OOP Concepts, Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Data abstraction, Data hiding, Cloning

1. www.SunilOS.com 1
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Object Oriented Programming
OOP……. Not OOPS!!

2. 2
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
What is an Object?
What is a Class?
What is a Message?
Encapsulation?
Inheritance?
Polymorphism/Dynamic Binding?
Data Hiding?
Data Abstraction?
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3. 3
Java Primitive Data Types
Primitive Data Types:
o boolean true or false
o char unicode (16 bits)
o byte signed 8 bit integer
o short signed 16 bit integer
o int signed 32 bit integer
o long signed 64 bit integer
o float,double floating point values
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4. 4
Other Data Types
Reference types (composite)
o objects
o arrays
strings are supported by a built-in class named
String (java.lang.String).
string literals are supported by the language (as a
special case).
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Attributes
String color = “Red” ;
int borderWidth = 5 ;
//……
System.out.println(borderWidth) ;

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Custom Data Type
public class Shape {
private String color = null;
private int borderWidth = 0;
public int getBorderWidth() {
return borderWidth;
}
public void setBorderWidth(int bw) {
borderWidth = bw;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
}
:Shape
-color :String
-borderWidth:int
+getColor():String
+setColor()
+getBorderWidth():int
+setBorderWidth()
Members
Member
variables
Member
methods

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Method Definition
public class Shape {
..
public void setBorderWidth(int bw)
{
borderWidth = bw;
}
}
Method

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Define attribute/variable
 public class TestShape {
o public static void main(String[] args){
 Shape s; //Declaration
 s = new Shape(); //Instantiation
 s.setColor(“Red”);
 s.setBorderWidth(3);
 ….
 int borderW =s.getBorderWidth();
 System.out.println(borderW) ;
o }
 }
S is an object here
S is an instance
here

9. Real World Entities – More Classes
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:Automobile
-color :String
-speed:int
-make:String
+$NO_OF_GEARS
+getColor():String
+setColor()
+getMake():String
+setMake()
+break()
+changeGear()
+accelerator()
+getSpeed():int
:Person
-name:String
-dob : Date
-address:String
+$AVG_AGE
+getName():String
+setName()
+getAdress():String
+setAddress()
+getDob (): Date
+setDob ()
+getAge() : int
:Account
-number:String
-accountType : String
-balance:double
+getNumber():String
+setNumber()
+getAccountType():String
+setAccountType()
+deposit ()
+withdrawal ()
+getBalance():double
+fundTransfer()
+payBill()

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Define A Class - Shape
public class Shape {
private String color = null;
private int borderWidth = 0;
public static final float PI = 3.14f;
public int getBorderWidth() {
return borderWidth;
}
public void setBorderWidth(int bw) {
borderWidth = bw;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
}
:Shape
-color :String
-borderWidth:int
+$PI=3.14
+getColor():String
+setColor()
+getBorderWidth():int
+setBorderWidth()
Shape s1 = new Shape();
Shape s2 = new Shape();
S.o.p( s1.PI );
S.o.p( s2.PI );
S.o.p( Shape.PI );

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Constructor
public class Shape {
private String color = null;
private int borderWidth = 0;
public Shape(){
System.out.println(
“This is default constructor”);
}
……………
Shape s = new Shape();
 Constructor is just like a method.
 It does not have return type.
 Its name is same as Class name.
 It is called at the time of object
instantiation (new Shape()).
 Constructors are used to initialize
instance/class variables.
 A class may have multiple
constructors with different number
of parameters.

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Multiple Constructors
One class may have more than one constructors.
Multiple constructors are used to initialize different sets
of class attributes.
When a class has more than one constructors, it is called
Constructor Overloading.
Constructors those receive parameters are called
Parameterized Constructors.

