The document provides a history of open access, beginning with the principles of openly sharing ideas and insights. It describes how the internet enabled open access by facilitating information sharing online. Key events that advanced open access as a principle include the 2001 Budapest Open Access Initiative and statements in 2003 supporting open access. Governments and institutions, including the UK and Wellcome Trust, later implemented policies mandating open access to publicly funded research. The document traces the growth of open access publishing and repositories from 1993 to present. It outlines different routes to open access like gold and green and looks at developments in the US, Europe, and future potential for open access to increase public access to research.
This lecture provides a brief overview of open scholarship. It covers definitions, rationale, short history, funder mandates and influence on open scholarship; and drawbacks for open scholarship.
This presentation was given at the Library Research Forum at La Trobe University, Melbourne, on 25 October 2013. Issues covered include what is green open access, what is gold open access, the scene in the UK, Europe, US and Australia. What are funding bodies doing to encourage open access? What is La Trobe University doing?
The section provides an overview of the open science requirements and how to comply with them stipulated by F.N.R.S. Presentation is by Sandrine Brognaux (UMons).
Presented at the workshop “Open Access: How to improve accessibility, visibility and impact of your research outputs”, December 22, 2008,
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
This lecture provides a brief overview of open scholarship. It covers definitions, rationale, short history, funder mandates and influence on open scholarship; and drawbacks for open scholarship.
This presentation was given at the Library Research Forum at La Trobe University, Melbourne, on 25 October 2013. Issues covered include what is green open access, what is gold open access, the scene in the UK, Europe, US and Australia. What are funding bodies doing to encourage open access? What is La Trobe University doing?
The section provides an overview of the open science requirements and how to comply with them stipulated by F.N.R.S. Presentation is by Sandrine Brognaux (UMons).
Presented at the workshop “Open Access: How to improve accessibility, visibility and impact of your research outputs”, December 22, 2008,
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Open licensing and academic research - 9th april 2014 Vivien Rolfe
Open education and open licensing, and recent changes to UK research policy: Open Access for the next REF, funding body requirements for Open Data, and Open Lab Notebooks.
Philosophical Transactions to the Finch report: the events that have defined ...Nick Sheppard
Throughout history the creation and dissemination of knowledge has been influenced by innumerable ‘events’, cultural, technological and political in nature; from the invention of Cuneiform to the rise and fall of Classical civilizations and cultural incubation by the Catholic Church through the European Dark Ages to the Enlightenment. The invention of the printing press is obviously pivotal and in 1665 Henry Oldenburg inaugurated the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Phil Trans), utilising print technology to establish the principles of scientific priority and peer review that have defined scientific discourse ever since.
In the 20th Century scholarly publishing became exploited by commercial academic publishers and, as journal prices began to outstrip inflation, ultimately resulted in the “serials crisis” of the 1970s. These unsustainable price rises coincided with emergence of the internet and in 1990 Stevan Harnad introduced Psycoloquy, the first peer-reviewed online scientific journal which paved the way for free academic publishing on the web after 1993. In spite of this, and with the World Wide Web over 2 decades old, the traditional subscription model persists, dominated by multinational corporations that generate huge profits and restrict access to scholarly material.
The Open Access movement is a worldwide effort to make scholarly work available online to everyone regardless of their ability to pay for access and in 2011 David Willetts set up a Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings, chaired by Dame Janet Finch and publishing the so called “Finch report” in 2012. The HEFCE policy on OA that comes into effect in 2016 perhaps represents the most recent cultural and political event in this space.
This paper will explore the events that continue to influence academic dissemination and examine how Universities and academics themselves, particularly early career researchers, can utilise modern technology to be part of their own open knowledge event.
