Biomass and secondary production of juvenile stages of Acartia (Copepoda: Calanoida) populations from a southern european estuary (Canal de Mira - Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)

BIOMASS
AND
SECONDARY
PRODUCTION
OF
JUVENILE
STAGES

OF
ACARTIA
(COPEPODA:
CALANOIDA)
POPULATIONS
FROM
A

SOUTHERN
EUROPEAN
ESTUARY
(CANAL
DE
MIRA
–
RIA
DE

AVEIRO,
PORTUGAL

Keywords:
Acar:a
tonsa;
A.clausi;
biomass;
secondary
producQon
rate;
Canal
de
Mira
(Ria
de
Aveiro
–
Portugal)

Sérgio
Miguel
Leandro1*,
Peter
Tiselius2,
Sónia
Cotrim
Marques3,
Francisco
Avelelas1,
Pedro
Sá1,
Henrique
Queiroga4

1
GIRM
–Marine
Resources
Research
Group,
School
of
Tourism
and
Mari:me
Technology,
Polytechnic
Ins:tute
of
Leiria,
Campus
4,
2520-‐641
Peniche,
Portugal

2
Department
of
Biological
and
Environmental
Sciences,
University
of
Gothenburg,
Kris:neberg
566
SE-‐451
78
Fiskebäckskil,
Sweden

3CEF
-‐
Centre
for
Func:onal
Ecology,
Department
of
Life
Sciences,
University
of
Coimbra,
PO
Box
3046,
3001-‐401
Coimbra,
Portugal

4
CESAM
and
Department
of
Biology,
University
of
Aveiro,
Campus
Unversitário
de
San:ago,
3810-‐193
Aveiro,
Portugal

Sérgio
Miguel
Leandro
(sleandro@ipleiria.pt)

Marine
Resources
Research
Group,

School
of
Tourism
and
Mari:me
Technology,

Polytechnic
Ins:tute
of
Leiria,

Campus
4,
2520-‐641
Peniche,
Portugal

Outline:

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Leandro
et
al
(2013)

InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences

sleandro@ipleiria.pt

March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

ü  Zooplankton
is
a
group
of
organisms
Other microalgae
extremely
important
on
the
transfer

of
maeer
and
energy
in
marine

ecosystem.

ü  Among
zooplankton,
copepods
are

the
most
abundant
organisms

comprising
as
much
as
80%
of
its

total
biomass
(Kiorboe
1998).

ü  I n
N o r t h
A t l a n Q c
e s t u a r i n e

ecosystems,
species
of
Acar:a
genus

frequently
dominates
the
pelagic

environment
(Durbin
&
Durbin
1981,

Lawrence
et
al.
2004,
Marques
et
al.

2006)
and
may
be
considered
a
key

species
in
the
carbon
ﬂux.

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

ü  The
impact
of
a
given
species
on
the
carbon
flux

and
on
higher
trophic
levels
can
be
assessed
by

the
calculaQon
of
its
secondary
producQon
rate.

ü  Zooplanktonic
producQon
can
be
measured
by:

ü  the
esQmate
of
growth
and
mortality
in

cohorts
over
consecuQve
sampling

Uye
1988

intervals
(Parslow
&
Sonntag,
1979)
(not

reasonable
to
perform);

ü  the
esQmate
of
growth
rates,
as
weight-‐
specific
egg
producQon
or
somaQc
growth;

ü  SomaQc
growth
is
frequently
measured
as

juvenile
grow,
nauplii
and
copepodites.

ü  Hirst
&
Bunker
2003,
revealed
that

juvenile
copepods
in
the
field
grow
at

Hirst
AG,
Bunker
AJ
(2003)
Growth
of
marine
planktonic
copepods:
Global
rates
and

rates
close
to
maximum
laboratory
rates
paeerns
in
relaQon
to
chlorophyll
a,
temperature,
and
body
weight.
Limnology
and

Oceanography
48:1988-‐2010

determined
at
food
saturated
condiQons.

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

ü  Although,
the
growth
models
should
be
species-‐
specific
and
not
general
growth
equaQons

because
different
copepod
species
shows

different
generaQon
Qmes
(Leandro
et
al

2006a).