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Constructors Overloading
public class Shape {
private String color = null;
private int borderWidth = 0;
public Shape(){
System.out.println(“This is default
constuctor”)
}
public Shape (String c, int w){
color=c;
borderWidth=w;
}
Shape s = new
Shape()
s.setColor(“Red”);
s.setBorderWidth(5);
Or
Shape s = new
Shape(“Red”,5)

14. Default Constructor
 Default constructor does not receive any parameter.
o public Shape(){ .. }
 If User does not define any constructor then Default Constructor
will be created by Java Compiler.
 But if user defines single or multiple constructors then default
constructor will not be generated by Java Compiler.
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Declare an Instance/Object
Declare Primitive Type
int i;
i=5;
Declare Object
Shape s1,s2;
s1 = new Shape();
s2 = new Shape();
5
4 Bytes
s1
2 Bytes
s2
2 Bytes
getColor()
setColor()
getBorderWidth()
setBorderWidth()
Color
borderWidth
Color
borderWidth

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Instance vs static attributes
instance
static
instance
static
Attributes Methods
+getColor()
+setColor()
+getBorderWidth()
+setBorderWiidth()
PI = 3.14
Shape s1, s2
s1 = new Shape()
s2 = new Shape()
color = Red
borderWidth= 5
color = White
borderWidth= 10
s1
s2
s1.getColor()
s2.getBorderWidth()
s1.PI
Shape.PI
Class
1011
1010
1010
1011
2B
2B
:Shape
-color :String
-borderWidth:int
+$PI =3.14
+getColor():String
+setColor()
+getBorderWidth():int
+setBorderWidth()

17. OOP Key Concepts
Encapsulation:
o Creates Expert Classes.
Inheritance:
o Creates Specialized Classes.
Polymorphism:
o Provides Dynamic behaviour at Runtime.
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18. Encapsulation
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19. Expert Class
Encapsulation will create Expert class
Expert class has related attributes and method
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Doctor Advocate Engineer Astronaut

20. Modern Art: non-encapsulation
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Encapsulation
Gathering all related methods and attributes in a Class
is called encapsulation.
Often, for practical reasons, an object may wish to
expose some of its variables or hide some of its
methods.
Access Levels:
Modifier Class Subclass Package World
private X
protected X X X
public X X X X

22. Inheritance
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Dhirubhai Ambani

23. Specialization
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Doctor
General Physician
Heart Specialist ENT Specialist Neurologist
Parent Class
Child Classes

24. Specialization
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Engineer
Mechanical IT
Chemical
Parent Class
Child Classes

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Inheritance
:Shape
#color :String
#borderWidth:int
+getColor():String
+setColor()
+getBorderWidth():int
+setBorderWidth()
:Rectangle
-length :int
-width:int
+area()
+getLength()
+setLength()
:Circle
-radius : int
+area()
+getRadius()
+setRadius()
:Triangle
-base:int
-hight:int
+area()
+getBase()
+setBase()
Circle c =new Circle();
c.getColor();
c.getBorderWidth();
c.area();
Access Modifiers: -private #protected +public
IS relation
Generalize
Class
Specialize
Class
:Object

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How Objects are Created
Circle c = new Circle( );
Execution Time
c
Shape
Circle
Object
1.
c
Shape
Circle
Object
2.
Object
c
3.
Shape
Circle

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Parents Can Keep Child’s Reference
 Circle c = new Circle();
o c.getColor()
o c.getBorderBidth()
o c.area()
 Shape s = new Circle();
o s.getColor()
o s.getBorderBidth()
o s.area()
 Circle c1 = (Circle) s;
o c1.getColor()
o c1.getBorderBidth()
o c1.area()

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Parents Can Keep Child’s Reference
Shape s = new Circle( );
Execution Time
s
Shape
Circle
Object
1.
s
Shape
Circle
Object
2.
Object
s
3.
Shape
Circle
Accessible
Window

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Method Overriding – area()
:Shape
color :String
borderWidth:int
getColor():String
setColor()
getBorderWidth():int
setBorderWidth()
area()
:Rectangle
length :int
width:int
area()
getLength()
setLength()
:Circle
radius
area()
getRadius()
setRadius()
:Triangle
base:int
hight:int
area()
getBase()
setBase()
Shape s= new Circle()
s.getColor();
s.getBorderWidth();
s.area();

30. Final Class: experts who does not need specialization
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31. Final Class: does not have child
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The Complete Man
Does not need specialization

32. Final class: the complete class
Final class does not have child. It is defined by
final keyword
public final class String {.. }
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:String
+length()
+toUpperCase()
+toLowerCase()
+indexOf()
+replace()
+substring()
:Math
+max()
+min()
+sqrt ()
+abs()
+random()
+sin()
+tan()

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The Final modifier
Class :
o Final classes can not have Children.
o public final class Math
Method:
o Final Methods can not be overridden.
o public final double sqrt(int i);
Attribute:
o Final attributes can be assigned a value once in a life.
o public final float PI = 3.14;

34. Polymorphism
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raining()

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Polymorphism
 Three Common Uses of Polymorphism:
o Using Polymorphism in Arrays.
o Using Polymorphism for Method Arguments.
o Using Polymorphism for Method Return Type.
 Ways to Provide polymorphism:
o Through Interfaces.
o Method Overriding.
o Method Overloading.

