1. Manual
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2. 1
Table of Contents
S. No.
Topic
Page Number
01.
Integrated Circuits.
1.1. IC 78XX
1.2. IC L293D
02
02
03
02.
A simple Line following Robot
03
03.
Automatic street light system
05
04.
Electronic code lock
06
05.
Water level Indicator
07
Useful Web Link:
01. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
02. http://playwithrobots.com/ 03. http://www.instructables.com/ 04. http://www.coursera.org/ 05. http://www.ted.com/

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1. Integrated Circuits(IC):
An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.
Integrated circuits are used for a variety of devices, including microprocessors, audio and video equipment, and automobiles. Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and other electronic components they contain:
 SSI (small-scale integration):Up to 100 electronic components per chip
 MSI (medium-scale integration):From 100 to 3,000 electronic components per chip
 LSI (large-scale integration):From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip
 VLSI (very large-scale integration):From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic components per chip
 ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per chip
Some Basic ICs:
1.1. IC 78XX voltage Regulator
Voltage regulator IC's are the IC’s that are used to regulate voltage. IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add heat sink. The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need for heat sink. If the voltage input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from 7805.
IC 7805 is a series of 78XX voltage regulators. It’s a standard, from the name the last two digits 05 denotes the amount of voltage that it regulates. Hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and 7806 would regulate 6V and so on.
Similarly IC 7905 is a series of 79XX voltage regulators. Here ‘9’ shows that output has –ve potential w.r.t. ground terminal.
7805:- output +5v.
7905:- output -5v.

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1.2. IC L293D Motor Driving IC:
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. It is also known as Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.
In a single l293d chip there two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller.
NOTE: To learn about any IC in future just search on Google with its name/its use.
2. A Simple Line Following Robot:
A line following robot is a mobile machine employed to sense and follow the black lines that are drawn on the white surface. Components used:  Battery  12V DC motor  Breadboard  Two plastic wheels  Castor wheel  IC 7805  IC L293D  Wires (four-core & two-core  LED  Resistors

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 IR sensor circuit: This process requires two IR sensor circuits. An IR sensor circuit will include an IC LM358N, potentiometer, IR receiver, and IR transmitter for sensing the black lines.  Capacitor: It helps in storing the current, equalizing the power output, filtering, and more. This robot makes use of two 10uf capacitors.  IC LM358N: It is an operational amplifier or comparator used to evaluate the voltage current. The high amount of voltage gained will be considered as the output. It is one of the main components of an IR sensor circuit. Construction and Working Principle: A 9V battery is connected to the breadboard via a battery holder. The positive power supply is passed to the IN of IC 7805 (1), and sent out through the OUT (3). The negative power supply is sent to the GND (2) connection of IC 7805. In between, two capacitors (C1 & C2) are connected to the IN and OUT of IC 7805 respectively. As a result of this process, 5V of current is obtained. Subsequently, an IC L293D is placed in the breadboard. The first 12V DC motor four – core wire is connected to the 3rd & 6th pin of IC L293D, while the second is attached to 11th & 14th pin. The two plastic wheels are connected together with the motors. Additionally, a castor wheel is included at the front of the robot for balancing and as well as for making quick movements. The 1st, 8th, 9th, & 16th pins are given the power supply of 5V. The 2nd & 15th pin are integrated with the two IR sensor circuits. Now, connect the battery to the circuit, and place the robot on the black lines of the white surface. The IR sensor will start sensing the black lines, and travel on it as it is drawn.

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3. Automatic Street Light Control System It is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor (BC 547 NPN) as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light system automatically. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. (e.g. in evening after Sunset ). It automatically switches OFF lights when Sunlight fall on it (e.g. in morning), by using a sensor called LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) which senses the light just like our eyes. Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. Components Required:  BC547 transistor  220 k resistor  330 ohms resistor  LED (any colour)  9v battery  battery clip  LDR (light dependent resistor) Circuit Diagram:

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4. Simple Electronic Code Lock
In this project we will learn how to implement 555 timer IC project. With this project we can operate the operation of locking or unlocking it is just a dummy project it does not lock or unlock anything it just operates some electronic action when switches of correct number are pressed.
Components Required:
 R1-R2 Resistors(100k)
 R3 Resistor(1m)
 R4 Resistor(330r)
 C1,C2 Capacitor(1nf)
 S1-S6 SPST Switches
 D1 Led
 U1 Ic555
Circuit Diagram:
Here we are using six switches (you can add more) in which 3 are CORRECT SWITCH and 3 are WRONG SWITCHES only right combination of CORRECT SWITCHES unlocks the circuit. In the circuit 555 timer IC is used in bistable mode, which can be reset or triggered by applying a low input on the corresponding pin. The CORRECT SWITCHES are connected to trigger pin (PIN2) when all the switches are pressed trigger pin receives a low input and the LED glows which means the circuit is unlocked. But in case any WRONG SWITCH connected in parallel and connected to reset pin (PIN4) is pressed the circuit gets reset and LED does not blink means circuit is not unlocked so a correct switch. Combination can only unlock the circuit. In this circuit the circuit unlocks only when S1, S2, S3 are pressed and unlocks if any of S4,S6,S5 is pressed .For operating any AC appliance u can use relay also.

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5. Water Level Indicator
This is a simple project based on 555 timer IC. This project can be used as an alarm to warn us in case of overflow.
Components Required:
 NE555 IC
 Resistors ( 1x100k, 1x1k)
 Capacitor (2.2uf)
 1 Buzzer
 Power Supply (5v)
Circuit Diagram:
In this circuit 555 IC is used in astable mode. here is the complete circuit diagram for the setup Implement this circuit on a general purpose PCB then attach wire ends to the wall of tank , at a desired level , whenever water level overflows this point circuit gets completed and buzzer is activated.