Leandro
SM,
Queiroga
H,
Rodriguez
L,
Tiselius
P
(2006b).
Temperature
dependent

development
and
somaQc
growth
in
two
allopatric
populaQons
of
AcarQa
clausi
(Copepoda:

ü  AddiQonally,
the
specific
growth
model
should
Calanoida).
Marine
Ecology
Progress
Series
322:
189-‐197
(2.315),
doi:
10.3354/meps322189

be
defined
for
a
parQcular
copepod
populaQon

since
allopatric
populaQons
could
have
different

responses
(Leandro
et
al
2006b).

ü  In
previous
studies
(Leandro
et
al
2006
a,
b)

addressed
the
temperature-‐dependent
growth

rate
of
Acar:a
and
defined
site-‐
and
species-‐
specific
growth
Leandro
SM,
Tiselius
P,
Queiroga
H
(2006a)
Growth
and
development
of
nauplii
and

models.
copepodites
of
the
estuarine
copepod
Acar:a
tonsa
from
southern
Europe
(Ria
de
Aveiro,

Portugal)
under
saturaQng
food
condiQons.
Marine
Biology
150:
121-‐129
(1.754),
doi:

10.1007/s00227-‐006-‐0336-‐y

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

•  Based
on
that
evidence,
realisQc
esQmates
of

juvenile
producQon
can
be
easily
determined

by:

•  combining
in
situ
data
(copepod
biomass

and
water
temperature)

•  with
growth

models.

Fig.
1
Regression
between
weight-‐specific
growth
rate
(g,
day−1)
and
temperature
(°C)
for

nauplii
(filled
symbols
and
con:nuous
line)
and
copepodites
(open
symbols
and
dashed
line)
of

Acar:a
tonsa
from
Ria
de
Aveiro
(Portugal)
(Leandro
et
al
2006)

In
the
present
study
we
aeempt
to:

(1)  describe
seasonal
biomass
paeerns
of

A.tonsa
and
A.clausi
along
a
salinity
gradient

(Canal
de
Mira
–
Ria
de
Aveiro,
Portugal)

(2)  esQmate
secondary
producQon
rates
of
non-‐
adult
stages.

Fig.
2
Acar:a
clausi
-‐
Non-‐linear
regression
of
the
weight-‐specific
growth
rate
(g,
d–1)
on

temperature
(T,
°C)
for
nauplii
and
copepodites
of
both
populaQons.
The
relaQonship
proposed

by
Huntley
&
Lopez
(1992)
is
indicated
by
the
dashed
line
(Leandro
et
al
2006b)

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Study
area

•  Canal
de
Mira,
a
sub-‐estuarine
system
of
Ria
de

Aveiro
-‐
Portugal
(laQtude
40º
38’
N,
N,

longitude
8º
44’W).

•  Tides
–
semidiurnal,
average
range
of
2.1
m

•  Average
depth
is
about
1
m

•  No
thermal
or
salinity
straQficaQon
occurs,

except
during
high
peaks
of
freshwater

discharge
(mainly
from
rainfall
and
runoff
from

the
margins)

•  Based
on
the
abundance
and
distribuQon

paeerns
of
Acar:a
populaQons,
Canal
de
Mira
Fig.
3
LocaQon
of
Ria
de
Aveiro
coastal
lagoon
(A),
Canal
de
Mira
(B),

sampling
sites
(C)
and
the
3
zones
previously
defined
by
Leandro
et
al

was
divided
into
three
disQnct
zones:
Zone
1
(2013).

(lower
estuary),
Zone
2
(middle
estuary)
and

Zone
3
(upper
estuary
(Leandro
et
al.,
2013).
Leandro
SM,
Tiselius
P,
Queiroga
H
(2013)
SpaQal
and
temporal
scales
of
environmental
forcing
of
Acar:a

populaQons
(Copepoda:
Calanoida)
in
the
Canal
de
Mira
(Ria
de
Aveiro,
Portugal).
ICES
Journal
of
Marine

Science
DOI:
10.1093/icesjms/fst008

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Sampling

•  Zooplankton
and
environmental
data
(salinity,

temperature,
chlorophyll
a
and
SPM
)
were
collected

at
6
fixed
locaQons

•  Sampling
performed
between
August
2000
and
June

2002

•  Copepods
collected
by
towing
a
125
µm
Bongo
net

•  Species
idenQficaQon
(A.tonsa,
A.clausi)
and

quanQficaQon
of
the
different
developmental
stages,

nauplii
(NI
to
NVI),
copepodites
(CI
to
CV)
and
adults

(males
and
females).

