This document summarizes data on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virologic surveillance from 2012-2019. It finds that 18,176 samples were submitted from 101 countries divided into 7 pools. Surveillance coverage was heterogeneous between and within virus pools. Certain regions like South Asia, West Africa and Southern Africa consistently showed inadequate virologic surveillance and virus characterization. This highlights the need for targeted interventions to strengthen surveillance and diagnostic capacities at regional and national levels to better inform FMD control strategies.

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Tiziano Federici1, PaoloMotta 1, Etienne Chevanne1 ,Melissa Mclaws1,Kees Van
Maanen1, Antonello Di Nardo2 , Mark Henstock2 D, onald King2, Keith J. Sumption1
1. European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth -Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
2.The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK1
Historical review of FMD virologic surveillance
and lessons since the establishment of the joint
FAO and OIE Global FMD Control Strategy (2012-
2019)

2. 2
Background
 FAO and OIE launched in 2012 the Global FMD Control Strategy. The aim is to reduce the impact of FMD on
animal health and production in endemic countries and decrease the risk of reintroduction into free areas.
 Vaccination is an important tool for FMD control
 The antigenic match between the vaccine strain
and the field strain is one of the key element for
the implementation of effective vaccination
programs in endemic countries, and many FMD-
free countries maintain vaccine banks stocked with
vaccine antigens protective against the viral strains
believed to pose the highest risk of incursion
 Virologic surveillance and virus characterization are
key to inform appropriate and effective targeted
vaccination in affected areas, and to support the
development of adequate contingency plans to limit
the impact and spread of FMD in free countries or
zones.

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Data
 Data were extracted from the OIE/FAO
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference
Laboratory Network from 2012 to 2019
 There is a total of 101
Countries divided in 7 pools
Country Pool
Livestock
population
O A C SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 Untyped NVD 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total samples (2012-
2019)
Total Samples
sequenced
(2014-2018)
Country code
% of samples sequenced over
samples submitted (2014-2019)
Cambodia Pool 1 5725000 30 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 28 5 15 20 22 0 6 0 0 68 26 KH 38,24%
China Pool 1 992025100 137 59 0 0 0 0 0 66 331 84 52 36 38 34 58 139 152 593 259 CN 43,68%
China (Hong Kong SAR) Pool 1 179700 51 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 25 3 2 15 12 8 4 27 13 84 29 Hong Kong 34,52%
Japan Pool 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Japan 116,67%
Korea, Democratic People's
Republic of
Pool 1 6508000 48 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 32 0 0 10 5 43 12 7 11 88 67 KP 76,14%
Korea, Republic of Pool 1 13548337 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 KR 0,00%
Laos Pool 1 6522000 35 16 0 0 0 0 0 4 76 0 17 11 20 50 8 25 0 131 27 Lao PDR 20,61%
Malaysia Pool 1 3283978 51 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 18 0 51 21 26 0 12 0 128 24 Malaysia 18,75%
Mongolia Pool 1 48683832 74 16 0 0 0 0 0 7 30 0 13 12 16 5 35 39 7 127 75 Mongolia 59,06%
Myanmar Pool 1 39442190 45 3 0 0 0 0 2 41 22 0 0 0 5 26 67 0 15 113 28 Myanmar 24,78%
Russian Federation Pool 1 62989378 88 83 0 0 0 0 18 0 461 7 153 271 1 108 8 46 56 650 67 Russia 10,31%
Taiwan Province of China Pool 1 6114705 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 1 TW 12,50%
Thailand Pool 1 14001640 699 508 0 0 0 0 0 95 484 68 121 376 474 312 167 130 138 1786 384 Thailand 21,50%
Viet Nam Pool 1 36108075 154 80 0 0 0 0 0 11 45 31 73 32 24 35 0 40 55 290 385 Vietnam 132,76%
Total samples 2012-2019
Total serotypes identified from 2012 to 2019
 18,176 samples submitted
in the period 2012/19
The samples spreadsheet contains all the data extracted from the annual reports

4. 4
 the samples submitted, serotyped and
sequenced indicate that surveillance
coverage is heterogeneous, showing
variability overtime both between and within
virus Pools
Results 1 - Overview

5. 5
Conclusions
 Geographical gaps are consistent
over time, highlighting inadequate
virologic surveillance and virus
characterization, particularly in FMD
virus Pools 2 (S. Asia), 5 (W. Africa)
and 6 (Southern Africa)
 These analysis indicates there is a need for targeted intervention to improve virologic
surveillance, by better characterizing the types of technical and logistical limitations
to strengthen surveillance and diagnostics capacities at regional and national levels.

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