This document discusses various object-oriented programming concepts including association, aggregation, composition, method overriding, method overloading, enums, inner classes, cohesion, coupling, and garbage collection. Association defines a relationship between objects, while aggregation and composition are more restrictive types of association. Method overriding and overloading are related to runtime and compile-time polymorphism respectively. Enums allow defining a set of constants, and inner classes can be defined within other classes. Cohesion and coupling relate to how well classes are designed, with high cohesion and loose coupling being ideal. Garbage collection automatically deletes unused objects to free up memory.
LabVIEW presents different ways of doing the same thing. Is one better? Will one create issues in the future? This presentation will explore the pros and cons of various contested approaches such as timeout or no-timeout, strings or enums, one loop or two loops, tabs or subpanels, VI Server or SubVIs, lvlibs or lvlclasses, queues or events, project folders: virtual or auto-populating, debug logging (in the beginning or as needed).
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the basic structure of C programs which consist of functions, with one main function that is executed first. The main components are described as input, output, and central processing units. C uses characters like letters, numbers, and symbols. Key words and identifiers are used to name variables and functions. The document then goes on to explain other C fundamentals like data types, operators, control structures and more in detail across several chapters.
Class is a blueprint that represents common objects and contains their shared elements. An object is an instance of a class that has a specific state and behavior. Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It is a popular language that is hardware independent, allowing programs to run on different platforms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Java programming including:
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any machine with a Java Virtual Machine.
- Java uses object-oriented programming with classes and methods.
- Variables must be declared before use and can be initialized.
- Basic arithmetic operators can be used to write expressions in Java.
This presentation provides an overview of the Java programming language. Some key points:
- Java is a widely used, object-oriented language that is compiled to bytecode and runs on a Java Virtual Machine.
- It has syntax similar to C/C++ but removes features like pointers. All code is written in classes and objects.
- Java is platform independent, with bytecode running on any machine, and it handles memory management through garbage collection.
- The language supports common programming concepts like data types, loops, classes, objects, and inheritance. It also allows multithreading.
java: basics, user input, data type, constructorShivam Singhal
The document provides an overview of some key Java concepts including classes, attributes, methods, objects, constructors, and data types. It explains that classes contain attributes and methods, and that objects are instantiated from classes using constructors. It also describes static and non-static methods, with static methods not requiring an object to be called. The main method is used to control program flow. User input can be obtained through command line arguments, Scanner, or BufferedReader classes.
Chapter 1 - An Overview of Computers and Programming LanguagesAdan Hubahib
The document summarizes a chapter in a textbook on Java programming. It discusses the history of computers, the hardware and software components of a computer system, programming languages, how Java programs are processed, problem-solving techniques, and structured and object-oriented programming methodologies. The chapter objectives are listed at the beginning and key concepts are defined and explained throughout with figures.
LabVIEW presents different ways of doing the same thing. Is one better? Will one create issues in the future? This presentation will explore the pros and cons of various contested approaches such as timeout or no-timeout, strings or enums, one loop or two loops, tabs or subpanels, VI Server or SubVIs, lvlibs or lvlclasses, queues or events, project folders: virtual or auto-populating, debug logging (in the beginning or as needed).
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the basic structure of C programs which consist of functions, with one main function that is executed first. The main components are described as input, output, and central processing units. C uses characters like letters, numbers, and symbols. Key words and identifiers are used to name variables and functions. The document then goes on to explain other C fundamentals like data types, operators, control structures and more in detail across several chapters.
Class is a blueprint that represents common objects and contains their shared elements. An object is an instance of a class that has a specific state and behavior. Java supports object-oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It is a popular language that is hardware independent, allowing programs to run on different platforms.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Java programming including:
- Java code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any machine with a Java Virtual Machine.
- Java uses object-oriented programming with classes and methods.
- Variables must be declared before use and can be initialized.
- Basic arithmetic operators can be used to write expressions in Java.
This presentation provides an overview of the Java programming language. Some key points:
- Java is a widely used, object-oriented language that is compiled to bytecode and runs on a Java Virtual Machine.
- It has syntax similar to C/C++ but removes features like pointers. All code is written in classes and objects.
- Java is platform independent, with bytecode running on any machine, and it handles memory management through garbage collection.