Copepod
biomass

•  DW
corrected
for
weight
lost
during
preservaQon
Fig.
4
LocaQon
of
Ria
de
Aveiro
coastal
lagoon
(A),
Canal
de
Mira
(B),

sampling
sites
(C)

by
a
factor
of
1.3
(corresponding
to
a
loss
of
30%)
and

converted
to
carbon
weight
(µg
C)
assuming
this

to
be
40
%
of
DW
(Omori
&
Ikeda
1984,
Båmstedt

1986).

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Copepod
secondary
produc@on

Table
1.
Temperature-‐dependent
growth
model
for
A.tonsa
and

A.clausi
of
Ria
de
Aveiro
(Portugal)

•  Daily
secondary
producQon
rate
was
esQmated
by
the

product
of
biomass
and
the
growth
rate:
Species
Nauplii
Copepodites
Reference

P
=
B
x
g
A.tonsa
g
=
0.0517
e
(0.130
x
T)
g
=
0.0364
e
(0.114
x
T)
Leandro
et
al.
2006a

A.clausi
g
=
0.0914
e
(0.0701
x
T)
g
=
0.0591
e
(0.0775
x
T)
Leandro
et
al.
2006b

where
P
is
the
daily
secondary
producQon
(mg
C
m-‐3
d-‐1),
B
is
the

biomass
(mg
C
m-‐3)
and
g
is
growth
rate
(d-‐1)

•  Nauplii
and
copepodites
growth
rates
were
taken

from
speciﬁc
growth
models

Table
2.
EsQmated
area
(m2)
and
water
volume
(m3)
for
Canal
de
Mia

previously
deﬁned
(Table
1)
and
each
Zone.
(Dias,
pers.
Comm)

•  Mean
biomass
and
mean
daily
secondary
producQon

Area
(m2)
Volume
(m3)

rate
were
calculated
for
each
zone
and
month.

Zone
1
2
372
800
4
887
728

•  In
order
to
obtain
an
esQmate
of
biomass
and
Zone
2
4
017
600
3
496
352

producQon
for
Canal
de
Mira
(Ria
de
Aveiro
–

Zone
3
592
000
374
352

Portugal),
the
water
volume
for
each
zone
and
for
the

whole
estuarine
ecossysytem
was
taken
into
account
Canal
de
Mira
6
982
400
8
758
342

(Table
2).

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Rainfall
regime
and
hydrological
parameters

Fig.
5
Rainfall
and
air
temperature
regime
in
Aveiro
(July
2000
–
July
2002).
Fig.
6
Monthly
mean
values
of
(a)
salinity,
(b)
water
temperature
(ºC),
(c)

PrecipitaQon
graph
refers
to
the
weekly
accumulated
rainfall
and
temperature
chlorophyll
a
(mg
m-‐3),
(d)
SPM
(mg
l-‐1),
(e)
POM
(mg
l-‐1),
and
Chla/SPM
(mg

curve
shows
the
average,
maximum
and
minimum
monthly
air
temperature
g-‐1)
in
Canal
de
Mira
(Ria
de
Aveiro,
Portugal)
between
August
2000
and
June

(Leandro
et
al
2013)
2002
(Leandro
et
al
2013)

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Copepods
biomass

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Copepods
produc@on

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

Copepods
produc@on

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

DISCUSSION

§  Secondary
producQon
rate,
in
terms
of
juvenile

producQon,
was
obtained
by
combining
in
situ

d a t a
o n
a b u n d a n c e
w i t h
s p e c i ﬁ c

growth
models

deﬁned
at
food
saturated
condiQons.

