prognostic sign5,6
• Predicts failure in patients with
acetabular fractures >60yo5
• Inability to achieve anatomic
reduction
• Early loss of reduction
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
75. Core Curriculum V5
Marginal Impaction
• Impacted osteochondral fragment2
• Displaced by femoral head as it
dislocates2
• Common in posterior wall fractures2
• Sometimes visible on plain
radiographs, but more easily
visualized on CT2
Image from Laura Blum, MD
76. Core Curriculum V5
Incarcerated Fragments
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
• Diagnosis
• Post-reduction films: non-
concentric joint space1
• Fragment often visualized
either:
• Extruded toward external
border
• Partly within cotyloid fossa
A B
77. Core Curriculum V5
Roof Arc Angle
• Three angles measured on
AP (A), iliac oblique (B),
and obturator oblique (C)7
• Vertical line drawn through
center of acetabulum
• Another line, 45 degrees
from that starting at the
center of the acetabulum
• If fracture falls within the
angle drawn on any of the
views, considered to be in
weight-bearing dome7
• Relative indication for
surgery
Images from Laura Blum, MD
A B C
78. Core Curriculum V5
Stress Exam Under Anesthesia
• Dynamic stress views
• Typically used to evaluate stability
of posterior wall fractures2
• Assess for congruity while loading
force through the femur
longitudinally2:
• Flex >90 degrees
• Flex, internally rotate approximately
20 degrees assess for congruity
Images courtesy of Luke
Harmer, MD
80. Core Curriculum V5
CT Evaluation: Associated Injuries
• Soft tissue
• Morel-Lavallee
• Genitourinary
• Orthopaedic
• Pelvic hematoma
• Bladder often shifts away from midline
• Can indicate subtle pelvic ring or
acetabular injury
• Pelvic ring2
• Sacral fracture
• Sacroiliac joint disruption
• Contralateral rami fractures
• Proximal femur/femoral head2
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
Image courtesy of Dr. Laura Blum, MD
81. Core Curriculum V5
CT Evaluation: Acetabulum
• Dedicated pelvic CT
• 2-3mm cuts
• Used only in conjunction with
plain pelvic radiographs1,4
• Axial cuts provide the most
information regarding
relationship of fracture line to
articular surface4
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
82. Core Curriculum V5
CT Evaluation: Acetabulum
• Recognizing patterns
• Axial view
• A.) Column fractures: Horizontal
(coronal) orientation1,4
• B.) Transverse: Vertical (sagittal
orientation)1,4
• C.) Anterior wall: Oblique1,2
• Travels anteriorly and medially
• ~45 degrees
• D.) Posterior wall: Oblique1,2
• Travels anteriorly and laterally
• ~45 degrees
Images from Laura Blum, MD
A B
C D
83. Core Curriculum V5
CT Evaluation: Acetabulum
• Better characterizes fractures1,4
• Marginal impaction
• Intra-articular fragments
• Fragment size
• Fragment displacement/rotation
• Reduction of femoral head
• Concentrically reduced, subluxed,
dislocated
• Better identify minimally displaced
fractures
• Femoral head impaction
Images courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
84. Core Curriculum V5
Suchondral Arc
• Method used to assess articular
continuity8
• Superior 10mm of the acetabulum
• Axial CT scan
• Must know thickness of CT cuts4
• ie. 2mm cuts 5 “clicks” through
the scan starting at the most superior
portion of acetabular roof
• Each line on the image represents
2mm cut on CT scan
• Analogous to roof arc angle
• If fracture visualized within top
10mm, considered to involve the
weightbearing dome4
Tornetta P 3rd. Displaced acetabular fractures: indications for operative and
nonoperative management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;9(1):18-
28. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200101000-00003. PMID: 11174160.
85. Core Curriculum V5
CT Evaluation: 3D Recons
• Help to visualize how the
fracture pattern will appear
intra-operatively4
• Can be helpful to plan reduction
maneuvers and lag screw
placement
• Improves 3D understanding of
fracture2,4
Images courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
87. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm
• Systematic approach for
classifying acetabular
fractures based on plain
radiographs4
• AP + judets
• First step is determining
the involvement of
ilioischial and
iliopectineal lines4
Both Disrupted Transverse
Transverse + posterior wall
T-type
Both column
Anterior column + posterior hemitransverse
Only ilioischial disrupted Posterior column
Posterior column + posterior wall
Only iliopectineal disrupted Anterior column
Neither disrupted Posterior wall
Anterior wall
88. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm:
Both lines disrupted
1. Both lines disrupted
• Fracture must be:
• Transverse
• Transverse + posterior wall
• T-type
• Both column
• Anterior column + posterior
hemitransverse
2. Evaluate obturator ring4
• Intact
• Disrupted
3. Evaluate for involvement of the
ilium4
• Iliac oblique view
4. Evaluate for spur sign4
• Obturator oblique view
Mauffrey, et al4
89. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm:
Both lines disrupted
Both iliopectineal
and ilioischial lines
disrupted
Is obturator
ring intact?
Is the ilium
fractured?
Is there a
posterior wall
fracture?
(obturator
oblique)
Transverse +
posterior
wall
Transverse
Both
column
T-type
Is there a
spur sign?
