biological macromolecules ,function of biological macromolecules ,drug discovery and development process,

1. Prepared By,
Ms. Wagh Gayatri M.
(Depart. Pharmaceutical
Chemistry)
S.N.D. College of Pharmacy ,
Babulgaon, Tal. Yeola

2.  Introduction
 Amino acids
 Biological macromolecules
 Functions of Biological macromolecules
 Drug Discovery and Development process

3.  Amino acids are molecules used to build proteins.
 All amino acids have a central carbon atom surrounded by a hydrogen
atom, a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), and an R-
group.
 It is the R-group or side chain that differs between the 20 amino acids.
 Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins
 The human body uses amino acids to make proteins

5.  Capillary electrophoresis technique used for the separation of amino acids.
 Amino acids can be resolved using both capillary zone electrophoresis and
micellar electro kinetic chromatography.
 A simple system for simultaneous fluorescence detection of primary and
secondary amines has been developed.
The two major direct methods of protein sequencing are:
1)Mass spectrometry
2) Edman degradation

6. • In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides,
compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also
known as peptide bonds.
• Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the
carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.

7. Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n,
where n is the number of carbons in the molecule.
Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes:
1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide.

8. Monosaccharide:

9. Disaccharide:

10. Polysaccharide.

11. • The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy
• Carbohydrates provides energy and regulation of blood glucose.
• It will prevent the degradation of skeletal muscle and other tissues such as
the heart, liver, and kidneys.
• It prevent the breakdown of proteins for energy.
• Carbohydrates also help with fat metabolism. If the body has enough energy
for its immediate needs, it stores extra energy as fat.
• Carbohydrates are an important component of many industries like textile,
paper, lacquers and breweries.

12. Basic Principles of Drug Discovery and Development presents the multifaceted
process of identifying a new drug in the modern era, providing comprehensive
explanations of enabling technologies such as
1)High throughput screening
2) Structure based drug design
3) Molecular modeling
4)Pharmaceutical profiling.

13.  Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active
ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous
discovery, as with penicillin.
 More recently, chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules,
natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or
whole organisms to identify substances that had a desirable
therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology

14. • Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits,
medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the
affinity, selectivity
• To reduce the potential of side effects, efficacy/potency, metabolic
stability and to increase the half-life, and also oral bioavailability.
• Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been
identified,
• The process of drug development can continue, and, if successful,
clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily,
involve computer-aided drug design.