research on project planning and mgt

1. Management Notes
Dr. Flora Mutwiri

2. Definition of Terms
What is Management?
• The term “Management” is defined as the art of getting things
done through and with people informally organized groups.
• Management has also been defined as the process of
planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of
organizational members and using all other resources to
achieve the stated organizational goals.
• In relation to HS setting, management can be defined as a
field of study concerned with the operation of health
organizations for the purpose of achieving the expected gaols.
• The operations and functions include planning, organizing,
directing, controlling, and staffing (Erven, 1999).

3. Management can be defined in a number of ways:
• Social Context definition: Management means getting
work done through others mainly people or other
organisational resources.
• It is a process by which managers influence the actions
of subordinates in order to achieve organisational goals.
• This process involves techniques which managers use to
coordinate the activities of other people.
• However, managers rarely perform these activities
themselves but their main task is to oversee these
activities being performed by the subordinates.
.

4. • Sociologists’ definition: Sociologists define
management as a class and status system.
• In the social set-up, people can be said to belong
to various classes, for example, rich or poor,
educated or uneducated, employed or
unemployed and so on.
• The increase in complexity of relationships in
modern society demands that managers become
elite.
• The class of managers comprises of very educated
people who possess a lot of knowledge and
experience and are highly regarded in the society.

5. • Economists’ definition: To an economist,
management is one of the factors of
production, others being land, labour and
capital. Management is a factor that
coordinates other factors of production to
achieve optimal results. This implies that
managerial functions from an economist’s
point of view determine the profitability and
productivity of other factors of production.

6. Specialists in Administration definition:
• These people view management as a system of
authority or power.
• Managers include a small group of people who
determine the actions of subordinate workers.
• Management would develop consistent policies and
procedures for dealing with subordinates (working
group).
• Those scholars who focus on functions of a manager
define management as a process of planning,
organising, staffing, directing and controlling of human
and non-human resources of an organisation towards
achievement of set goals and objectives.

7. Several scholars have defined management using different
approaches as follows;
• William Sprigged: Management is that function of an
enterprise which concerns itself with the direction and
control of the various activities to attain business
objectives.
• Sir Charles Reynolds: Management is “the process of
getting things done through others”.
• Elmore Peterson and E. G. Plowman: Management is a
technique by means of which the purpose and objectives
of a particular human group are determined, clarified and
effected.
• James D. Mooney: Management is the art of directing and
inspiring people.

8. • John F. Mee: Management is the art of securing maximum
results with a minimum effort so as to secure maximum
prosperity for the employer and employee, and give the public
the best possible service.
• Dalton E. McFarland: Management is the process by which
managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive
organisations through systematic, co-ordinated and co-operative
human effort.
• Koontz and O’Donnell: Management is the creation and
maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where
individuals, working in groups, can perform efficiently and
effectively toward the attainment of group of goals. It is the art
of getting the work done through and with people in formally
organised groups.
• Bateman: Management is the process of working with people
and resources to accomplish organisational goals.

9. From these definitions, we can conclude that
management refers to all those activities which are
concerned with;
• Formulation of objectives, plans and policies of the
collective enterprise.
• Assembling men, money, materials, machines and
methods for their accomplishment.
• Directing and motivating the employees at work.
• Coordinating the physical and human resources.
• Supervising and controlling performance.
• Securing maximum satisfaction for both employer and
employee and providing the public with the best
possible services

10. Meaning of social organization
• social organization is a pattern of relationships between and
among individuals and social groups
• Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such
as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership,
structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.
[3][4]
• Because of these characteristics of social organization, people
can monitor their everyday work and involvement in other
activities that are controlled forms of human interaction.
• These interactions include: affiliation, collective resources,
substitutability of individuals and recorded control.
• These interactions come together to constitute common
features in basic social units such as family, enterprises, clubs,
states, etc. These are social organizations.[5

11. • Many people belong to various social structures—
institutional and informal.
• These include clubs, professional organizations, and religious
institutions.
• To have a sense of identity with the social organization, being
closer to one another helps build a sense of community.
• While organizations link many like-minded people, it can also
cause a separation with others not in their organization due
to the differences in thought.
• Social organizations are structured to where there is a
hierarchical system.
• A hierarchical structure in social groups influences the way a
group is structured and how likely it is that the group remains
together.