OpenAIRE Open access policies: an overviewOpenAIRE
Presented at Open Access to the Achievements of Slovenian Scientists - 4th joint conference of the Special Libraries Section and the Academic Libraries Section of the Slovenian Library Association, Ljubljana, Grand Hotel Union, October 27-28, 2010
Open Data in Science & Research -- Open World Forum 2013, Public Policies trackRayna Stamboliyska
Abstract: Despite the dazzling development of the open access movement, open data initiatives in science and research are still trailing in involvement. Additionally, disparities in research data sharing and openness are huge across scientific communities and domains. Last but not least, formats and licensing terms greatly vary even within specific field. This talk will wrap-up current initiatives and achievements prior to highlighting the challenges ahead in front of a wide number of stakeholders. The middle-term goal is to bootstrap connections converging to a true institutional change that leads to more participative, shareable and transparent science: the science of tomorrow.
Original link to the event: http://www.openworldforum.org/fr/tracks/17#talk_113
Introduction and Moderator
Jerry Sheehan, Vice President ICSTI, Assistant Director for Policy Development at the National Library of Medicine, currently on secondment to the Office of Science and Technology Policy
Open access for researchers, policy makers and research managers, librariesIryna Kuchma
Open access for researchers: enlarged audience and citation impact, tenure and promotion. Open access for policy makers and research managers: new tools to manage a university’s image and impact. Open access for libraries. Maintaining digital repository as a key function for research libraries.
Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research. A s...Birute Railiene
Birute Railiene. Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research : a survey of perception and demand
Paper for the 5th International Conference of the European Society of History of Science, Athens, 1-3 November 2012
Open licensing and academic research - 9th april 2014 Vivien Rolfe
Open education and open licensing, and recent changes to UK research policy: Open Access for the next REF, funding body requirements for Open Data, and Open Lab Notebooks.
Philosophical Transactions to the Finch report: the events that have defined ...Nick Sheppard
Throughout history the creation and dissemination of knowledge has been influenced by innumerable ‘events’, cultural, technological and political in nature; from the invention of Cuneiform to the rise and fall of Classical civilizations and cultural incubation by the Catholic Church through the European Dark Ages to the Enlightenment. The invention of the printing press is obviously pivotal and in 1665 Henry Oldenburg inaugurated the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Phil Trans), utilising print technology to establish the principles of scientific priority and peer review that have defined scientific discourse ever since.
In the 20th Century scholarly publishing became exploited by commercial academic publishers and, as journal prices began to outstrip inflation, ultimately resulted in the “serials crisis” of the 1970s. These unsustainable price rises coincided with emergence of the internet and in 1990 Stevan Harnad introduced Psycoloquy, the first peer-reviewed online scientific journal which paved the way for free academic publishing on the web after 1993. In spite of this, and with the World Wide Web over 2 decades old, the traditional subscription model persists, dominated by multinational corporations that generate huge profits and restrict access to scholarly material.
The Open Access movement is a worldwide effort to make scholarly work available online to everyone regardless of their ability to pay for access and in 2011 David Willetts set up a Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings, chaired by Dame Janet Finch and publishing the so called “Finch report” in 2012. The HEFCE policy on OA that comes into effect in 2016 perhaps represents the most recent cultural and political event in this space.
This paper will explore the events that continue to influence academic dissemination and examine how Universities and academics themselves, particularly early career researchers, can utilise modern technology to be part of their own open knowledge event.
OpenAIRE Open access policies: an overviewOpenAIRE
Presented at Open Access to the Achievements of Slovenian Scientists - 4th joint conference of the Special Libraries Section and the Academic Libraries Section of the Slovenian Library Association, Ljubljana, Grand Hotel Union, October 27-28, 2010
Open Data in Science & Research -- Open World Forum 2013, Public Policies trackRayna Stamboliyska
Abstract: Despite the dazzling development of the open access movement, open data initiatives in science and research are still trailing in involvement. Additionally, disparities in research data sharing and openness are huge across scientific communities and domains. Last but not least, formats and licensing terms greatly vary even within specific field. This talk will wrap-up current initiatives and achievements prior to highlighting the challenges ahead in front of a wide number of stakeholders. The middle-term goal is to bootstrap connections converging to a true institutional change that leads to more participative, shareable and transparent science: the science of tomorrow.