(obturator
oblique)
Anterior column +
posterior
hemitransverse
Mauffrey, et al4
90. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm:
Only iliopectineal line disrupted
• If only the ilioischial line is
disrupted4
• Fracture must be either:
• Posterior column
• Posterior column + posterior
wall
• Differentiate based on
presence of posterior wall
fracture4
• Obturator oblique view
Only ilioischial
line disrupted
Is there a
posterior wall
fracture?
Posterior
column
Posterior
column +
posterior wall
Mauffrey, et al4
91. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm:
Neither line disrupted
• If neither iliopectineal or
ilioischial line is disrupted4
• Both columns must therefore be
intact
• The fracture is either:
• Anterior wall
• Posterior wall
• Evaluate judet views to
determine which4
Neither ilioischial
or iliopectineal
lines disrupted
Fracture seen
on iliac
oblique
Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Fracture seen
on obturator
oblique
Mauffrey, et al4
92. Core Curriculum V5
Classification Algorithm:
Only iliopectineal line disrupted
If only the iliopectineal
line is disrupted, the only
possibility is an isolated
anterior column fracture4!
Only iliopectineal
line disrupted
Anterior column
Mauffrey, et al4
93. Core Curriculum V5
Both iliopectineal
and ilioischial lines
disrupted
Is obturator
ring intact?
Is there a
posterior
wall
fracture?
Transverse
+ posterior
wall
Transverse
Is the ilium
fractured?
Is there a
spur sign?
T-type
Both
column
Anterior column
+ posterior
hemitransverse
yes
yes yes
yes
no
no
no
no
Only iliopectineal
line disrupted
Anterior column
Only ilioischial
line disrupted
Is there a
posterior wall
fracture?
Posterior
column
Posterior column
+ posterior wall
Neither ilioischial
or iliopectineal
lines disrupted
Fracture
seen on iliac
oblique
Fracture seen
on obturator
oblique
Anterior wall Posterior wall
yes
no
Classification Algorithm: Put it all together
Mauffrey, et al4
94. Core Curriculum V5
Summary
• Three radiographic views for every
acetabulum
• AP
• Judet’s
• Obturator oblique
• Iliac oblique
• Letournel’s six radiographic
landmarks1
• Iliopectineal line anterior column
• Ilioischial line posterior column
• Teardrop
• Acetabular roof
• Anterior wall
• Posterior wall
Image courtesy of Dr. Raymond Wright, MD
96. Core Curriculum V5
Summary
• Classification
• Elementary Patterns
• Posterior wall
• Posterior column
• Anterior wall
• Anterior column
• Transverse
• Associated Patterns
• Posterior column + posterior wall
• Transverse + posterior wall
• T-type
• Anterior column + posterior
hemitransverse
• Both column
A
A A
A A
97. Core Curriculum V5
Summary
• Recognizing patterns
a) Column fractures: horizontal
a) Coronal plane
b) Transverse fractures: vertical
a) Sagittal plane
c) Anterior wall: anterior and
midline
d) Posterior wall: anterior and
peripheral
Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in
Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2019
98. Core Curriculum V5
Summary
• Classification algorithm
• Develop a systematic process
by which to evaluate imaging
in order to accurately classify
acetabular fractures.
• Evaluate
1. Integrity of liopectineal &
ilioischial lines
2. Integrity of obturator ring
3. Fracture extension into ilium
4. Judet views for associated
wall fracture
99. Core Curriculum V5
References
1. Letournel E, Judet R: Fractures of the Acetabulum, ed 2. Berlin, Germany, Springer, 1993.
2. Tornetta III, P et al. Rockwood & Greens Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
3. Tannast M, Zheng G, Anderegg C, et al. Tilt and rotation correction of acetabular version on pelvic
radiographs. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;438:182–190.
4. Mauffrey C, Stacey S, York PJ, Ziran BH, Archdeacon MT. Radiographic Evaluation of Acetabular Fractures: Review
and Update on Methodology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Feb 1;26(3):83-93. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00666.
PMID: 29266045.
5. Anglen JO, Burd TA, Hendricks KJ, Harrison P. The "Gull Sign": a harbinger of failure for internal fixation of geriatric
acetabular fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Oct;17(9):625-34. doi: 10.1097/00005131-200310000-00005. PMID:
14574190.
6. Butterwick D, Papp S, Gofton W, Liew A, Beaulé PE. Acetabular fractures in the elderly: evaluation and
management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 May 6;97(9):758-68. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.N.01037. PMID: 25948523.
7. Matta JM, Anderson LM, Epstein HC, Hendricks P. Fractures of the acetabulum. A retrospective analysis. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Apr;(205):230-40. PMID: 3698382.
8. Olson SA, Matta JM. The computerized tomography subchondral arc: a new method of assessing acetabular
articular continuity after fracture (a preliminary report). J Orthop Trauma. 1993;7(5):402-13. doi:
10.1097/00005131-199310000-00002. PMID: 8229376.
9. Tornetta P 3rd. Displaced acetabular fractures: indications for operative and nonoperative management. J Am
Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;9(1):18-28. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200101000-00003. PMID: 11174160.