12. • Organization can be formal or informal. Informal
organizations do not have a clear goal, structure of
leadership, official membership, or identified roles. Examples
of informal systems would include a group of old classmates,
informal social groups, friends, and families.
• In the formal organization we have clearly structured system
with specific and identified goals, plans, management
positions, roles, etc. in these organizations. Activities are
carried out in stratified manner.
• Typical organizations have the following characteristics:
• Title of the organization: its name, logo, symbol, emblem,
badge or trade mark, motto, location and address
• The mission statement and objectives of the organization
• Expected results and products

13. How are Hospitals and other Public Health
Institutions social Institutions?

14. Characteristics of management
• Management is universal - The basic principle of management is
universal in character. Henry Fayol pointed out that the
fundamentals of management are equally applicable in different
organisations, business, government, military and others.
• Management is purposeful - Management exists for the
achievement of specific objectives. The success of management is
measured by the extent to which the desired objectives are
attained.
• Management is a social process - Management is done by people,
through people and with people. It is a social process because it is
concerned with interpersonal relations.
• Management is an integrative force - Its essence lies in the
coordination of individual efforts into a team effort. As a unifying
force, management creates a whole that is more than the sum of
individual parts (synergy). It integrates human and physical
resources to achieve organisational goals and objectives.

15. • Management is multidisciplinary - It deals with behaviour
under dynamic conditions. Therefore, it depends upon wide
knowledge derived from several disciplines like psychology,
statistics, engineering, sociology, and economics and so on.
• Management is a continuous process - It is dynamic and on-
going.
• Management is intangible - Management is an untouchable
and invisible force. It cannot be seen but its presence can be
felt everywhere in the form of results.
• Management is an art as well as a science - It contains a
systematic body of theoretical knowledge and it also
involves the practical application of such knowledge. It is
also a discipline involving specialised training and an ethical
code arising out of its social obligations.

16. Importance of management
The following facts prove the importance of management:
Accomplishment of group goals
• Management is concerned with conversion of diverse resources –
The 4 Ms that is: Men, Machines, Money, Materials, time, and space
into a useful enterprise.
Efficient running of organisation.
• Efficiency of an organisation will depend on how far its management
has been successful in providing leadership to the subordinate
workers, and in involving them mentally and economically in the
accomplishment of organisational objectives.
Sound organisational structure
• Management establishes a sound organisation that is in accordance
with the desired objectives and the work to be done to accomplish
them.

17. What is Leadership?
• Leadership is the process by which an
individual directs, guides influences or controls
his/her subordinates behavior towards the
achievement of organizational goals.
• Leadership binds a group together and
motivates or influences it towards achievement
of organizational goals.

18. • Leadership establish directions and it is a
strong process for change.
• It is a the ability to influence others in order
to achieve shared goals and objectives ( D’
Souza,1994).
• Leadership is about predictions

19. Differences between Management, Administration and Leadership
• The term management, administration and leadership can be used
in different ways and interchangeably depending on one’s locality
and context definition.
• Management is a higher order duty of organizational operations.
• Leadership is a concept that implies an influence relationship to
achieve the expected goal. Leadership deals with “higher orders
task designed to improve staff, students, and school
performance”, hence, it focuses on people (Amanuel, 2009).
• Administration implies “lower order duties” because it deals with
implementation of directives given by managers.
• Administration can be considered as an aspect of the
management process (Bush and Bell, 2007).

20. Managers’ work in entities called organisations.
• An organisation as an entity is a deliberate creature of
human beings created with a purpose.
• It is a platform that is used by people to create and deliver
value to their customers in terms of goods and services.
• This is the single most important factor behind formation
of many organisations we see today whether for profit or
not for profit.
• An organisation can also be seen as a situation where two
or more people come together to achieve a common goal.

21. • It can also be seen as an amalgamation or collection of
people’s needs and interests.
• This means that an organisation represents a collection of
many needs and interests which people bring in and
expect it to fulfil.
• An organisation is also a social outfit where people
achieve social satisfaction when they interact with other
people of different views and opinions.
• They develop closeness and make friends, some of which
are long-lasting