Quality control tests for vaccines convertedmeghmicro
This document summarizes quality control tests for Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) vaccines, including animal-based and qualitative tests. Animal-based tests use guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits to assess biological activity by monitoring parameters like survival, temperature changes, and antibody production. Qualitative tests for each vaccine include in vivo testing, immunodiffusion assays, ELISA, and specific tests like the Kendrick test for pertussis vaccine. Radial immunodiffusion and rocket immunoelectrophoresis are also described as alternatives to animal-based methods that allow antigen quantification and identity confirmation.
SWINE PROTECTION IN THE EARLY STAGE WITH INTRADERMAL VACCINE AGAINST TYPE A F...EuFMD
The document compares the immune response induced by intradermal (ID) vaccination versus intramuscular (IM) vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine. Results showed the ID vaccine induced a stronger immune response, with higher levels of antibodies and cytokines, providing earlier protection. Specifically, ID vaccination led to higher levels of IgG, IgE, TNF-α, and IL-4 in guinea pigs. In swine, only 1 pig in the ID group showed clinical symptoms after challenge, versus all pigs in unvaccinated groups. The ID vaccine demonstrated advantages over IM including lower dose and less invasive administration.
1. A study examined the effect of needle length when administering the hepatitis B vaccine to obese adolescents, finding that those who received the standard 1-inch needle had lower antibody titers compared to those who received the longer 1.5-inch needle.
2. Prophylactic administration of paracetamol after vaccination was found to reduce febrile reactions but also reduce antibody responses to several vaccine antigens.
3. Influenza vaccination was found to reduce mortality risk among the elderly and protect against all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.
This document provides information on microbiological assays of various vaccines, including adsorbed diphtheria vaccine, rabies vaccine, and hepatitis A & B vaccines. It discusses the principles, procedures, test animals, and calculations involved in determining the potency of these vaccines using biological assays. For adsorbed diphtheria vaccine, both intradermal challenge and lethal challenge methods are described. Rabies vaccine and antiserum are assayed using challenge virus and determining the dose needed for protection. Hepatitis A vaccine is assayed in vivo by measuring the immune response in mice.
Culture sensitivity tests are used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria or fungi causing an infection. A sample is taken from the infected area and any germs grown in culture. Discs containing different antibiotics are placed on the culture and the size of the zone where no germs grow shows how sensitive the germs are. This helps doctors choose the most effective antibiotic treatment. Results may show germs as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antibiotic tested. Sensitivity tests are important for guiding treatment decisions and monitoring antibiotic resistance in communities.
This document discusses newer antibiotics and their uses. It introduces several classes of newer antibiotics, including oxazolidinones (linezolid), glycolipopeptides (daptomycin), glycopeptides (telavancin), and pleuromutilins (retapamulin). These newer drugs are effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens like MRSA and VRE. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, clinical trial results, and side effects of these newer antibiotic classes.
Quality control tests for vaccines convertedmeghmicro
This document summarizes quality control tests for Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) vaccines, including animal-based and qualitative tests. Animal-based tests use guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits to assess biological activity by monitoring parameters like survival, temperature changes, and antibody production. Qualitative tests for each vaccine include in vivo testing, immunodiffusion assays, ELISA, and specific tests like the Kendrick test for pertussis vaccine. Radial immunodiffusion and rocket immunoelectrophoresis are also described as alternatives to animal-based methods that allow antigen quantification and identity confirmation.
SWINE PROTECTION IN THE EARLY STAGE WITH INTRADERMAL VACCINE AGAINST TYPE A F...EuFMD
The document compares the immune response induced by intradermal (ID) vaccination versus intramuscular (IM) vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine. Results showed the ID vaccine induced a stronger immune response, with higher levels of antibodies and cytokines, providing earlier protection. Specifically, ID vaccination led to higher levels of IgG, IgE, TNF-α, and IL-4 in guinea pigs. In swine, only 1 pig in the ID group showed clinical symptoms after challenge, versus all pigs in unvaccinated groups. The ID vaccine demonstrated advantages over IM including lower dose and less invasive administration.
