This document provides information on assessing and diagnosing various types of orofacial pain, including dental pain, dentine sensitivity, pulpitis, abscess, pericoronitis, dry socket, trigeminal neuralgia, preherpetic neuralgia, and atypical odontalgia. It describes the nature, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management of each condition. Key factors assessed include the location, duration, and triggers of the pain, as well as relevant medical and dental history. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, vitality testing, percussion, and radiography to determine the specific cause and appropriate treatment.
This document discusses tooth eruption and shedding. It begins by describing the formation of the dental lamina during embryonic development, from which the primary teeth and permanent successors develop. It then covers the developmental stages of teeth, the theories of eruption, and the phases of eruption including pre-eruption, eruption, and post-eruption. It also provides the chronology of human dentition development and shedding of teeth. In summary, it provides a comprehensive overview of tooth development from the embryonic stage through eruption and shedding.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth that provides attachment for collagen fibers linking the tooth to surrounding bone. It begins at the cementoenamel junction and continues along the root to the apex. Cementum is avascular and less hard than dentin. It contains both inorganic minerals and organic materials including collagen. Cementoblast cells synthesize cementum by laying down an organic matrix that subsequently mineralizes. Cementum thickness varies along the root and increases with age. It provides for functional adaptation and resistance to resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
INCLUDES DEFINITION, CAUSATIVE AGENT, CURRENT CONCEPT OF DENTAL CARIES, KEY'S TRIANGLE, CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES BASED ON ANATOMICAL SITE, SEVERITY AND RATE OF PROGRESSION, CLINICAL VARIANTS AND SEQUELAE OF DENTAL CARIES, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF DENTAL CARIES
The document appears to be discussing different types of aesthetic restorative materials used in dentistry, including unfilled resin, filled resin composites, glass ionomers, ceramics, and silicate cements. It focuses on describing the composition, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of filled resin composites. It explains that composites contain inorganic filler particles suspended in an organic resin matrix, and that the amount and size of filler impacts the material's properties. Larger filler leads to better strength and durability, while smaller filler provides better aesthetics and surface quality.
The face develops from the third to eighth week of gestation as the pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts form. The pharyngeal arches contribute mesenchymal tissue that gives rise to structures of the head and neck. Neural crest cells migrate into the arches and determine the skeletal structures that develop. Each arch is associated with a cranial nerve and blood vessel. Structures of the face, ears, tongue, larynx and thyroid develop from the differentiation and fusion of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
This document provides information on assessing and diagnosing various types of orofacial pain, including dental pain, dentine sensitivity, pulpitis, abscess, pericoronitis, dry socket, trigeminal neuralgia, preherpetic neuralgia, and atypical odontalgia. It describes the nature, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management of each condition. Key factors assessed include the location, duration, and triggers of the pain, as well as relevant medical and dental history. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, vitality testing, percussion, and radiography to determine the specific cause and appropriate treatment.
This document discusses tooth eruption and shedding. It begins by describing the formation of the dental lamina during embryonic development, from which the primary teeth and permanent successors develop. It then covers the developmental stages of teeth, the theories of eruption, and the phases of eruption including pre-eruption, eruption, and post-eruption. It also provides the chronology of human dentition development and shedding of teeth. In summary, it provides a comprehensive overview of tooth development from the embryonic stage through eruption and shedding.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth that provides attachment for collagen fibers linking the tooth to surrounding bone. It begins at the cementoenamel junction and continues along the root to the apex. Cementum is avascular and less hard than dentin. It contains both inorganic minerals and organic materials including collagen. Cementoblast cells synthesize cementum by laying down an organic matrix that subsequently mineralizes. Cementum thickness varies along the root and increases with age. It provides for functional adaptation and resistance to resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
INCLUDES DEFINITION, CAUSATIVE AGENT, CURRENT CONCEPT OF DENTAL CARIES, KEY'S TRIANGLE, CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES BASED ON ANATOMICAL SITE, SEVERITY AND RATE OF PROGRESSION, CLINICAL VARIANTS AND SEQUELAE OF DENTAL CARIES, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF DENTAL CARIES
The document appears to be discussing different types of aesthetic restorative materials used in dentistry, including unfilled resin, filled resin composites, glass ionomers, ceramics, and silicate cements. It focuses on describing the composition, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of filled resin composites. It explains that composites contain inorganic filler particles suspended in an organic resin matrix, and that the amount and size of filler impacts the material's properties. Larger filler leads to better strength and durability, while smaller filler provides better aesthetics and surface quality.
The face develops from the third to eighth week of gestation as the pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts form. The pharyngeal arches contribute mesenchymal tissue that gives rise to structures of the head and neck. Neural crest cells migrate into the arches and determine the skeletal structures that develop. Each arch is associated with a cranial nerve and blood vessel. Structures of the face, ears, tongue, larynx and thyroid develop from the differentiation and fusion of the pharyngeal arches and clefts.
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Retracts cheek
6. Inject 1.8 ml of LA solution slowly
7. Withdraw needle and apply pressure
8. Wait for 5 minutes
9. Check anesthesia
ELHAWARY
Maxillary Anesthetic Techniques
Posterior superior alv. N.B. Technique
alv.
Cont.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Anesthetizes the whole area of - Technically more difficult
the posterior maxilla - Risk of intravascular injection
- Longer duration of anesthesia - Risk of hematoma formation
- Less traumatic - Requires an assistant
- Suitable for multiple
Dental caries is caused by an imbalance between tooth minerals and biofilm fluids due to acid production from cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque. It begins as demineralization of enamel and progresses to destruction of dentin and pulp if left untreated. Key factors that influence caries development include the cariogenicity of dental biofilm and bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, low salivary flow and buffering capacity, tooth morphology, and prolonged exposure time. Histopathologically, enamel caries shows irregular fissures and intercrystalline spaces widening while dentin caries exhibits tubular sclerosis and liquifaction necrosis.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
Teeth don’t possess regenerative ability found in most other tissues. Therefore, once enamel & dentin are lost as a result of caries, trauma or wear, restorative material must be used, to reestablish form & function.
Teeth require preparation to receive restoration & these preparations must be based on fundamental principles, which are discussed in this presentation, from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
Compensating curves are artificial curves introduced into complete dentures to achieve balanced occlusion. They compensate for the space formed between the posterior teeth during jaw movements. There are two main types of compensating curves:
1. Anteroposterior curves (like the Curve of Spee) which raise the distal portions of the posterior teeth to compensate for the wedge-shaped opening that occurs in back teeth during protrusion.
2. Mediolateral curves (like the Curve of Monson) which compensate for the opening formed when the jaw moves laterally by incorporating curvature in the frontal plane. These curves help distribute forces during mastication.
Local anesthesia is the reversible loss of sensation in a body area caused by inhibiting nerve conduction. This document discusses the introduction, composition, mechanism of action, and dose calculation of local anesthesia. It covers topics like nerve physiology, electrophysiology of nerve conduction, impulse propagation, and the site and mode of action of local anesthetics. The document provides details on how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and raising the firing threshold of nerves.
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
The document discusses the periodontium and its components, with a focus on cementum. It defines cementum as the hard calcified tissue covering tooth roots that attaches the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone via periodontal ligament fibers. The document describes the physical properties, chemical composition, classification, and histological structure of cementum. It also discusses acellular cementum, cellular cementum, afibrillar cementum, cementoblast cells, cementocyte cells, the cemento-enamel junction, incremental lines of Salter, and age-related changes such as hypercementosis.
Local & systemic Complications of Local AnesthesiaIAU Dent
This document discusses local anesthesia (LA), including its mechanism of action, factors influencing injection discomfort and techniques to reduce discomfort, testing the success of LA, causes and management of failed LA, complications of LA including local and systemic complications, and management of specific complications like needle breakage, pain/burning on injection, persistent anesthesia, and trismus. It provides anatomical and technical details related to achieving successful LA and avoiding complications.