Original link to the event: http://www.openworldforum.org/fr/tracks/17#talk_113
Introduction and Moderator
Jerry Sheehan, Vice President ICSTI, Assistant Director for Policy Development at the National Library of Medicine, currently on secondment to the Office of Science and Technology Policy
Open access for researchers, policy makers and research managers, librariesIryna Kuchma
Open access for researchers: enlarged audience and citation impact, tenure and promotion. Open access for policy makers and research managers: new tools to manage a university’s image and impact. Open access for libraries. Maintaining digital repository as a key function for research libraries.
Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research. A s...Birute Railiene
Birute Railiene. Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research : a survey of perception and demand
Paper for the 5th International Conference of the European Society of History of Science, Athens, 1-3 November 2012
Open Science - Paradigm Shift or Revival of Old Ideas?Heidi Laine
Slides for a lecture held as part of a course on Science and Society, organized by the University of Helsinki Doctoral School HYMY during spring semester 2016.
Chcete vědět víc? Mnoho dalších prezentací, videí z konferencí, fotografií i jiných dokumentů je k dispozici v institucionálním repozitáři NTK: http://repozitar.techlib.cz
Would you like to know more? Find presentations, reports, conference videos, photos and much more in our institutional repository at: http://repozitar.techlib.cz/?ln=en
1 Do You Speak Open Science Resources and Tips to LearVannaJoy20
1
Do You Speak Open Science? Resources and Tips to Learn the Language.
Paola Masuzzo1, 2 - ORCID: 0000-0003-3699-1195, Lennart Martens1,2 - ORCID: 0000-
0003-4277-658X
Author Affiliation
1 Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
2 Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
The internet era, large-scale computing and storage resources, mobile devices, social media,
and their high uptake among different groups of people, have all deeply changed the way knowledge
is created, communicated, and further deployed. These advances have enabled a radical
transformation of the practice of science, which is now more open, more global and collaborative,
and closer to society than ever. Open science has therefore become an increasingly important topic.
Moreover, as open science is actively pursued by several high-profile funders and institutions, it
has fast become a crucial matter to all researchers. However, because this widespread interest in
open science has emerged relatively recently, its definition and implementation are constantly
shifting and evolving, sometimes leaving researchers in doubt about how to adopt open science,
and which are the best practices to follow.
This article therefore aims to be a field guide for scientists who want to perform science in the
open, offering resources and tips to make open science happen in the four key areas of data, code,
publications and peer-review.
The Rationale for Open Science: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
One of the most widely used definitions of open science originates from Michael Nielsen [1]:
“Open science is the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds should be openly shared as early as
is practical in the discovery process”. With this in mind, the overall goal of open science is to
accelerate scientific progress and discoveries and to turn these discoveries into benefits for all. An
essential part of this process is therefore to guarantee that all sorts of scientific outputs are publicly
available, easily accessible, and discoverable for others to use, re-use, and build upon.
As Mick Watson has recently wondered, “[...] isn’t that just science?” [2]. One of the basic
premises of science is that it should be based on a global, collaborative effort, building on open
communication of published methods, data, and results. In fact, the concept of discovering truth by
building on previous findings can be traced back to at least the 12th century in the metaphor of
dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants: “Nanos gigantum humeris insidentes”1.
While creativity and intuition are contributed to science by individuals, validation and
confirmation of scientific findings can only be reached through collaborative efforts, notably peer-
driven quality control and cross-validation. Through open inspection and critical, collective
analysis, models can be refined, improved, or rejected ...
OpenAIRE at Open Knowledge Governance for Innovation, Internet Governance For...OpenAIRE
Open access and the evolving scholarly communication environment.