1. A study examined the effect of needle length when administering the hepatitis B vaccine to obese adolescents, finding that those who received the standard 1-inch needle had lower antibody titers compared to those who received the longer 1.5-inch needle.
2. Prophylactic administration of paracetamol after vaccination was found to reduce febrile reactions but also reduce antibody responses to several vaccine antigens.
3. Influenza vaccination was found to reduce mortality risk among the elderly and protect against all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.
This document provides information on microbiological assays of various vaccines, including adsorbed diphtheria vaccine, rabies vaccine, and hepatitis A & B vaccines. It discusses the principles, procedures, test animals, and calculations involved in determining the potency of these vaccines using biological assays. For adsorbed diphtheria vaccine, both intradermal challenge and lethal challenge methods are described. Rabies vaccine and antiserum are assayed using challenge virus and determining the dose needed for protection. Hepatitis A vaccine is assayed in vivo by measuring the immune response in mice.
Culture sensitivity tests are used to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria or fungi causing an infection. A sample is taken from the infected area and any germs grown in culture. Discs containing different antibiotics are placed on the culture and the size of the zone where no germs grow shows how sensitive the germs are. This helps doctors choose the most effective antibiotic treatment. Results may show germs as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antibiotic tested. Sensitivity tests are important for guiding treatment decisions and monitoring antibiotic resistance in communities.
This document discusses newer antibiotics and their uses. It introduces several classes of newer antibiotics, including oxazolidinones (linezolid), glycolipopeptides (daptomycin), glycopeptides (telavancin), and pleuromutilins (retapamulin). These newer drugs are effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens like MRSA and VRE. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, clinical trial results, and side effects of these newer antibiotic classes.
CORRELATION BETWEEN SEROLOGICAL TITER AND PROTECTION IN PIGS VACCINATED WITH ...EuFMD
This academic research poster summarizes a study analyzing the correlation between vaccination antibody titers (VNTs) and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in pigs. The study used data from 112 vaccinated pigs challenged with FMDV. Statistical analysis showed a close correlation between VNT levels at 28 days post-vaccination and protection, with a VNT of 0.9 associated with at least 75% protection. In contrast, VNT levels at other time points showed less correlation with protection. These results suggest VNT levels can predict vaccine protection in pigs and support using serology for FMD control. However, more research is needed to validate this approach for other FMDV subtypes and
Biological test and assay of Absorbed Diphtheria vaccineUshaKhanal3
This document discusses vaccines and the biological assay of adsorbed diphtheria vaccines. It defines vaccines as substances containing harmless forms of disease-causing germs. The two main classifications of vaccines are live/attenuated vaccines, which use weakened live pathogens, and dead/inactivated vaccines, which use killed pathogens. The document then focuses on adsorbed diphtheria vaccines, describing their production, recommended dosing, and two methods for determining their potency/effectiveness - the intradermal challenge method using guinea pigs and the lethal challenge method. Both methods involve injecting vaccinated and unvaccinated guinea pigs with diphtheria toxin to compare protection levels.
Microbiological culture sensitivity testAkhil Joseph
The document discusses microbiological culture sensitivity testing which determines the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It defines susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications according to international standards. An example test result for an E. coli strain is given. The document also discusses the disk diffusion and broth dilution methods used to conduct sensitivity testing and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics. It provides details on how these tests are performed and interpreted.
In-vitro Correlates of Heterologous Protection using Avidity and IgG-Subtypin...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Colibacilosis in a 1000 flock of twenty seven-old andTimothyOjodare1
A flock of 1000 27-week-old layers and another flock of 1000 47-week-old layers at a veterinary teaching hospital presented with colibacillosis. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of pathogenic E. coli in both flocks. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed the E. coli was resistant to all antibiotics previously administered by the owner except for colistin and ciprofloxacin. Both flocks were treated with colistin based on the sensitivity results. The document discusses the importance of appropriate antibiotic use and obtaining antibiotic sensitivity testing to prevent further development of antimicrobial resistance.
Vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections. Clindamycin can be used in this case since the culture showed sensitivity to clindamycin. Clindamycin is an acceptable alternative to vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA.