§  This
methodology
is
assumed
to
give
realisQc

esQmates
based
on
studies
that
concluded
that

growth
rates
of
juveniles
under
in
situ

condiQons
are
close
to
maximum
laboratory

rates
determined
at
food
saturated

condiQons
(Hirst
&
Bunker
2003).

Hirst
AG,
Bunker
AJ
(2003)
Growth
of
marine
planktonic
copepods:
Global
rates
and

paeerns
in
relaQon
to
chlorophyll
a,
temperature,
and
body
weight.
Limnology
and

Oceanography
48:1988-‐2010

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

DISCUSSION

•  The
relaQve
contribuQon
of
juvenile
forms

(nauplii
and
copepodites)
to
the
respecQve
total

copepod
biomass
accouted
to
more
than
54%

(A.clausi)
and
70%
(A.tonsa).

§  This
fact,
in
conjugaQon
with
the
highest
growth

rates
of
juveniles
compared
to
the
adults
(Hirst
&

Bunker
2003),
supports
the
growing
evidence

that
measurements
of
secondary
producQon,

based
on
fecundity
rates
and
extrapolated
to
the

enQre
populaQon,
certainly
underesQmate
the

total
copepod
producQon.

Hirst
AG,
Bunker
AJ
(2003)
Growth
of
marine
planktonic
copepods:
Global
rates
and

paeerns
in
relaQon
to
chlorophyll
a,
temperature,
and
body
weight.
Limnology
and

Oceanography
48:1988-‐2010

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

1.
Overview

2.
What
we
have
done

3.
Results

4.
Discussion

5.
Take
home
message

TAKE
HOME
MESSAGE

•  The
average
daily
juvenile
secondary

producQon
of
Acar:a
populaQons
was

esQmated
as
equal
to
1.208
mg
C
m-‐3
d-‐1,

with
A.tonsa
represenQng
more
than
94%.

•  Although
our
approach
was
based
only
on

juvenile
forms,
AcarQa
producQon

revealed
to
represent
32.6%
(Huntley
&

Lopez
model)
to
41.7%
(Hirst
&
Bunker

model)
of
the
total
copepod
community

producQon
of
Ria
de
Aveiro
(Leandro
et
al.

2007).

•  Nearly
25%
of
the
biomass
daily
produced
Huntley & Lopez model: 3.71 ± 0.540 mg C m-3
by
Acar:a
populaQons
will
be
available
for
Hirst & Bunker model: 2.90 ± 0.422 mg C m-3
higher
trophic
levels.

Leandro
SM,
Morgado
F,
Pereira
F,
Queiroga
H
(2007)
Temporal
changes
of
abundance,
biomass
and

producQon
of
copepod
community
in
a
shallow
temperate
estuary
(Ria
de
Aveiro,
Portugal).
Estuarine

Coastal
and
Shelf
Science
74:
215-‐222,
doi:
10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.009

Leandro
et
al
(2013)
InternaQonal
Conference
on
Challenges
in
AquaQc
Sciences


March
15-‐21
(2013)
–
Keelung
Taiwan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The
present
work
was
parQally
supported
by
FCT
(Portuguese

FoundaQon
for
Science
and
Technology)
through
COMPARE
Project

(PTDC/MAR/121788/2010)
ﬁnanced
by
POPH
(Portuguese

OperaQonal
Human
PotenQal
Program),
QREN
Portugal

(Portuguese
NaQonal
Strategic
Reference
Framework),
and
MCTES

(Portuguese
Ministry
of
Science,
Technology,
and
Higher

EducaQon).

Sérgio
Miguel
Leandro

Marine
Resources
Research
Group,

School
of
Tourism
and
Mari:me
Technology,

Polytechnic
Ins:tute
of
Leiria,

Campus
4,
2520-‐641
Peniche,
Portugal

Thank
you
.
.
.

謝謝

Sérgio
Miguel
Leandro

Marine
Resources
Research
Group,

School
of
Tourism
and
Mari:me
Technology,

Polytechnic
Ins:tute
of
Leiria,

Campus
4,
2520-‐641
Peniche,
Portugal

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