- The language supports common programming concepts like data types, loops, classes, objects, and inheritance. It also allows multithreading.
java: basics, user input, data type, constructorShivam Singhal
The document provides an overview of some key Java concepts including classes, attributes, methods, objects, constructors, and data types. It explains that classes contain attributes and methods, and that objects are instantiated from classes using constructors. It also describes static and non-static methods, with static methods not requiring an object to be called. The main method is used to control program flow. User input can be obtained through command line arguments, Scanner, or BufferedReader classes.
Chapter 1 - An Overview of Computers and Programming LanguagesAdan Hubahib
The document summarizes a chapter in a textbook on Java programming. It discusses the history of computers, the hardware and software components of a computer system, programming languages, how Java programs are processed, problem-solving techniques, and structured and object-oriented programming methodologies. The chapter objectives are listed at the beginning and key concepts are defined and explained throughout with figures.
This document provides information about operators and control structures in Java programming. It discusses:
1. Operator precedence in Java, listing common operators from highest to lowest precedence.
2. The difference between pre-increment/decrement (++i) and post-increment/decrement (i++) operators.
3. Decision-making structures like if, if-else, and switch statements. It provides examples of using these structures.
4. Loops like for, while, and do-while loops. It explains the general formats for these loops.
The document serves as lecture notes for a class on Java programming, covering fundamental concepts like operators, branching, and looping. It provides explanations,
Java is a compiled and interpreted, platform-independent, secure, robust, and object-oriented programming language. It is compiled into bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making programs portable across platforms. The JVM is available on many operating systems, so Java code can run on Windows, Linux, Solaris, or Mac OS. Java uses automatic memory management, exceptions, and avoids many common programming bugs found in other languages like C/C++.
The document discusses Java Swing basics including what is a user interface, what is the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), what is Java API, advantages of Swing over AWT, Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, components and containers in Swing, creating a frame in Swing, and a program to display a frame with two images. Key points include: AWT provides basic GUI components but Swing provides more powerful and flexible lightweight components; Swing uses a modified MVC architecture called Model-Delegate; components are GUI elements and containers hold and arrange components; a frame is a top-level window container that can hold other components.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses the definition of a programming language and the history and evolution of popular languages from 1951 to present. It covers programming language paradigms like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based languages. It also discusses factors that influence language design like efficiency, regularity, and issues in language translation. Finally, it summarizes the structure and operation of computers and how different programming models map to underlying computer architectures.
The document discusses exceptions in .NET programs. It defines what exceptions are, how they are represented by classes in the .NET Framework that derive from the SystemException class, and how exceptions can be handled using structured exception handling with try, catch, and finally blocks. It also covers raising exceptions intentionally and filtering exceptions in catch blocks.
This chapter discusses exception handling in C++. An exception is an undesirable event that occurs during program execution. A try/catch block is used to handle exceptions, where code that may cause exceptions is placed in the try block and catch blocks specify the exception type and handling code. When an exception is thrown in a try block, the corresponding catch block executes if the exception type matches. If no catch block matches, the call stack unwinds until the exception is caught or the program terminates.
1) The document discusses object-oriented programming paradigms and how objects contain methods that define the actions that can be performed on that object. It gives examples like a file object containing methods for printing, copying, and deleting.
2) It explains that classes are used to define common methods for groups of similar objects, like all file objects.
3) Methods function similarly to functions in procedural languages but are contained within objects. Some example object-oriented languages mentioned are Java and C++.
This document provides an overview of Spock, a Groovy-based testing and specification framework. It introduces Spock terminology like specifications, fixtures, and feature methods. It outlines how to start a Spock project with Maven or Gradle. It demonstrates writing simple specifications with features that use expect, when/then, and where blocks. It also covers interacting with collaborators, exceptions, shared objects, and useful extensions. Finally, it provides an example of integrating Spock with Geb for browser automation testing.
This is a seminar given by P. Nikhil (me) of Government Arts College, Rajahmundry.
This document contains Java and its features.
There is a wide range in usage of Java around the World .
Hope this document helps anyone who's interested in it.
Thank You
This document provides an overview of Java basics, including:
- Java programs are portable across operating systems due to use of byte code, a standardized class library, and language specification.
- Java is secure through features like no pointer arithmetic, garbage collection, and restrictions on applets.
- Java is robust with features like bounds checking and garbage collection that prevent crashes.
- Java programs are either standalone applications or applets that run in a web browser.