OS16 - 2.P2.d Correlation of Serological Response After Vaccination Against...EuFMD
This study examined the correlation between antibody levels after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and protection against challenge in pigs. The researchers analyzed data from five pig vaccination-challenge experiments totaling 63 pigs. They found a significant correlation between antibody titers, as measured by virus neutralization tests, and protection against both clinical disease and virus shedding. Specifically, they calculated that a titer of 1.4 or higher was needed for 50% protection against clinical disease, while a higher titer of 1.8 or more was required for 50% protection against virus shedding. The type of challenge strain or challenge method did not significantly impact protection. This study thus demonstrated that antibody titers can predict vaccine
Is my vaccination program working? Vaccine effectiveness: measuring vaccine p...ILRI
The document discusses methods for evaluating the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in the field. It describes traditional methods like challenge studies and serological evaluation that have limitations. It then focuses on evaluating vaccine effectiveness by comparing disease incidence in vaccinated versus unvaccinated populations during an FMD outbreak. The method calculates vaccine effectiveness as the percentage reduction in incidence observed in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated. It provides an example calculation and discusses factors that can affect vaccine effectiveness estimates like pathogen exposure levels. Adjusting for confounding factors through study design and analysis is also addressed.
Parental migration from Asia to Australia is an important risk factor for developing tree nut allergy in children. The prevalence of tree nut allergy varies globally, with hazelnut being most common in Europe and cashew in Australia. Co-sensitization and clinical allergy to multiple tree nuts is common due to cross-reactivity between related proteins. The major tree nut allergens are stable seed storage proteins, though some conformational changes can occur during food processing that potentially impact allergenicity. Clinical reactions can be severe or systemic. Diagnosis involves clinical history, skin prick testing, nut-specific IgE levels, and oral food challenges.
A serology testing clinical review by Dr Jean Dodds. Updated scientific data created to better understand the recommended protocols for canine and feline vaccination.
Dr. Mike Apley - Where Are We With Resistance in Vet Medicine? Are We Having ...John Blue
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine and its relationship to human medicine. It discusses the history of antimicrobial drug development, common drugs approved for use in food animals like cattle, and estimates of medically important antimicrobial use in swine and cattle production. It addresses concerns about the transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans and risks to public health. The presentation defines judicious antimicrobial use and calls for improved veterinary education and alternative disease management strategies to reduce reliance on antibiotics. It argues that veterinarians should maintain control over antimicrobial use decisions in food animals.
1. The history of vaccine development began with early attempts at variolation and inoculation against smallpox in the 1000s/1600s. Edward Jenner published findings on using cowpox to immunize against smallpox in 1798. Louis Pasteur discovered ways to attenuate microorganisms and created the first rabies vaccine in 1885.
2. Oral vaccines have advantages over traditional needle vaccines like easier administration, lower costs, and increased compliance. However, challenges include protecting antigens from degradation and ensuring delivery and uptake in the intestinal mucosa.
3. Successful oral vaccines currently in use include polio, rotavirus, and cholera vaccines, while further research is still needed to develop
Dr. Mike Roof - Current status - "State of the Union" - PRRS vaccine researchJohn Blue
Current status - State of the Union - PRRS vaccine research - Dr. Mike Roof, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
• Describe the role of antibiotic use in the
development of resistance
• Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
• Understand the prevalence and clinical impact
of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
• State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant
Staph aureus infections
DR Gill allergen immunotherapy apr 2nd, 2014Ihsaan Peer
This document provides an overview of allergen immunotherapy for primary care physicians. It discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and guidelines for treatment, including the roles of subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy tablets. It reviews the long-term efficacy of immunotherapy in reducing asthma incidence and severity, preventing new sensitizations, and maintaining effects after discontinuation of treatment. It also provides details on administering subcutaneous immunotherapy and available sublingual immunotherapy tablet options.