Presented at the workshop Why We Need an Open Web: Open Knowledge Governance for Innovation, Internet Governance Forum 2010, September 17, 2010, Vilnius, Lithuania; OpenAIRE related slides 34-38
Open access for researchers, policy makers and research managersIryna Kuchma
Presented at Open Access: Maximising Research Impact, April 23 2009, New Bulgarian University Library, Sofia. Open access for researchers: enlarged audience, citation impact, tenure and promotion. Open access for policy makers and research managers:
new tools to manage a university’s image and impact. How to maximize the visibility of research publications, improve the impact and influence of the work, disseminate the results of the research, showcase the quality of the research in the Universities and research institutions, better measure and manage the research in the institution, collect and curate the digital outputs, generate new knowledge from existing findings, enable and encourage collaboration, bring savings to the higher education sector and better return on investment. What are the key functions for research libraries?
It is the fourth of the "ITU Main Library Doctoral Seminars series" organized in 2021 as part of the "Scientific Research, Education and Seminar" course. In the presentation, content compiled from Foster Open Science, OpenAIRE, Creative Commons, and similar sources was shared with the participants.
What is Open Science / Open Research?; Initiative of the European Union (EU); Elements of Open Science: open research process / cycle; open access (open repositories); open data; open source software; open notebook / lab book; open workflows; open reputation systems; citizen science; relationship between open research and e-research; open science in Africa and South Africa
1. Open Access: A Brief History
Open Access
Open Access as a principle advocates the open collaboration, dissemination and sharing of ideas,
insights and innovations.
The Internet: Making Open Access Possible…
The Internet enables the principles of Open Access to be put into practice. In fact, the reality of
information sharing online is part of what has informed and inspired Open Access as a principle.
Prior to the contemporary Internet, on August 30, 1969 the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) was launched by the U.S. Department of Defense.
On January 1, 1983. ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, marking what many
consider to be the birth of the Internet.
Open Access: The Birth of a Principle
December 1st-2nd, 2001: The Budapest Open Access Initiative is a key moment in the development
of Open Access as a principle. This meeting was convened in Budapest by the Open Society
Foundations (OSF).
This conference discussed and debated efforts to move towards a model of academic publishing
enabling the free dissemination of high quality research. With quality research made freely available,
both innovation and collaboration would become easier.
June 20th, 2003: The Bethesda statement on Open Access is released.
October 22nd, 2003: Berlin statement on Open Access is also released.
The Budapest, Bethesda and Berlin statements make up the 'BBB' definition of Open Access.
Both of these statements reiterated the ethos of Open Access and increased pressure within
academia for a change to the dissemination of knowledge.
Growth of Open Access: Open access journal publishing
From 1993 to 2009 there was an increase in the number of open access journals from 0 to 5000, and
the number of open access articles, from 0 to close to 200000.
Link to graph.
Growth of Open Access: Open Access repositories
Since 1991, the number of open access repositories has risen from 0 to over 900000.
Link to Graph 2.
Open Access: Gold and Green Access routes
In most academic disciplines, the balance falls in favour of Green open access over Gold. Publications
are generally not published as open access. For example, in Clinical medicine, 62 per cent of works
are published behind a pay wall, whereas 34 per cent are green open access, and 4 per cent gold.
In Arts and Humanities the ratio is 86 per cent published behind a pay wall, versus 13 per cent via
green open access and 1 per cent gold.
2. In Biomedical research there 43 per cent of research is behind a pay wall, versus 43 per cent made
open access via the green route and 14 per cent gold route.
In the social sciences this is 65 per cent behind a pay wall, versus 34 per cent via the green route and
1 per cent via the gold open access route.
Link to Graph 3.
Hybrid open access journals:
Many academic publishers now have hybrid open access options. This is where a payment ensures
that an article in a subscription based journal is also made open access in the online version.
For example Springer has 1100 titles that offer open access options. Wiley Blackwell as well as Taylor
and Francis have 300 titles. Nature publishing has 14 titles.
Link to Study of Open Access Report.
