Title: Optical to Digital Encoder Instructor :Engr. Sir Ahmad Raza Course: DLD LAB Submitted By:- Group Members:(Work Station-12)  Haris Abbas Qureshi (171000)  Muhammad Hamza Zahid (170922)  Mujtaba Haider (170895)  Muhammad Ammar Aslam( 170928)  Muhammad Zubair Khan (170907) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Air University, Islamabad

1. Project Report
Title: Optical to Digital Encoder
Instructor :Engr. Sir Ahmad Raza
Course: DLD LAB
Submitted By:-
Group Members:(Work Station-12)
 Haris Abbas Qureshi (171000)
 Muhammad Hamza Zahid (170922)
 Mujtaba Haider (170895)
 Muhammad Ammar Aslam( 170928)
 Muhammad Zubair Khan (170907)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Air University, Islamabad

2. Title: Optical to Digital Encoder(Binary Counter)
i. Abstract:-
Optical to Digital Encoder is one of application of sequential circuits .It consists of 8-bit ripple
counter, LED’s, magnitude comparator, another four bit ripple counter followed by 7-segment
display. The main purpose of Optical Encoder is that it takes input from any sensor or module
that generates signal and this signal act as input for our sequential circuit. On every negative
edge of signal(clock) ,our circuit updates 1 bit binary and in the same way it goes upto decimal
equivalent of 255,after this it automatically reset and again start counting from Zero. In this
circuit two 4-bit Magnitude comparator are also used that helps in for setting desired number of
counting. When first counter reached to desired value then the magnitude comparator generates
signal which resets the counter 1 and act as clock for counter two and update the counter two to
+1.The final stage of circuit is conversion of binary to corresponding BCD followed by 7
segment Display.
ii) Circuit Diagram
iii) Block Diagram:

3. iv.Applications:
i.Frequency/Pulse Counter
ii.Frequency Divider
iii.Used in Pattern generator

4. iv.Digital Clock
v.Person /Object Counter
Conclusion:-
The concluding remarks of this project is that Optical Encoder is used in many real life
applications ,It counts number of pulses that generates by either sensor or any other module like
person counters or object counter,the output generated by sensor act as clock for our Sequential
circuit it updates on every detection ,similarly at end it can be decoded as per our requirements
References:
[1] M.Morris Mano, “ Digital Logic and Design”, edition 5th
[2] Sedra, A. S., & Smith, K. C. “Microelectronics Circuits “,edition 5th