36. www.SunilOS.com 36
1) Using Polymorphism in Arrays
Shape s[] = new Shape[3];
s[0] = new Rectangle()
s[1] = new Circle()
s[2] = new Triangle()
s[0]:Rectangle
color
borderWidth
length = 17
Width = 35
s[1]:Circle
color
borderWidth
radius = 11
s[2]:Triangle
color
borderWidth
base:15
hight:7

37. www.SunilOS.com 37
1) Using Polymorphism in Arrays
 Shape[] s;
 s = new Shape[3];
 s[0] = new Rectangle()
 s[1] = new Circle()
 s[2] = new Triangle()
2B
3
[0]
[1]
[2]
length
color
borderWidth
length
width
color
borderWidth
radius
color
borderWidth
Base
hight
1010
1111
1011
1010
1011
1111
1000
1000

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2) Using Polymorphism for Method Arguments
public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape[] s = new Shape[3];
s[0] = new Rectangle();
s[1] = new Circle();
s[2] = new Triangle();
double totalArea = calcArea(s);
System.out.println(totalArea);
}
public static double calcArea(Shape[] s) {
double totalArea = 0;
for(int i =0;i<s.length; i++){
totalArea += s[i].area();
}
return totalArea;
}
*The method overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism.

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3) Polymorphism using Return Type
public static Shape getShape(int i) {
if (i == 1) return new Rectangle();
if (i == 2) return new Circle();
if (i == 3) return new Triangle();
}

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Method Overloading
PrintWriter
o println(String)
o println(int)
o println(double)
o println(boolean)
o println()

41. Abstract Class
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42. www.SunilOS.com 42
Abstract Class
 What code can be written in Shape.area() method?
o Nothing, area() method is defined by child classes. It should have only
declaration.
 Is Shape a concrete class?
o NO, Rectangle, Circle and Triangle are concrete classes.
 If it has only area declaration then
o Method will be abstract and class will be abstract as well.
 Benefit?
o Parent will enforce child to implement area() method.
o Child has to mandatorily define (implement) area method.
o This will achieve polymorphism.

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Shape
public abstract class Shape {
String color = null;
int borderWidth = 0;
public int getBorderWidth() {
return borderWidth;
}
…
public abstract double area();
}
 Instance of an abstract class can not be created
o Shape s= new Shape();

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Interface
When all methods are abstract then interface is created.
It has abstract methods and constants.
It represents a role (abstract view) for a class.
One interface can extend another interface using
extends keyword.
One Class can implement multiple interfaces using
implements keyword.

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Interfaces
Richman
earnMoney()
donation()
party()
Businessman
name
address
earnMoney()
donation()
party()
Richman rm = new Businessman();
SocialWorker sw = new Businessman();
Businessman bm = new Businessman();
SocialWorker
helpToOthers()
Businessman
name
address
earnMoney()
donation()
party()
helpToOthers()
Businessman
name
address
helpToOthers()

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interface Richman
public interface Richman {
o public void earnMoney();
o public void donation();
o public void party();
}

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interface SocialWorker
public interface SocialWorker{
o public void helpToOthers();
}

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interface SocialWorker
 public class Businessman extends Person
implements Richman, SocialWorker {
 private String name;
 private String address;
 public void donation() {
o System.out.println("Giving Donation");
 }

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Interface
It declares APIs.
Specifications are defined as interfaces.
o JDBC
o Collection
o EJB
o JNI
o etc.