- The Java compiler translates source code to byte code, which is then interpreted at runtime.
What is Interface in Java | How to implement Multiple Inheritance Using Inter...Edureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/jJ8L3SeFy_E
**Java, J2EE & SOA Certification Training - https://www.edureka.co/java-j2ee-training-course **
This Edureka PPT on "Interface on Java" will provide you with detailed knowledge about Java Interface and also cover some real-time examples in order to provide you a better understanding of the functionality of Java Interface. This PPT will cover the following topics:
What is an Interface?
Why do we need an Interface?
Practical examples on Interface
Interface Nesting
Difference between Class and Interface
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interface
Key Points on Interface.
Practical Examples of Interface on Key Points
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
The document discusses key aspects of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) including:
1) The JVM interprets bytecode and needs to be implemented on each platform to provide portability and security.
2) The JVM defines runtime data areas like the heap, method area, and stacks that are used during program execution.
3) Class loading involves reading class files, storing type information, and linking which includes verification, preparation, and resolution of symbolic references.
4) Initialization sets class variables to default values and instance variables when objects are created. Constructors are processed by initializing parameters, invoking parent constructors, and initializing variables.
Interfaces allow classes to represent polymorphic types across inheritance trees without multiple inheritance. A class implements an interface using the implements keyword and must define all interface methods but interfaces contain no code, only public static final attributes. Common uses of interfaces include code reuse through polymorphism and marker interfaces as flags for the JVM.
This document contains notes on Java basics from James Tam. It introduces Java programming concepts like input, output, branching, and looping. It also discusses the history of Java's development at Sun Microsystems and how it enables programs to run on different platforms. Finally, it provides an overview of compiling and running a simple Java program from the command line.
The document discusses the license terms for using software accompanying the textbook "Compiler Design in C". Key points include:
1) The software is licensed for single-user use only and cannot be installed on a network. Copies can be made for backup.
2) The software cannot be used for weapons research or by weapons manufacturers.
3) The source code cannot be distributed but executable programs incorporating the code can be, with attribution to the original author.
4) To use the provided tools like Lex and Yacc, the accompanying libraries must be compiled from source files included on the distribution.
The document discusses features and uses of the Java programming language. It provides an overview of Java's core features like being secure, dynamic, object-oriented, interpreted, and portable. It also lists where Java is commonly used, such as in Android apps, web applications, mobile games, and Hadoop. The document then outlines the course contents which covers Java language basics, object-oriented programming, polymorphism, exceptions, generics, streams, concurrency, and data structures. It concludes with contact details for the training organization providing the Java course.
The document discusses the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and its internal architecture. It describes the JVM as an abstract machine that provides a runtime environment for executing Java bytecode. The JVM specification defines aspects like memory areas, class file format, and error handling. It also discusses the key components of the JVM architecture, including the classloader, method area, heap, stack, and execution engine.
Java history, versions, types of errors and exception, quiz SAurabh PRajapati
this ppt contains history and basic facts of object oriented programming language java, difference between JIT, JVM, JRE and JDK. it also having information about different versions of java. advantages over other language, difference between error and exception with its types is also included. explanation of final variable and string to int conversation is also added. in the end some twisted question of it which sharpen the knowledge of its basic are added. beyond this some programming examples with output is there too. hope u find it useful...!! thanku..!!
This document provides an introduction and overview of Java applications, including:
- A brief history of Java's development starting in 1990s.
- The objectives and topics covered include introductions, history, architecture, security and a sample program.
- Java was designed to be a platform-independent language that can create applications running on a single computer or distributed network.
This document contains 20 interview questions related to Java. It covers topics such as:
- The differences between constructors and methods, final and static keywords, and the purpose of the Void class.
- Details about finalize methods, just-in-time compilation, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and method overloading and overriding.
- Questions about byte code, class vs instance variables, local variables, and class vs instance methods.
- Definitions of interfaces, abstract classes, access specifiers, identifiers, and literals.
- Questions about the name Java, calling 'sun' packages, Java releases, constructors vs methods, static vs non-static variables, while
The document discusses key concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, interfaces, abstract classes, collections, threads, and exceptions. It defines each concept and provides examples. Abstraction hides unnecessary details, encapsulation wraps data within a class, inheritance allows subclasses to inherit features of the parent class, and polymorphism allows one name to refer to different implementations. Interfaces are used for non-related classes to implement common behaviors, while abstract classes provide partial implementations for subclasses to complete. Collections organize objects into groups, and threads allow concurrent execution of tasks. Exceptions handle runtime errors.