•Describe the role of antibiotic use in the development of resistance
•Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
•Understand the prevalence and clinical impact of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
•State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant Staph aureus infections
CORRELATION BETWEEN SEROLOGICAL TITER AND PROTECTION IN PIGS VACCINATED WITH ...EuFMD
This academic research poster summarizes a study analyzing the correlation between vaccination antibody titers (VNTs) and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in pigs. The study used data from 112 vaccinated pigs challenged with FMDV. Statistical analysis showed a close correlation between VNT levels at 28 days post-vaccination and protection, with a VNT of 0.9 associated with at least 75% protection. In contrast, VNT levels at other time points showed less correlation with protection. These results suggest VNT levels can predict vaccine protection in pigs and support using serology for FMD control. However, more research is needed to validate this approach for other FMDV subtypes and
Biological test and assay of Absorbed Diphtheria vaccineUshaKhanal3
This document discusses vaccines and the biological assay of adsorbed diphtheria vaccines. It defines vaccines as substances containing harmless forms of disease-causing germs. The two main classifications of vaccines are live/attenuated vaccines, which use weakened live pathogens, and dead/inactivated vaccines, which use killed pathogens. The document then focuses on adsorbed diphtheria vaccines, describing their production, recommended dosing, and two methods for determining their potency/effectiveness - the intradermal challenge method using guinea pigs and the lethal challenge method. Both methods involve injecting vaccinated and unvaccinated guinea pigs with diphtheria toxin to compare protection levels.
Microbiological culture sensitivity testAkhil Joseph
The document discusses microbiological culture sensitivity testing which determines the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It defines susceptible, intermediate, and resistant classifications according to international standards. An example test result for an E. coli strain is given. The document also discusses the disk diffusion and broth dilution methods used to conduct sensitivity testing and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics. It provides details on how these tests are performed and interpreted.
In-vitro Correlates of Heterologous Protection using Avidity and IgG-Subtypin...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Colibacilosis in a 1000 flock of twenty seven-old andTimothyOjodare1
A flock of 1000 27-week-old layers and another flock of 1000 47-week-old layers at a veterinary teaching hospital presented with colibacillosis. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of pathogenic E. coli in both flocks. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed the E. coli was resistant to all antibiotics previously administered by the owner except for colistin and ciprofloxacin. Both flocks were treated with colistin based on the sensitivity results. The document discusses the importance of appropriate antibiotic use and obtaining antibiotic sensitivity testing to prevent further development of antimicrobial resistance.
Vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections. Clindamycin can be used in this case since the culture showed sensitivity to clindamycin. Clindamycin is an acceptable alternative to vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA.
OS16 - 2.P2.d Correlation of Serological Response After Vaccination Against...EuFMD
This study examined the correlation between antibody levels after vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and protection against challenge in pigs. The researchers analyzed data from five pig vaccination-challenge experiments totaling 63 pigs. They found a significant correlation between antibody titers, as measured by virus neutralization tests, and protection against both clinical disease and virus shedding. Specifically, they calculated that a titer of 1.4 or higher was needed for 50% protection against clinical disease, while a higher titer of 1.8 or more was required for 50% protection against virus shedding. The type of challenge strain or challenge method did not significantly impact protection. This study thus demonstrated that antibody titers can predict vaccine
Is my vaccination program working? Vaccine effectiveness: measuring vaccine p...ILRI
The document discusses methods for evaluating the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in the field. It describes traditional methods like challenge studies and serological evaluation that have limitations. It then focuses on evaluating vaccine effectiveness by comparing disease incidence in vaccinated versus unvaccinated populations during an FMD outbreak. The method calculates vaccine effectiveness as the percentage reduction in incidence observed in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated. It provides an example calculation and discusses factors that can affect vaccine effectiveness estimates like pathogen exposure levels. Adjusting for confounding factors through study design and analysis is also addressed.
Parental migration from Asia to Australia is an important risk factor for developing tree nut allergy in children. The prevalence of tree nut allergy varies globally, with hazelnut being most common in Europe and cashew in Australia. Co-sensitization and clinical allergy to multiple tree nuts is common due to cross-reactivity between related proteins. The major tree nut allergens are stable seed storage proteins, though some conformational changes can occur during food processing that potentially impact allergenicity. Clinical reactions can be severe or systemic. Diagnosis involves clinical history, skin prick testing, nut-specific IgE levels, and oral food challenges.