The UK Government: Funding open access
December 10th, 2003: the UK Science and Technology Committee inquiry launched an investigation
into the prices and availability of scientific and academic journals.
July 20th, 2004: Reporting back on the investigation recommended mandating UK public funding
bodies to require the open archiving of funded research outputs.
The UK Government: Research Councils UK part 1
June 28th, 2005: The Research Councils UK released a draft Open Access policy, which would
mandate open accessibility for all publicly funded research.
Following on from this, a year later, the various research councils comprising the RCUK issued
individual Open Access policies.
September 15, 2011: The Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings
(‘Finch’ Group) is formed, and tasked with examining how UK research can be made more openly
accessible.
The UK Government: Research councils UK part 2
June 16th, 2012: the UK Government accept the findings of the Finch Report. They accept ‘Gold’
access as a preference to ‘Green’ access routes. On July 17th, the Research Councils UK umbrella
body establishes policy mandating all research resulting from its funding to be published as open
access, broadly in line with the findings of the Finch Report.
September 7th, 2012: The UK Government Business, Innovation and Skills department announces a
£10 million fund to higher education institutions to assist in the transition to open access research
publishing.
April 1st, 2013: All publications resulting from publicly funded research will have to be made openly
accessible. Future applications for funding will only take into account prior research that is openly
accessible.
Wellcome Trust open access policy
October 1st, 2005: The Wellcome Trust started implementing its new open-access mandate for
Wellcome-funded research.
October 1st, 2006: The year-old OA policy at the Wellcome Trust is extended to all outstanding
grants.
3. April 1st, 2013: The Wellcome Trust requires that CC-BY licences be applied to all research
publications resulting from their funding.
The United States: open access
September 21st, 1985: Ronald Reagan's White House issued National Security Decision Directive
189: National Policy On The Transfer Of Scientific, Technical And Engineering Information, holding
(inter alia) that "[i]t is the policy of this Administration that, to the maximum extent possible, the
products of fundamental research remain unrestricted."
February 3rd, 2005: The U.S: National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its long-awaited public-
access policy.
January 11th, 2008: The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) released the text of its OA mandate.
Feb 22nd, 2013: The US Presidents office issues a memorandum, mandating all federal agencies with
budgets over £100,000,000 to implement public access policies on all research output.
Europe and the EU/EC: open access part 1
July 11th, 2000: A United Nations Economic and Social Council ministerial declaration called for
"universal access to knowledge and information" (Section 15).
April 3rd, 2006: The European Commission released a report calling for an open-access mandate to
publicly-funded research. The report is dated January 2006 but was apparently not released until
April 3. The inquiry underlying the report was launched in June 2004.
September 11th, 2006: The European Commission and nine European research institutions launched
DRIVER (Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research), a large-scale, international
knowledge infrastructure built on open-access repositories.
October 2nd, 2006: The Commission to the European Parliament published report recommending
open access to publicly-funded EU geodata.
Europe and the EU/EC: open access part 2
December 2006: The Scientific Council of the European Research Council (ERC) issued a Statement
on Open Access in which it pledged to adopt an OA mandate for ERC-funded research "as soon as
pertinent repositories become operational".
January 10th, 2007: The European Research Advisory Board (EURAB) recommended an OA mandate
for EU-funded research.
December 17th, 2007: The European Research Council’s Scientific Council releases its guidelines for
Open Access.
June 2012: The European Research Council releases a formal statement mandating all monographs
and articles resulting from its funding be made open access, all works to be submitted to subject
repositories no later than 6 months after publication, and all primary data and data related products
must be available from relevant databases.
Open access: the future of an idea
The move towards Open Access publishing of our research creates a global audience for our insights,
innovations and ideas.
It will mean that cost will be no barrier for those who need information on medical research,
engineering techniques, or policy perspectives.
It will also result in the work of academia becoming accessible to everyone, meaning we will play an
increasingly important role in shaping the debate on public ethics and social responsibility.
Some text credited to Peter Suber (CC-BY): http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm