The document discusses the evolution of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) from the Cold War era through post-9/11, highlighting its role in political dialogue, security measures, and conflict resolution. It covers key institutional structures, missions, and efforts towards promoting democracy, combating hate crimes, and enhancing policing in multiethnic societies, particularly in the Balkans. The OSCE's ongoing challenges and successes in facilitating cooperation among its 57 participating states and addressing emerging security threats are also addressed.

3. Transformation
Cold War:
Dialogue and
cooperation
• Helsinki process
• Attempted to foster
détente
• Political dialogue
and multilateral
diplomacy between
East and West
• Human and
politico-military
aspects of security
• Confidence- and
security- building
measures (CSBMs)
• First twisting point:
the end of the Cold
War and the
collapse of the
Soviet Union/
communism
Post-Cold War:
Managing
transition
• Strengthened and
transformed, not
eliminated
• Institutionalised
• Field operations
(missions) launched
• Emphasised on
early-warning and
conflict prevention
• Concentrated on
post-conflict
rehabilitation in the
Balkans
• Second twisting
point: increased
democratisation
introduced to
former Soviet
countries and 9/11
terrorism
Post 9/11:
Promoting
integration
• New threats in
international
security
• The enlargement of
NATO and the EU
• Reduces missions in
EU covered regions
• Intensify missions
in central Asia and
the Caucasus
• Closer collaboration
with UN, NATO,
and the EU
• Counter-terrorism
• Policing capability
• “Horizontal” issues
• Shares experiences
• Organisational
reforms

4. Institutions and Structures
Chairmanship:
- Chairperson-in-Office (CiO); Germany 2016
Participating States:
- 57 States; more than a billion people; North America, Europe and Asia
Partner States and organizations:
- 11 Mediterranean and Asian Partner of Co-operation states
- key partner organizations : UN, EU, Council of Europe, and NATO
Summits:
- periodic meetings of Heads of State or Government of OSCE
participating States
Ministerial Council:
- decision-making and governing power lies with the Ministerial Council
during periods between summits
- members are the Foreign Ministers of participating States.
Permanent Council:
- the main regular decision-making bodies of the Organization

5. Parliamentary
Assembly
High
Commissioner on
National
Minorities
Secretariat
Representative
on Freedom of
the Media
Office for
Democratic
Institutions
and Human
Rights
Court of
Conciliation
and Arbitration
Minsk Group
Institutions and Structures
Prevents tensions
involved national
minorities’ issues
developed into a
conflict
Provides
operational
support
Preforms early warning
function via observing media
developments and
monitoring states’
commitments to freedom of
expression and free media
Assists participating States to
ensure full respect for human
rights and fundamental
freedoms; enhances dialogue
among States, governments
and civil society
Settles, by means of
conciliation or
arbitration, the
disputes between
States submitted
Works on conflict
prevention and resolution;
provides an appropriate
framework for conflict
resolution
Facilitates inter-parliamentary
dialogue between those 323 members;
strengthens the consolidation of
democratic institutions

6. ODIHR and regional security threat
• Combating hate-motivated crimes and incidents
• Countering organised hate groups
• Advanced operations and mediums: internet, music, symbols…
• Commitment: The 2003 Ministerial Council Declaration
• “Violent manifestations of intolerance threaten the security of individuals and have the
potential to give rise to wider-scale conflict and violence”
• Law Enforcement Outreach Program (LEOP)
• Provides technical support and expertise:
- adopts a ‘train-the-trainer’ and ‘police-to-police’ approach
- recognizing that professional law enforcement training
• ODIHR: undertaken an initial research and analysis; conducted a series of consultations
• Informal co-operation: law enforcement agencies engaging in information, data, symbols
and other intelligence exchanges
• A formalized network to facilitate increased co-operation between law enforcement agencies
in investigating and preventing hate crimes
• Hungary and Spain: Pilot implementation -> Croatia: first in full implementation

7. Uzbekistan
Bishkek,
Kyrgyzstan
Yerevan, Armenia
Ukraine
Astana,
KazakhstanSerbia
Skopje, the
Republic of
Macedonia
Montenegro
Kosovo
Albania