The document discusses key concepts in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java including classes, objects, references, constructors, inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and generics. It defines classes as blueprints for objects, and objects as instances of classes that have state and behavior. Constructors are used to initialize new objects. Inheritance and abstraction allow classes to extend and implement other classes and interfaces. Polymorphism enables different classes to implement the same methods in different ways. Generics provide type safety for collections of objects.
This document provides information about operators and control structures in Java programming. It discusses:
1. Operator precedence in Java, listing common operators from highest to lowest precedence.
2. The difference between pre-increment/decrement (++i) and post-increment/decrement (i++) operators.
3. Decision-making structures like if, if-else, and switch statements. It provides examples of using these structures.
4. Loops like for, while, and do-while loops. It explains the general formats for these loops.
The document serves as lecture notes for a class on Java programming, covering fundamental concepts like operators, branching, and looping. It provides explanations,
Java is a compiled and interpreted, platform-independent, secure, robust, and object-oriented programming language. It is compiled into bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making programs portable across platforms. The JVM is available on many operating systems, so Java code can run on Windows, Linux, Solaris, or Mac OS. Java uses automatic memory management, exceptions, and avoids many common programming bugs found in other languages like C/C++.
The document discusses Java Swing basics including what is a user interface, what is the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), what is Java API, advantages of Swing over AWT, Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, components and containers in Swing, creating a frame in Swing, and a program to display a frame with two images. Key points include: AWT provides basic GUI components but Swing provides more powerful and flexible lightweight components; Swing uses a modified MVC architecture called Model-Delegate; components are GUI elements and containers hold and arrange components; a frame is a top-level window container that can hold other components.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses the definition of a programming language and the history and evolution of popular languages from 1951 to present. It covers programming language paradigms like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based languages. It also discusses factors that influence language design like efficiency, regularity, and issues in language translation. Finally, it summarizes the structure and operation of computers and how different programming models map to underlying computer architectures.
The document discusses exceptions in .NET programs. It defines what exceptions are, how they are represented by classes in the .NET Framework that derive from the SystemException class, and how exceptions can be handled using structured exception handling with try, catch, and finally blocks. It also covers raising exceptions intentionally and filtering exceptions in catch blocks.
This chapter discusses exception handling in C++. An exception is an undesirable event that occurs during program execution. A try/catch block is used to handle exceptions, where code that may cause exceptions is placed in the try block and catch blocks specify the exception type and handling code. When an exception is thrown in a try block, the corresponding catch block executes if the exception type matches. If no catch block matches, the call stack unwinds until the exception is caught or the program terminates.
1) The document discusses object-oriented programming paradigms and how objects contain methods that define the actions that can be performed on that object. It gives examples like a file object containing methods for printing, copying, and deleting.
2) It explains that classes are used to define common methods for groups of similar objects, like all file objects.
3) Methods function similarly to functions in procedural languages but are contained within objects. Some example object-oriented languages mentioned are Java and C++.
This document provides an overview of Spock, a Groovy-based testing and specification framework. It introduces Spock terminology like specifications, fixtures, and feature methods. It outlines how to start a Spock project with Maven or Gradle. It demonstrates writing simple specifications with features that use expect, when/then, and where blocks. It also covers interacting with collaborators, exceptions, shared objects, and useful extensions. Finally, it provides an example of integrating Spock with Geb for browser automation testing.
This is a seminar given by P. Nikhil (me) of Government Arts College, Rajahmundry.
This document contains Java and its features.
There is a wide range in usage of Java around the World .
Hope this document helps anyone who's interested in it.
Thank You
This document provides an overview of Java basics, including:
- Java programs are portable across operating systems due to use of byte code, a standardized class library, and language specification.
- Java is secure through features like no pointer arithmetic, garbage collection, and restrictions on applets.
- Java is robust with features like bounds checking and garbage collection that prevent crashes.
- Java programs are either standalone applications or applets that run in a web browser.
- The Java compiler translates source code to byte code, which is then interpreted at runtime.
What is Interface in Java | How to implement Multiple Inheritance Using Inter...Edureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/jJ8L3SeFy_E
**Java, J2EE & SOA Certification Training - https://www.edureka.co/java-j2ee-training-course **
This Edureka PPT on "Interface on Java" will provide you with detailed knowledge about Java Interface and also cover some real-time examples in order to provide you a better understanding of the functionality of Java Interface. This PPT will cover the following topics:
What is an Interface?
Why do we need an Interface?
Practical examples on Interface
Interface Nesting
Difference between Class and Interface
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interface
Key Points on Interface.
Practical Examples of Interface on Key Points
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
The document discusses key aspects of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) including:
1) The JVM interprets bytecode and needs to be implemented on each platform to provide portability and security.
2) The JVM defines runtime data areas like the heap, method area, and stacks that are used during program execution.
3) Class loading involves reading class files, storing type information, and linking which includes verification, preparation, and resolution of symbolic references.
4) Initialization sets class variables to default values and instance variables when objects are created. Constructors are processed by initializing parameters, invoking parent constructors, and initializing variables.
Interfaces allow classes to represent polymorphic types across inheritance trees without multiple inheritance. A class implements an interface using the implements keyword and must define all interface methods but interfaces contain no code, only public static final attributes. Common uses of interfaces include code reuse through polymorphism and marker interfaces as flags for the JVM.
This document contains notes on Java basics from James Tam. It introduces Java programming concepts like input, output, branching, and looping. It also discusses the history of Java's development at Sun Microsystems and how it enables programs to run on different platforms. Finally, it provides an overview of compiling and running a simple Java program from the command line.
The document discusses the license terms for using software accompanying the textbook "Compiler Design in C". Key points include:
1) The software is licensed for single-user use only and cannot be installed on a network. Copies can be made for backup.
2) The software cannot be used for weapons research or by weapons manufacturers.
3) The source code cannot be distributed but executable programs incorporating the code can be, with attribution to the original author.
4) To use the provided tools like Lex and Yacc, the accompanying libraries must be compiled from source files included on the distribution.
The document discusses features and uses of the Java programming language. It provides an overview of Java's core features like being secure, dynamic, object-oriented, interpreted, and portable. It also lists where Java is commonly used, such as in Android apps, web applications, mobile games, and Hadoop. The document then outlines the course contents which covers Java language basics, object-oriented programming, polymorphism, exceptions, generics, streams, concurrency, and data structures. It concludes with contact details for the training organization providing the Java course.
The document discusses the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and its internal architecture. It describes the JVM as an abstract machine that provides a runtime environment for executing Java bytecode. The JVM specification defines aspects like memory areas, class file format, and error handling. It also discusses the key components of the JVM architecture, including the classloader, method area, heap, stack, and execution engine.
Java history, versions, types of errors and exception, quiz SAurabh PRajapati
this ppt contains history and basic facts of object oriented programming language java, difference between JIT, JVM, JRE and JDK. it also having information about different versions of java. advantages over other language, difference between error and exception with its types is also included. explanation of final variable and string to int conversation is also added. in the end some twisted question of it which sharpen the knowledge of its basic are added. beyond this some programming examples with output is there too. hope u find it useful...!! thanku..!!
This document provides an introduction and overview of Java applications, including:
- A brief history of Java's development starting in 1990s.
- The objectives and topics covered include introductions, history, architecture, security and a sample program.
- Java was designed to be a platform-independent language that can create applications running on a single computer or distributed network.
This document contains 20 interview questions related to Java. It covers topics such as:
- The differences between constructors and methods, final and static keywords, and the purpose of the Void class.
- Details about finalize methods, just-in-time compilation, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and method overloading and overriding.
- Questions about byte code, class vs instance variables, local variables, and class vs instance methods.
- Definitions of interfaces, abstract classes, access specifiers, identifiers, and literals.
- Questions about the name Java, calling 'sun' packages, Java releases, constructors vs methods, static vs non-static variables, while
The document discusses key concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, interfaces, abstract classes, collections, threads, and exceptions. It defines each concept and provides examples. Abstraction hides unnecessary details, encapsulation wraps data within a class, inheritance allows subclasses to inherit features of the parent class, and polymorphism allows one name to refer to different implementations. Interfaces are used for non-related classes to implement common behaviors, while abstract classes provide partial implementations for subclasses to complete. Collections organize objects into groups, and threads allow concurrent execution of tasks. Exceptions handle runtime errors.