A serology testing clinical review by Dr Jean Dodds. Updated scientific data created to better understand the recommended protocols for canine and feline vaccination.
Dr. Mike Apley - Where Are We With Resistance in Vet Medicine? Are We Having ...John Blue
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine and its relationship to human medicine. It discusses the history of antimicrobial drug development, common drugs approved for use in food animals like cattle, and estimates of medically important antimicrobial use in swine and cattle production. It addresses concerns about the transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans and risks to public health. The presentation defines judicious antimicrobial use and calls for improved veterinary education and alternative disease management strategies to reduce reliance on antibiotics. It argues that veterinarians should maintain control over antimicrobial use decisions in food animals.
1. The history of vaccine development began with early attempts at variolation and inoculation against smallpox in the 1000s/1600s. Edward Jenner published findings on using cowpox to immunize against smallpox in 1798. Louis Pasteur discovered ways to attenuate microorganisms and created the first rabies vaccine in 1885.
2. Oral vaccines have advantages over traditional needle vaccines like easier administration, lower costs, and increased compliance. However, challenges include protecting antigens from degradation and ensuring delivery and uptake in the intestinal mucosa.
3. Successful oral vaccines currently in use include polio, rotavirus, and cholera vaccines, while further research is still needed to develop
Dr. Mike Roof - Current status - "State of the Union" - PRRS vaccine researchJohn Blue
Current status - State of the Union - PRRS vaccine research - Dr. Mike Roof, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
• Describe the role of antibiotic use in the
development of resistance
• Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
• Understand the prevalence and clinical impact
of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
• State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant
Staph aureus infections
DR Gill allergen immunotherapy apr 2nd, 2014Ihsaan Peer
This document provides an overview of allergen immunotherapy for primary care physicians. It discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and guidelines for treatment, including the roles of subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy tablets. It reviews the long-term efficacy of immunotherapy in reducing asthma incidence and severity, preventing new sensitizations, and maintaining effects after discontinuation of treatment. It also provides details on administering subcutaneous immunotherapy and available sublingual immunotherapy tablet options.
•Describe the role of antibiotic use in the development of resistance
•Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
•Understand the prevalence and clinical impact of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
•State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant Staph aureus infections
Dr. Joel Nerem - Science and Practice - How does the Science of Antibiotic Re...John Blue
This document describes Pipestone Veterinary Services' participation in the 2017 National Institute for Antimicrobial Availability symposium on antibiotic use. Pipestone operates mixed animal practices across 5 Midwestern states and leads research on biosecurity and pig farm filtration. The company launched its PART program in 2017 to track antibiotic use on 175 subscriber farms representing 6.5 million pigs. Preliminary analysis of antibiotic resistance data from 2001-2017 found increasing then decreasing susceptibility over time across several key bacteria. A pilot study comparing farms with high versus low antibiotic use found similar bacterial recovery but differences in resistance levels. Genetic testing of isolates generally corroborated phenotypic resistance predictions. The study provides initial evidence that antibiotic resistance genes are more common in bacteria from farms with
This study investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C, and zinc supplementation individually and combined on asthma control in children. 76 children with moderate persistent asthma were randomly assigned to receive normal diet plus placebo, omega-3, zinc, vitamin C, or a combination of all three supplements over 5 phases. Asthma control was assessed using ACT scores, pulmonary function tests, and sputum inflammation markers. The combination phase showed the greatest improvement in ACT scores, lung function, and reduction of inflammatory markers compared to placebo or single supplements. This study suggests children with asthma may benefit from dietary supplementation with omega-3s, vitamin C, and zinc.
Similar to OS16 - 1.1 Opening: Global Situation (Frenkel lecture) - A. Dekker (20)
VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdfEuFMD
VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.
This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.
Emergency vaccination workshop presentations 30 May 2023.pdfEuFMD
This document summarizes a presentation on alternative post-vaccination surveillance methods that could be used to demonstrate the absence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated livestock populations. It proposes replacing serological testing with bulk milk testing for dairy farms, saliva testing using rope tethers for piggeries, and saliva swab testing for sheep farms. These alternative methods utilize real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect FMD viral RNA from oral fluid samples, which research has shown can identify infected animals. The presentation discussed how these new testing technologies may allow countries to gain freedom from FMD status sooner after an outbreak by providing more effective post-vaccination surveillance.
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...EuFMD
The document discusses subclinical infection and its role in the transmission and epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It presents the body temperatures of experimental animals infected with LSDV over time. One animal showed clinical signs of LSDV while another showed viremia or presence of the virus in the blood without displaying clinical signs, representing a subclinical infection. The conclusion is that subclinical infection from vaccine-like recombinant LSDV can play a role in transmission of the virus.
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in AlbaniaEuFMD
1) The first case of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Albania was identified in June 2016. From 2016-2017, over 3,500 outbreaks were reported across Albania with morbidity of 42% and mortality of 12%.
2) Surveillance efforts included laboratory testing of over 2,000 samples confirming 881 positive cases. Risk factors for spread included proximity to infected farms (under 5km), livestock movements over longer distances, and seasonal variations correlated with temperature and vector abundance.
3) Control efforts included an emergency vaccination program using live attenuated vaccine beginning in July 2016. Over 500,000 vaccine doses were administered. Modeling estimated vaccine effectiveness was 76.5-62.5% at reducing
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong KongEuFMD
Dr. Jason Chan presented on the outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in feral cattle populations in Hong Kong from 2020-2021. The key points were:
1) The initial outbreak was reported in October 2020 across multiple country parks. Disease investigation found that 72% of cattle in one herd showed skin lesions and 84% were seropositive.
2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle.
3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...EuFMD
1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022.
2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers.
3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...EuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from IndiaEuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin diseaseEuFMD
Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
3. Why was Bernd important for VQA
• He started in Tübingen with Dr. Ahl and
was among others responsible for
vaccine quality control
• Studied relation between Ab and
protection
4. Some papers and presentations by Bernd
For more detail see poster outside
5. Bernd worked on many important issues
• Vaccine Quality
– Relation Ab and protection (neutralisation and ELISA)
– MAb specific for 12S and 146S for quality control
– Heterologous protection
• Diagnostic tests
– Use of LPB ELISA for import export serology
– RT-PCR development and validation for FMD
– DIVA testing validation and development of new techniques
– European diagnostic bank
– Non invasive sampling
• Biosecurity standards for the EuFMD commission
6. Bernd worked on many important issues
• Vaccine Quality
– Relation Ab and protection (neutralisation and ELISA)
– MAb specific for 12S and 146 for quality control
– Heterologous protection
• Diagnostic tests
– Use of LPB ELISA for import export serology
– RT-PCR development and validation for FMD
– DIVA testing validation and development of new techniques
– European diagnostic bank
– Non invasive sampling
• Biosecurity standards for the EuFMD commission
7. FMD vaccine quality
• Why is quality so extremely important
– History on control with vaccination
– Good quality vaccine longer duration of immunity
– Economics of vaccine quality
• How is vaccine quality affected
– Adjuvant and other additions
– Amount of antigen
– Ageing effect
• How can a consumer assess vaccine quality
– History of efficacy testing
– Relation antibody response and protection
– Standardisation of serology
8. FMD vaccine quality
• Why is quality so extremely important
– History on control with vaccination
– Good quality vaccine longer duration of immunity
– Economics of vaccine quality
• How is vaccine quality affected
– Adjuvant and other additions
– Amount of antigen
– Ageing effect
• How can a consumer assess vaccine quality
– History of efficacy testing
– Relation antibody response and protection
– Standardisation of serology
9. Number of FMD cases in the Netherlands
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1909
1914
1919
1924
1929
1934
1939
1944
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
Year
Numberofcases
Start mass vaccination cattle
End vaccination campaign
History of FMD control with vaccination
South-America
Naranjo, J. and O. Cosivi (2013). "Elimination of foot-and-mouth
disease in South America: lessons and challenges." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368(1623)
Lombard, M., P. P. Pastoret and A. M. Moulin (2007). "A brief
history of vaccines and vaccination." Revue scientifique et
technique office international des epizooties 26(1): 29-48.
