Second lesson of a course on "Open Data and Linked Open Data" for Master in "ICT for Cultural Heritage" of the Technological District for Cultural Heritage (DATABENC).

1. CHIS: Open Data e Linked Open Data
2: What is Open Data?
Vittorio Scarano
vitsca@dia.unisa.it
Dipartimento di Informatica
Università di Salerno (Italy)
1 CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data

2. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 2
Outline of the talk

3. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 3
Outline of the talk

4. • Definition from Open Knowledge Foundation
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 4
A first definition of Open Data
Knowledge is open if anyone is free
to access, use, modify and share it –
subject, at most, to measures that
preserve provenance and openness

5. • Open Data becomes usable
when made available in a
common, machine readable
format
• Open Data must be licensed
• permit to use the data in any way
• explicit permission to
transforming, combining and
sharing, also for for commercial
purposes
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 5
Some characteristics

6. • Data is the raw material
• Locations, images,
descriptions reviews and
prices
• basis of info for planning
a holiday
• Many format, nature,
characteristics
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 6
From raw material to knowledge

7. CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 7
From raw material to knowledge
• Information: data within
a context
• All the data used as
example, if placed in the
context of a tourist
attraction, becomes
information
• Collection
• Presentation

8. • Knowledge derived from
information
• .. and personalized
• Building knowledge is a
process of turning
information into choices
• Decisions about holidays
based on family’s
preferences
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 8
From raw material to knowledge

9. • No limitations in reusing: free to use, modify,
combine and share data, also commercially
• Cost: a reasonable reproduction cost of the unit of
data
• usually negligible for many datasets
• live/big data: cost for reliable service provision
• Reuse
• format, structure, machine readability important for
usability (but not pre-requisite)
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 9
What makes data “Open Data”?

10. • The government: transformation
• transparency (public money is well
spent)
• Businesses: building new
opportunities
• “infomediaries”
• The planet: Environmental
monitoring
• early warning system for disasters
• measuring “personal” impact on
environment
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 10
Who needs it?

11. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 11
Outline of the talk

12. • Implementing an open data initiative often
involves
• cultural change
• institutional change
• Much more complex than simply “placing data on
the web”..
• .. the cultural change is the hard part..
• “humanware” J
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 12
The culture of openness

13. • Engagement with civil society, business
and government are key aspects for
success
• Open dialogue between producers/
consumers
• indentify demands and opportunities to
get benefits
• Active leadership needed to overcome
resistance
• provides a “push”
• Active dialogue with consumers
• provides a “pull”
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 13
Engagement

14. • Simply publishing on a portal
the data, hoping this is what
consumers want/need is often
not effective
• Begin with the demands, the
needs from consumers
• Change in small, noticeable
steps
• No ambitious goals
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 14
Supply and demand

15. • Data is useless if no one is
prepared/motivated to
create new value
• Use existing communication
channels to identify needs
• Problems of the citizens
come first, then data as a
tool to solve the problem
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 15
Stimulate the needs

16. • Engaged community
• Strong community of data reusers: ownership
over data
• and over the outputs from data (services,
improvements, better life, etc.)
• Comprehension between producers/consumers
points of view
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 16
Identify users and supporters

17. • Market is changed:
• govmt, businesses, society are
suppliers/consumers
• Change in the institution
• shared vision in the organization
• Planning for a change
• education, training, tools, guides,
best practices
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 17
Culture change
• Pilots activities have important role
• understanding the open data impact and process

18. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 18
Outline of the talk

19. • Without a license, data is not truly open
• A license shows that data can be accessed, used
and shared by anyone
• Without a license, data are simply “publicly
available”
• which does not mean users can have permission to
access, use and share under copyright laws
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 19
The need for a license

20. • Certainty of sharing data (and most important
reusing)
• fundamental for commercial purposes
• no legal “grey area”
• Clarity for users
• legal framework to reuse data
• Enables exploration and innovative use of open
data
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 20
Benefits

21. • The simpler the license, the better
• less work for lawyers J
• clear message
• Creative Commons licenses
• Public Domain (CC0)
• Attribution (CC-BY V4.0)
• Attribution and Share-Alike (CC-BY-SA-v4.0)
• may limit the commercial re-use
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 21
Types of license

22. CC0 1.0 Universal: Public Domain

23. CC BY 4.0: Attribution

24. CC BY-SA 4.0: Att. Share-Alike

25. The process - 1

26. The process - 2

27. • Bespoke/Custom-made licenses
• specific conditions to comply with
• can increase complexity (“Can I do X on this data?”)
• Open Government Licenses
• suggestion: must be short, compatible, easy to comply
with
• French Government,
• UK Government
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 27
Alternative Open Licenses

28. • Government should be including committment to
publish open data about services to contractors
and tenders
• show the way the money is spent
• Possible to include in the contract
• Open Data may be also be required by a
contractor
• in order to stimulate competition among potential
suppliers
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 28
Licenses and third parties

29. CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 29

30. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 30
Outline of the talk

31. • When a human can understand it
and
• a machine can manipulate it
• Permission to use data is granted by license
• .. but making the right real is granted by its
availability and quality
• Usability of Open Data
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 31
What makes quality Open Data

32. • Legal requirements
• protection of sensitive information, correct use of data
• Practical requirements
• Open Data must be found (linked data from their
website)
• Open Data must be regularly updated
• Committment to continue to make Open Data
available
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 32
Community-driven standards - 1

33. • Technical requirements
• format
• structure of the data
• channels of availability
• Coherence of data
• (metadata, type of columns)
• Social engagement
• active support channels
• discussion groups and forums
• guides (how-to)
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 33
Community-driven standards - 2

34. • 5-star quality (Linked Open Data)
• 2001 by Tim Berners-Lee
• format, but also structure
• Open Data Certificates (ODI)
• self-assessment questionnaire
• more a process to follow, to assess quality
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 34
Marks of quality

35. • What is Open Data?
• Open Data as agent of change
• Why do we need a license
• How usable is Open Data
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknowledgements
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 35
Outline of the talk

36. • Simply “publishing free data” is
not enough
• You must
• understand the role of Open Data
• the way you give rights to reuse it
• make your Open Data of quality
• Open data is a process, not an
outcome
• understand your role
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 36
Conclusions

37. • “Two simple words” … Open... Data...
• Open Government Data and Public Sector
Information
• Creating Value through Open Data
• Value from Open Data? To whom?
• Conclusions
• Reading list, credits and acknoledgments
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 37
Outline of the talk

38. • European Data Portal: What is Open Data:
http://www.europeandataportal.eu/elearning/en/module1/#/
id/co-01
• European Data Portal: Open Data as an agent of change:
http://www.europeandataportal.eu/elearning/en/module3/#/
id/co-01
• European Data Portal: Why do we need a license?
http://www.europeandataportal.eu/elearning/en/module4/#/
id/co-01
• European Data Portal: What makes quality Open Data?
http://www.europeandataportal.eu/elearning/en/module5/#/
id/co-01
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 38
Reading list

39. • Part of the material comes with license CC-BY or CC-
SA
• from the European Data Portal Library
• http://www.europeandataportal.eu/en/training-library
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 39
Credits

40. • Part of the work was funded by the
ROUTE-TO-PA H2020 project
• www.routetopa.eu for more info
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 40
Acknowledgments
The project has received funding from the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innova<on programme under grant
agreement No 645860.

41. • Author: Vittorio Scarano,
ROUTE-TO-PA project
• vitsca@dia.unisa.it
• License: This Work is licensed
with Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
• https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Available onSlideShare
CHIS: Open Data and Linked Open Data 41
License