The document discusses key concepts in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java including classes, objects, references, constructors, inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and generics. It defines classes as blueprints for objects, and objects as instances of classes that have state and behavior. Constructors are used to initialize new objects. Inheritance and abstraction allow classes to extend and implement other classes and interfaces. Polymorphism enables different classes to implement the same methods in different ways. Generics provide type safety for collections of objects.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented JavaScript, including:
- JavaScript is a prototype-based language that uses functions as classes rather than explicit classes
- Core objects like Math, Array, and String are included, and custom objects can be created
- Objects are instantiated using the new keyword, and properties and methods are defined on the prototype
- Inheritance is implemented by assigning an instance of the parent class to the child class
The document discusses various Java concepts including object-oriented principles, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, constructors, methods, exceptions, threads, and memory management. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like inheritance, polymorphism, method overloading, overriding, checked and unchecked exceptions, static and non-static methods, and the differences between concepts like ArrayList and Vector, and method overloading versus overriding.
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that defines a standard for what methods a class must include. Interfaces provide full abstraction since none of its methods have a body, while abstract classes provide partial abstraction since they can contain both abstract and concrete methods. Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. Common functionalities can be defined in an interface and implemented differently in classes.
This presentation provides an introduction to Java programming, covering key concepts like object-oriented programming (OOP) principles of objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. It also discusses Java features like platform independence and portability. Additionally, it defines common Java elements like data types, variables, methods, constructors, and operators.
This document provides an overview of key concepts covered in the Sun Certified Java Programmer (SCJP) 1.4 exam, including:
- Arrays in Java - how to declare, construct, initialize, and access array elements.
- Class modifiers like public, private, protected that restrict access, and final that prevents subclassing. Method and variable modifiers like static, abstract, synchronized are also discussed.
- Constructors - how they are invoked using this() and super(), default constructors, and cases where a default constructor is not provided by the compiler.
The document gives examples of each concept and is intended to help readers prepare for the SCJP certification exam by learning about its main objectives
The document contains questions and answers related to Java interview questions. It discusses topics like access modifiers, differences between abstract classes and interfaces, garbage collection, constructors vs methods, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions and more. The questions aim to test the interviewee's understanding of core Java concepts.
A constructor is used to create objects and has the same name as the class with no return type. A method is an ordinary member function that can have its own name and return type.
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects no longer needed by a program to reclaim memory. An object becomes eligible for garbage collection when it is unreachable.
Synchronization controls access to shared resources for multithreading by preventing one thread from modifying a variable while another thread is using it, which can cause errors.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is meant to serve as a template for subclasses to extend, while an interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but provides no implementation.
The document outlines a Java training program offered by SUGA Consulting Services. The 10-day program covers topics like OOP concepts, data types, strings, packages, threads, exceptions, access modifiers, methods, JDBC, log4j, and includes 3 mini projects. It provides details on each topic's duration and describes concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, primitive types and wrapper classes, strings and string buffers, the util and IO packages, exception handling, access modifiers, methods and constructors, coding standards, JUnit and more. Contact details for SUGA Consulting are also included.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in Java, including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It discusses each concept in detail with examples in Java code. It also covers the different types of inheritance in Java such as single, multiple, multilevel, and hybrid inheritance. The document explains that while multiple inheritance is not directly supported in Java, it can be achieved using interfaces. Overall, the document serves as a guide to learning OOP concepts and their implementation in Java.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Java, including naming conventions, data types, variables, data hiding, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance relationships, method signatures, polymorphism, constructors, and wrapper classes. It defines each concept and provides examples. For instance, it explains that naming conventions establish readability rules for identifiers, abstraction hides unnecessary details while exposing essential features, encapsulation allows objects to contain related properties and methods, and inheritance allows objects to acquire properties of other objects.
Importing a class allows it to be used without fully qualifying its name, while extending a class creates a subclass that inherits fields and methods. Importing does not change the program structure, while extending adds the extended class's functionality and allows overriding methods. The key differences are that importing uses the "has-a" relationship and instantiates with "new", while extending uses the "is-a" relationship and subclasses with "extends".
Team Quadra presented on object-oriented programming concepts in Java, including abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. The team members are Nafiz Ar Rafi, Shohana Iasmin, MD. Maruf Hossain, Sinthia Sayeed, and Rokonuzzaman Razu. Examples were provided to demonstrate each OOP concept in Java code. Access modifiers and their usage were also discussed along with constructors and static variables.