11. Economics
• Direct costs of disease
• Production losses
• Vaccine application costs
• Costs of the vaccine
• Control costs
• More evaluations are necessary
Source: MSD emergence focus on. http://www.emergence-msd-animal-
health.com/NewsletterArticle.aspx?NL=5&Article=2
12. FMD vaccine quality
• Why is quality so extremely important
– History on control with vaccination
– Good quality vaccine longer duration of immunity
– Economics of vaccine quality
• How is vaccine quality affected
– Adjuvant and other additions
– Amount of antigen
– Ageing effect
• How can a consumer assess vaccine quality
– History of efficacy testing
– Relation antibody response and protection
– Standardisation of serology
13. Barei, S., G. F. Panina, Z. Orfei, L. Nardelli and S. Castelli (1979). "Comparison of the potency for cattle of
trivalent FMD vaccines adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide-saponin or oil emulsion." Zentralbl
Veterinarmed B 26(6): 454-60.
Adjuvant differences
• Aluminum hydroxide saponin
– Works perfectly in ruminants
• Oil emulsion adjuvant
– Works both in ruminants and pigs
– Not all oil emulsions are the same
• Comparison of aluminium hydroxide saponin and oil adjuvant indicates superiority
of oil adjuvant in ruminants
– Using the same antigen concentration we observed the same potency in Aluminium hydroxide
saponin adjuvanted vaccines compared to oil emulsion vaccines
• local reactions with oil emulsion vaccines are more severe especially in sheep
14. Amount of antigen
• Old studies by Frenkel, 10 times
more antigen 0.45 – 0.5 log10
higher antibody level
• Pay and Hingley, 1987, 10 times
more antigen 0.4 log10 higher
antibody level
• Potency tests in pigs with
different Ag doses, 10 times more
antigen 0.5 log10 higher antibody
level (unpublished data)
15. Type of FMD antigen
Intact 146S
Good immune response
Dissociated 12S
Poor immune response
16. Protection of 12S and 146S in guinea pigs
• Doel and Chong 1982
• Potency tests in guinea pigs
• 400 times more 12S needed for protection than 146S
• Very limited data in cattle
• Huge gap: Relation between 12S induced antibody response and protection
17. Immunogenicity of 12S in pigs
• 12S produced by heating at
56°C for 1 hour
• Vaccination of pigs with the
same antigen heated and non-
treated
• Formulation in double oil
emulsion
Approximately 1 log10 lower antibody response.
18. Stability of antigen is poor
• Most 146S antigen (O Manisa) disintegrates in oil emulsion vaccines within 3
months when using thiomersal as additive
• Stability of Aluminum hydroxide vaccines has not been tested yet
• Similar results in cattle vaccination stability studies
Harmsen et al. 2015, vaccines
including thiomersal
19. Stability can be improved by addition of sugar and BSA
M.M. Harmsen et al. 2015. Stabilizing effects of excipients on dissociation of intact (146S) foot-and-mouth disease
virions into 12S particles during storage as oil-emulsion vaccine, Vaccine, 33(21):2477-2484
DOE vaccine
20. Cattle studies and stability
• Frenkel vaccine
• 2, 6 and 10 weeks post vac
• 1.5 year old
• 0.2 year old
• 0 – 1 log10 difference
• Titres still at protective level
Frenkel, S. (1964). "Modifications de la méthode de culture du virus aphteux selon
Frenkel, valeur des vaccins selon les données du laboratoire." Bulletin Office
International des Epizooties 61: 9-10
21. Cattle protection studies and stability
• Reports of no protection against SAT1 strains 6 month after formulation using ISA
206B (which could be pH related) (2013, F.R.M. Peta, thesis)
• T = 0 5/5 protected
• T = 6 0/5 protected
LPBEtitre(log10)
22. FMD vaccine quality
• Why is quality so extremely important
– History on control with vaccination
– Good quality vaccine longer duration of immunity
– Economics of vaccine quality
• How is vaccine quality affected
– Adjuvant and other additions
– Amount of antigen
– Ageing effect
• How can a consumer assess vaccine quality
– History of efficacy testing
– Relation antibody response and protection
– Standardisation of serology
23. How can customers test the vaccine quality
• History of efficacy testing
– Potency tests
• 3 groups of 5 cattle with full, 1/4 and 1/16 dose (at least 3 PD50/dose ≈ 75% protection)
• PGP test 16 cattle determining the level of protection (at least 75%)
