This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis (OA). It begins with protective mechanisms of synovial joints and defines OA as a degenerative disease involving cartilage loss, new bone growth, and joint contour changes. Risk factors include age, genetics, and mechanical factors. Clinically, OA causes pain worsened by activity that improves with rest, morning stiffness under 30 minutes, and functional limitations. Investigations show joint space narrowing on x-rays. Management includes patient education, exercises, medications like paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids, and corticosteroid injections, as well as surgery for advanced cases.

2. OSTEOARTHRITIS
PRESENTED BY:
SAPEEDEH AFZAL
ROLL # 10
GROUP: A-1

3. ROAD MAP
• PROTECTIVE MECHANISM OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• WHAT IS OA
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE.
• AETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FEATURES
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• INVESTIGATIONS
• MANAGEMENT

4. PROTECTIVE MECHANISM OF
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

5. WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS ???
Osteoarthritis is a
degenerative disease of
synovial joints
characterized by focal loss
of articular hyaline
cartilage with proliferation
of new bone & remodeling of
joint contour.

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Weight bearing joints e.g. knee & hip joints.
• Age > 65 years.
– 80% have radiographic features.
– 25-30% have symptoms.
• More common in women.
• Familial tendency.

7. DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE

8. ETIOLOGY
• PRIMARY / IDIOPATHIC:
When there is no obvious predisposing
factor. Common form of OA.
• SECONDARY:
When degenerative joint changes occur in
response to a recognizable local or systemic
factor.

9. CAUSES OF SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS

10. RISK FACTORS
AGEING
CONSTITUTIONAL
SUSCEPTIBILITY
MECHANICAL FACTORS

11. PATHOGENESIS
• Progressive destruction &
loss of articular cartilage
with an accompanying
peri-articular bone
response leads to
exposure of sub-chondral
bone which becomes
sclerotic, with increased
blood vascularity & cyst
formation.

12. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Pain:
– Activity & weight-bearing
related, relieved by rest.
– Variable over time.
– Only one or few joints involved.
• Morning stiffness only brief
<30 minutes.
• Restricted functionality:
– Capsular thickening.
– Blocking by osteophytes.

13. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN NODAL
GENERALIZED OA
• Presentation typically in women. (40 & 50 years)
• Pain.
• Stiffness.
• Swelling of one or few finger interphalangeal
joints ( distal > proximal).
• Heberden’s nodes (+/- Bouchard’s nodes).
• Involvement of first carpometacarpal joint is common.
• Predisposition to OA at other joints specially knees.

14. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN KNEE OA
• Targets patello-femoral & medial tibio-femoral compartments of knee.
• Pain is localized to anterior or medial aspect of knee & upper tibia.
• Jerky gait.
• Varus deformity.
• Joint line &/or periarticular tenderness.
• Weakness & wasting of quadriceps muscle.
• Restricted extension & flexion.
• Bony swelling around joint.

15. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN HIP OA
• Targets mostly superior aspect & less commonly medial aspect of joint.
• Pain is maximally deep in groin area.
• Antalgic gait.
• Weakness & wasting of muscles (quadriceps & gluteal).
• Pain & restricted internal rotation with flexion.

16. CLINICAL FINDINGS IN EARLY-
ONSET OA
• Before the age of 45 years.
• Single or multiple joint involvement.
• Typical signs & symptoms of OA.

17. CLINICAL FEATURES IN EROSIVE OA
• Preferentially targeting proximal IPJs.
• Common development of IPJ lateral instability.
• Sub-chondral erosions on x-rays.
• Ankylosis of IPJs.

18. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
FEATURES OSTEOARTHRITIS RHUEMATOID
ARTHRITIS
GOUT
PRESENCE OF SYMPTOMS
AFFECTING THE WHOLE
BODY:
Systemic symptoms are
not present.
Frequent fatigue and a
general feeling of being ill
are present
Chills and a mild fever
along with a general
feeling of malaise may
also accompany the
severe pain and
inflammation
DURATION OF MORNING
STIFFNESS:
Morning stiffness lasts
less than 30-60 mins;
Morning stiffness lasts
longer than 1 hour.
Not seen
NODULES: Heberden's & bouchard's
nodes
Heberden’s nodes are
absent.
PAIN WITH MOVEMENT: Movement increases pain Movement decreases pain
AGE OF ONSET: Most commonly occurs in
individuals over the age
of 50.
Usual age of onset is 20-
40 years.
Usually over 35 yrs of age
in men and after
menopause in females
LAB FINDINGS: Ra factor & anti-ccp
antibody negative.
Normal esr & c-reactive
protein.
Ra factor & anti-ccp
antibody positive. Esr & c-
reactive protein elevated.
Joint fluid microscopy is
diagnostic.

19. INVESTIGATIONS
• PLAIN X-RAY:
– JOINT SPACE
NARROWING
– SUBCHONDRAL
SCLEROSIS

20. MARGINAL OSTEOPHYTES

21. SUBCHONDRAL CYST

22. • BLOOD TEST:
– FBC NORMAL.
– ESR NORMAL.
– CRP NORMAL.
– RHEUMATOID FACTOR NEGATIVE.
• SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS:
– VISCOUS WITH LOW TURBIDITY.
– CPPD & CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
INVESTIGATIONS

23. MANAGEMENT

24. NON-PHARMACOTHERAPY
– Full explanation of the condition via patient education:
• Properly position and support your neck and back while sitting or sleeping.
• Adjust furniture, such as raising a chair or toilet seat.
• Avoid repeated motions of the joint, especially frequent bending.
• Lose weight if you are overweight or obese,
which can reduce pain and slow progression
of OA.
• Exercise each day.
• Build confidence.

25. NON-PHARMACOTHERAPY
• Exercises:
• Aerobic conditioning.
• Muscle strengthening exercises.
• Reduction of adverse mechanical
factors:
• Weight loss.
• Pacing of activities.
• Appropriate footwear.

26. PHARMACOTHERAPY
PARACETAMOL
•Initial drug of choice
•Orally 1 gm 6-8 hourly
NSAIDs
•Indicated as needed.
•Oral e.g: ibuprofen & coxibs
•Topically e.g: capsaicin
0.025% cream
WEAK OPIOIDS
•Occasionally required.
•e.g: dihydrocodeine
INTRA-ARTICULAR
CORTICOSTEROIDS
INJECTIONS
•3-5 weekly.
HYALURONIC INJECTIONS
HYALURONIC INJECTIONS
•Injections for 3-5 weeks.
Injections for 3-5 weeks.
•Pain relief for several months.

27. SURGICAL TREATMENT
• Should be considered for those who do not give response to
pharmacotherapy.
– Osteotomy.
– Joint replacement.
– Total joint replacement.