The final keyword in Java can modify variables, methods, and classes. When applied to a variable, it means the value cannot be changed after initialization; when applied to a method, it means the method cannot be overridden in subclasses; and when applied
Internet and Web Technology (CLASS-15) [JAVA Basics] | NIC/NIELIT Web Technol...Ayes Chinmay
The document discusses Java programming and object-oriented programming concepts. It includes:
- An overview of Java including its history, platforms, and creator James Gosling.
- Explanations of object-oriented programming concepts in Java including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction with examples.
- Code samples demonstrating Java syntax and basic programming.
- Questions about HTML tags, Apache Tomcat, JavaScript functions, and alternative scripting languages.
The Collection API provides classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects, such as HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, and LinkedList. It replaces vectors, arrays, and hashtables. Iterator is an interface used to iterate through elements of a Collection. The differences between an abstract class and interface are that interfaces provide multiple inheritance while abstract classes do not, and interfaces only define public methods without implementation.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. ASSOCIATION
Association is a relationship between two objects.
Objects might not be completely dependent on each
other.
One-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many all these
words define an association between objects
Example: A Student and a Faculty are having an
association.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
2
3. AGGREGATION
A directional association between objects.
Aggregation can be considered as a “has-a”
relationship.
Child object can also survive or exist without the
enclosing class.
For Example, Room has a table, but the table can
exist without the room.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
3
4. COMPOSITION
A restricted aggregation is called composition.
The member object (part) cannot exist without the
containing class.
For example, A class contains students. A student
cannot exist without a class. There exists composition
between class and students.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
4
5. UML Diagrams of
Relationships
Association
Association is denoted by simple
arrow
Aggregation
aggregation is denoted by empty
diamond head arrow
Composition
composition is denoted by filled
diamond head arrow
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
5
6. Difference Between
Composition And Aggregation
When there is a composition between two objects, the
composed object cannot exist without the other object.
In case of Aggregation,
Though one object can contain the other object,
there is no condition that the composed object must
exist.
For Ex: Facebook has-a-User i.e. Aggregation
Every User has a different Session i.e.
Composition.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
6
7. METHODS OVERRIDING
Overriding is a feature of OOP languages like
Java that is related to run-time polymorphism.
Method overriding is when a child class
redefines the same method as a parent class,
with the same parameters.
The key benefit of overriding is the ability to
define behavior that is specific to a particular
subclass type.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
7
8. The rules for overriding a method
are as follows:
The argument list must exactly match that of the
overridden method.
Overriding method CAN throw any unchecked
runtime exception.
You cannot override a method marked final.
You cannot override a method marked static.
If a method can't be inherited, you cannot
override it.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
8
9. METHOD OVERLOADING
Overloading is also a feature of OOP languages like
Java that is related to compile time (or static)
polymorphism.
Method overloading is defining several methods in
the same class, that accept different numbers and
types of parameters.
In this case, the actual method called is decided at
compile-time, based on the number and types of
arguments.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
9
10. Overloading Rules
Overloaded methods MUST change the argument
list.
Overloaded methods CAN change the return type.
Overloaded methods CAN change the access
modifier.
Overloaded methods CAN declare new or broader
checked exceptions.
A method can be overloaded in the same class or
in a subclass.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
10
12. Enum
An enumeration, or “enum” is simply a set of
constants to represent various values.
An enum type is a special data type that enables for
a variable to be a set of predefined constants.
The variable must be equal to one of the values that
have been predefined for it.
enums extend java.lang.Enum and implement
java.lang.Comparable.
Hence, enums can be sorted.
Enums override toString() and provide valueOf().
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
12
13. Defining Enum
Old way of doing it:
public final int SPRING = 0;
public final int SUMMER = 1;
public final int FALL = 2;
public final int WINTER = 3;
New way of doing it:
enum <enumname>{}
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
13
14. Advantages
Enums provide compile-time type safety.
Enums provide a proper name space for the
enumerated type.
Enums are robust.
Enum printed values are informative
Because enums are objects, you can put them in
collections.
Because enums are classes, you can add fields and
methods.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
14
15. Inner Class
The class defined inside another class or interface is
called inner class
We can also create an interface in another class or
interface.