Based on these protection test the relation between antibody and protection was determined
– Small decrease in Antibody response huge decrease in protection
24. Historically many studies analysing relation Ab response and
protection
• Loeffler and Frosch, 1897
– Passive antibodies can protect against infection
• Van Bekkum et al. 1969
– 566 cattle
– 2 weeks post vaccination type C (n=424)
– 9-49 months post vaccination 3 serotypes (n=142)
• Pay and Hingley, 1987
– 360 vaccinated and challenged cattle
– 3 weeks post vaccination
– 3 serotypes
• South-America (several publications, hundreds of cattle)
– Using Liquid phase blocking ELISA
25. VNT titre
Protection
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Example: results Pay and Hingley
• Relation between Ab and
protection 3 weeks post-
vaccination
• Same slope for all 3
serotypes (observed in
many studies)
• Serology can be used for
vaccine release
• Different cut-off for each
strain
Type A24
Type OBFS
Type C1
fractionprotected
26. Conclusions from literature
• Antibody response is a good predictor for protection against challenge in both cattle
and pigs
• Immunity does not depend on antibodies alone
• For different vaccines different relations are found
• For different routes of vaccination different relations are found
• Differences between laboratories can be standardised by inclusion of a standard
serum
• Vaccine inducing highest titre is best choice
27. Relation antibody and protection of O Manisa vaccine
Titre
10
log
Fractionprotected
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Example to show the dramatic
effect when the antibody
response is low.
28. Relation antibody and protection of O Manisa vaccine
Titre
10
log
Fractionprotected
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Example to show the dramatic
effect when the antibody
response is low.
29. Relation antibody and protection of O Manisa vaccine
Titre
10
log
Fractionprotected
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Example to show the dramatic
effect when the antibody
response is low.
30. Can we use the information in the field
Jamal et al. 2013. Clear differences between locally produced and
internationally acquired FMDV vaccine
31. Yes we can!
VNT titre equal to 50% protection for O Manisa is approximately 1.5 in our laboratory
NB! Titres decrease after 4 – 5 weeks. Cut-off is determined at 3 -4 weeks
32. Conclusions from literature on relation Ab and protection
• Small differences (0.5 log10) can have huge consequences in protection (in steep part
of the curve)
• Protective titres determined 3 – 4 weeks after vaccination, should not be applied to
other vaccination sampling intervals without caution
• NB! Protection against idl challenge will sufficiently reduce transmission, but in the
field lower levels might be sufficient (Van Bekkum et al. 1969)
33. Standardisation of serology
• FAO phase XIV study (1996)
• 19 laboratories using the same
ingredients in the same ELISA
• 4 antibody positive reference sera
• Difference between highest and
lowest result varied between 0.8
and 1.0 log10
• Standardisation with a ref serum
reduced variation to 0.4 to 0.7
log10
34. Potency test results O Manisa
3 laboratories
Ukkel, 10 potency tests
Pirbright, 2 potency tests
Lelystad, 7 potency test
Standardisation reduced
differences
35. Potency test results O Manisa
3 laboratories
Ukkel, 10 potency tests
Pirbright, 2 potency tests
Lelystad, 7 potency test
Standardisation reduced
differences
37. Overall conclusion
• Huge differences between vaccines from different producers
• Using poor quality vaccine costs money
• Also good quality vaccines can degrade
– Cold-chain important (especially at airport of arrival)
• Vaccine quality should be monitored
– At time of acquisition
– At time of application
38. Current gaps in knowledge
• Insufficient data on relation antibody response and protection in African and Asian
FMD strains
– What precision is needed
• No sera available for standardisation of serology
Who should do the testing
• National laboratories
– Making them proficient in serology, builds capacity in the country
• International reference laboratories
– No expertise on relation antibody response and protection with African and Asian strains