8. Kosovo: gateway to eastward expansion
• Traditional presence of Serbs and Albania in Kosovo
• Increasingly violent nationalism built in these two ethnics
• Early 1980s: Serbian encountered hostility from Albanian community
• The Yugoslavia conflict: Albania Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) vs Kosovo Serbs
• NATO: lacked the resources or institutional knowledge to incorporate peace-
building activities
• OSCE: has experience in institutional reform and market- economy building.
• 1992 deployed mission to Kosovo
• 1999 Kosovo Verification Mission: monitored and observed the ceasefire
agreement of 1998
• Worked with the UN: UNMIK
Kosovo Police
School
Humane
resources
capacity
Positive
development
of civil society
Institution
building
UNHCR;
minority
human rights
Human
rights

9. Policing Kosovo: joint efforts
OSCE Mission in Kosovo (OMIK): UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK):
• Constructed local party structures
• Carried out various pre-election efforts
• The municipal institutional process: the
Unit for Political Party Development
(PPD) focused on smaller parties, citizen
initiatives and ethnic minorities
considerations in party structures
• Conducted the general registration of
political parties as legal entities under
Kosovo’s electoral laws (UNMIK
regulations)
• Co-ordination role
• Enabled bigger organizations and NGOs to
participate actively in
• Commenced Joint Interim
Administration Structure (JIAS)
• Instituted UN administrators
throughout the province
• The JIAS process: the political structure
for local consultation and co-
administration for executive and legal
decision-making by UNMIK
• Aimed at replacing all self-appointed
informal structures prior to the central
elections
• Central institution-building measures:
Provisional Institutions of Self-
Government (PISG) and its Assembly
Task Force
Aims: building democratic institutions and functioning parliamentary structures
Mixed success: they have contributed to the establishment of parliamentary assemblies and local
governments as the first democratically elected institutions since 2000/2001
However OMIK could hardly exercise more than consultative influence on UNMIK

10. Policing Serbia
• Multiethnicity: Serbs (82.86%), Hungarians (3.91%), Bosniaks (1.81%), Roma (1.44%),
Croats, Montenegrins, Albanians, Slovak
• The dissolution of SRF Yugoslavia; civil wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and
Kosovo -> refugees influx
• A society in transition (from an authoritarian to a democratic) and encountering post-
conflict
• Significant decline in public confidence in the police: was serving the political regime
instead of protecting the people
• Greater distrust in the national minorities
• National origin concern: non-Serb police officers were excluded from the police
• Police reform: the Policing Diversity Project (2006) by the Law Enforcement Department of
the OSCE Mission to Serbia, the British Council, and the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
(MoI)
• Attempted to enhancing the relations between the police and the minority and vulnerable
groups and improving multiethnic policing
• 4 ‘Ds’ – de-politicization, de-centralization, de-criminalization, and de-militarization
• Obstacles: strong nationalism and no strategy of national reconciliation; the system of
values

11. Policing Serbia
• The violence (between an Albanian rebel group and the Serbian authorities): ethnic
tensions, underdevelopment, high unemployment and institutional neglect
• “The OSCE’s role as an independent broker was essential in negotiating a path between a
demoralised and outdated police force and a sceptical, untrusting public.” DOWNES &
KEANE, 2006
• Serbian police reform: part of a peace plan for ending the conflict
• Boosting the number of Albanians in state institutions and in police officers
• Creating a multi-ethnic police element (MEPE) for the conflict region
• OSCE: overseeing its implementation; crisis stabilisation and management
Police
training and
education
Organised
crime
Border
policing
Police
accountability
Community
policing
Crime scene
management
6 priority areas in police reform programme

12. References
• Bishop, J. (2008). Addressing hate crime as a regional security threat: an overview of the ODIHR
Law Enforcement Officer Programme. Security & Human Rights. 19 (2), p147-156. 10p.
• David J. Galbreath. (2007). The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. United
Kingdom: Routledge Ltd.
• DOWNES, M. AND KEANE, R. (2006). Police Reform Amid Transition: The Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Serbia. Civil Wars. 8 (2), pp.181–196.
• Kemp, W. (2004). The OSCE: Entering a third phase in its third decade. Helsinki Monitor. 15 (4),
p254-262. 9p.
• Kešetović, Ž. (2012). Policing in multiethnic Serbia. Police Practice & Research. 13 (1), p59-70.
12p.
• Narten, J. (2006). Building local institutions and parliamentarianism in post-war Kosovo: A
review of joint efforts by the UN and OSCE from 1999-2006. Helsinki Monitor. 17 (2), p144-159.
16p.
• OSCE (2016) http://www.osce.org/