For example
class Example{
class Sample{}
}
class Example{
interface Sample{}
}
interface Example{
class Sample{}
}
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
15
16. Need of Inner Class
Inner class is used for creating an object logically
inside another object with clear separation of
properties region.
A inner class has access to the variables and methods
of the outer class, even if they are declared private.
Nested classes can be hidden from other classes in
the same package.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
16
17. Nested class (static inner class)
The inner class defined at class level with static
keyword is called static inner class.
Syntax:
Allowed Modifiers:
class Example{
static class A{}
}
private, protected, public, final, abstract, strictfp
Types of Members allowed:
* static variable * non-static variable
* static block * non-static block
* static method * non-static method
* main method * constructor
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
17
18. Inner class (non-static inner class)
The inner class defined at class level without static
keyword is called non-static inner class.
Syntax:
Allowed Modifiers:
private, protected, public, final, abstract, strictfp
Types of Members allowed:
* non-static variable
* non-static block
* non-static method
* constructor
class Example{
class A{}
}
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
18
19. Method Local class (local inner class)
The inner class defined inside a method of outer
class called method inner class.
Syntax:
Allowed Modifiers:
final, abstract, strictfp
Types of Members allowed:
* non-static variable
* non-static block
* non-static method
* constructor
class A{
void m1(){
class B{}
}
}
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
19
20. Anonymous class (argument inner class)
It is a nameless subclass of some other existed
class/interface.
Like other inner classes it is not individual class.
Using anonymous class we can do 3 things at a time-
1. Inner class creation as a subclass of outer class.
2. Overriding outer class method.
3. Creating and sending its object as argument or
return type to another method.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
20
21. Syntax:
new outerclassname(){
//overriding outer class methods
}
Allowed Modifiers:
no modifier is allowed
Types of Members allowed:
* non-static variables
* non-static blocks
* non-static methods
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
21
23. Cohesion
Defintion:-
Cohesion means that a certain class performs a set of
closely related actions. Cohesion focuses on how
single class is designed.
Types of Cohesion:-
High Cohesion
Low Cohesion
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
23
24. High cohesion:-
High cohesion is when you have a class that does a
well defined job.
Low cohesion:-
Low cohesion is when a class does a lot of jobs that
don't have much in common.
Higher the cohesiveness of the class, better is the OO
design.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
24
25. Example:-
You have a class that adds two numbers, but the
same class creates a window displaying the result.
This is a low cohesive class because the window
and the adding operation don't have much in
common.
The window is the visual part of the program and
the adding function is the logic behind it.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
25
26. What is Coupling?
Coupling:-
Coupling is the degree to which one class knows
about another class.
It refers to how related are two classes / modules
and how dependent they are on each other.
Types of Coupling:-
Tight coupling
Loose coupling
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
26
27. Tight coupling:-
Tight coupling is when a group of classes are
highly dependent on one another.
Loose coupling:-
Loose coupling would mean that changing
something major in one class should not affect the
other.
Generally, good OO design should be loosely
coupled and highly cohesive.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
27
28. What is Garbage Collection ?
Garbage collection is the process of identifying
which objects are in use and which are not, and
deleting the unused objects.
In Java, process of deallocating memory is handled
automatically by the garbage collector.
This enables faster development with less code,
eliminate memory leaks and other memory-related
problems.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
28
29. The ways to make an Object
eligible for GC:-
Even though the programmer is not responsible for
distruction of Object. It is a good programming
practice to make our object is eligible for the
Garbage Collection, if it is no longer required.
Nullifying the reference variable :-
Re-assigning the reference variable:-
The Object created inside a method… are by
default eligible for GC.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
29
30. When the Garbage Collector Runs?
The garbage collector is under the control of the JVM.
The JVM will typically run the garbage collector when it
senses that memory is running low.
User can request the JVM for garbage Collection
by Calling “System.gc()”.
User can rely on ‘System.gc()’ to free up enough memory
without worrying for running out of memory.
But the garbage collector will run before it throws an
OutOfMemoryException.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
30
31. Role of finalize() method in GC
Java has a mechanism to run some code just before
your object is deleted by the garbage collector.
This code is located in a method named finalize()
that all classes inherit from class Object.
For any given object, finalize() will be called only
once (at most) by the garbage collector.
Calling finalize() can actually result in saving an
object from deletion.
Satyam Shrivastav
http://programmingpoints.blogspot.in/
31