50. Data Abstraction
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Interface
Interface
Class

51. Data Abstraction ( Cont. )
Data abstraction is the way to create complex data types
and exposing only meaningful operations to interact with
data type, whereas hiding all the implementation details
from outside world.
Data Abstraction is a process of hiding the
implementation details and showing only the
functionality.
Data Abstraction in java is achieved by interfaces and
abstract classes.
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52. Data Hiding
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Private
Protected

53. Data Hiding ( Cont. )
Data Hiding is an aspect of Object Oriented
Programming (OOP) that allows developers to
protect private data and hide implementation
details.
Developers can hide class members from other
classes. Access of class members can be
restricted or hide with the help of access
modifiers.
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How a constructor can call another constructor ?
 public class Person {
 protected String firstName = null;
 protected String lastName = null;
 protected String address = null;
 public Person() {
 System.out.println("Person Default Con");
 }
 public Person(String fn, String ln) {
o firstName = fn;
o lastName = ln;
o System.out.println(“2 params constructor is called");
 }

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How a constructor can call another constructor ?
 public Person(String fn, String ln, String address) {
o firstName = fn;
o lastName = ln;
o this.address = address;
o System.out.println(“3 params constructor is called");
 }

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How a constructor can call another constructor ?
 public Person() {
 System.out.println("Person Default Con");
 }
 public Person(String fn, String ln) {
o firstName = fn;
o lastName = ln;
o System.out.println("2 params constructor is called");
 }
 public Person(String fn, String ln, String address) {
1. this(fn,ln) ;
2. this.address = address;
3. System.out.println(“3 params constructor is called");
 }

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How to Call Parent Constructor
 public class Employee extends Person {
 private String designation = null;
 public Employee() {
 System.out.println("Default Constructor");
 }
 public Employee(String fn, String ln, String des) {
 super(fn, ln);
 designation = des;
 System.out.println(“3 params constructor is called");
 }

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Super default constructor
 If Child constructor does not call parent’s constructor then Parent’s default
constructor is automatically called.
 public Employee() {
 System.out.println("Default Constructor");
 }
 Is Equal to
 public Employee() {
 super();
 System.out.println("Default Constructor");
 }

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Super default constructor (cont.)
 public Employee(String fn, String ln, String des) {
o designation = des;
o System.out.println(“3 params constructor is called ");
 }
 Is Equal to
 public Employee(String fn, String ln, String des) {
o super();
o designation = des;
o System.out.println(“3 params constructor is called");
 }

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How to call Parent’s overridden method?
 public class Person {
 public void changeAddress() {
o System.out.println("Person change Address");
 }
 …
 public class Employee extends Person {
 public void changeAddress() {
o System.out.println("*****");
o super.changeAddress();
o System.out.println("Employee change Address");
 }
 …

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Interesting facts - Overriding
 public class Account{
o public int getAmount() {
o return 5;
o }
 }
 public class SavingAccount extends Account {
o public int getAmount() {
 return 10;
o }
 }

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What is Output Of
 public class Test {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
o SavingAccount s = new SavingAccount ();
o Account a = new Account ();
o Account sa = new SavingAccount ();
o System.out.println(s.getAmount());
o System.out.println(a.getAmount());
o System.out.println(sa.getAmount());
o }
 }

63. Interesting facts - Overriding
 public class Account{
o public int getAmount() {
o return 5;
o }
 }
 public class SavingAccount extends Account{
o public int getAmount() {
 int i = super.getAmount() + 10;
 return i;
o }
 }
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Constructor and Inheritance
class A {
...
}
class B extends A {
public B(int x){}
}
B b = new B(3);
OK
-default constr. A()
-B(int x)
Implicit call of base class constructor
class A {
public A() {...}
}
class B extends A {
public B(int x) {...}
}
B b = new B(3);
OK
-A()
-B(int x)
class A {
public A(int x) {...}
}
class B extends A {
public B(int x) {...}
}
B b = new B(3);
Error!
-no explicit call of
the A() constructor
-default constr. A()
does not exist
class A {
public A(int x) {...}
}
class B extends A {
public B(int x){
super(x) ...}
}
B b = new B(3);
OK
-A(int x)
-B(int x)
Explicit call

65. Cloning – Make copy of an object
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66. Deep Cloning
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Employee
Address
Employee
Address
clone

67. Shallow Cloning
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Employee
Address
Employee
clone

68. Disclaimer
This is an educational presentation to enhance the skill
of computer science students.
This presentation is available for free to computer
science students.
Some internet images from different URLs are used in
this presentation to simplify technical examples and
correlate examples with the real world.
We are grateful to owners of these URLs and pictures.
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69. Thank You!
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