This document discusses occlusion and its study. It begins by defining occlusion and centric relation. It describes studying occlusion by examining dental arch formation, compensatory curves, tooth angulations, functional tooth form, and tooth relationships in centric occlusion. Key points include the first permanent molars acting as the "key of occlusion," compensatory curves guiding mandibular movement, and Angle's classification of malocclusions. Studying occlusion is important for treating malocclusions and TMJ issues as well as constructing dental restorations.
Luxation injuries involve displacement of teeth from their sockets and can range from mild concussions to complete avulsion. The document outlines the different types of luxation injuries including subluxation, extrusive luxation, lateral luxation, and intrusive luxation. It provides details on the diagnostic signs, treatment objectives, and prognosis for each type of injury. Pulp necrosis rates vary depending on the severity of the luxation, from 4% for concussions to 100% for intrusive luxations. Treatment generally involves repositioning the tooth, splinting for support, and monitoring for pulp necrosis over time.
Cementum is the calcified tissue covering the root of a tooth. It is avascular and composed of non-collagenous proteins and collagen fibers. There are different types of cementum including acellular and cellular cementum. Acellular cementum lacks cells and contains Sharpey's fibers, while cellular cementum contains cementoblast cells. Cementum is deposited throughout life to compensate for tooth eruption and wear. It attaches to the tooth and permits nutrient diffusion. Conditions like hypercementosis and cementum resorption can affect the amount and structure of cementum.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its definitions, classifications, mechanisms and management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is classified as acute, chronic, neuropathic, musculoskeletal and others, based on duration and source. The pathways involve nociceptors detecting pain, first order neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, second order neurons in the spinal cord projecting to the thalamus, and third order neurons projecting to the brain. Managing pain involves understanding its types, causes, receptors and pathways.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
Saliva plays an important role in protecting teeth from dental caries. It is the medium in which dental plaque develops. Several properties of saliva contribute to this protective effect, including its composition, pH, buffering capacity, quantity, viscosity, and antibacterial factors. Saliva is normally supersaturated with calcium and phosphate ions, preventing enamel from dissolving and potentially precipitating minerals to remineralize early carious lesions. Its bicarbonate buffering system helps neutralize acid produced by plaque bacteria and raise the pH. Reduced or absent saliva flow is associated with higher caries rates, as saliva is needed to continually remove bacteria and food from teeth.
This document discusses dental caries, including its etiology, clinical characteristics, and histopathology. It describes how caries is caused by an interaction between host factors, such as tooth composition and saliva, and environmental factors like diet and bacteria. It also summarizes the typical progression and appearance of caries in different locations, such as pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, and root surfaces. Caries develops when acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars in the diet break down tooth minerals over time. The document provides details on the role of various microorganisms involved at different caries stages.
Introduction into operative dentistry.pdf mazen doumanimazen doumani
Operative dentistry involves procedures to diagnose, treat, eliminate, prevent, and restore defects in hard tooth structures. It originated in the 17th century and evolved with the development of dental education programs and standardized cavity preparation and filling techniques. Factors affecting operative treatment include indications like caries, malformations, and replacements, as well as considerations like infection control, diagnosis, treatment planning, materials selection, and biologic knowledge. More conservative approaches are now possible due to advances in prevention methods, materials, and techniques. The need for operative dentistry is projected to continue due to ongoing rates of new caries, replacement of existing restorations, and demand for esthetic enhancements.
This document presents information on tooth eruption. It discusses the phases of eruption as pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive. It also outlines several theories of eruption, including root formation theory, bone remodeling theory, vascular pressure theory, and periodontal ligament traction theory. This last theory is considered one of the most acceptable as experimental evidence has shown that if the dental follicle is removed, no eruptive pathway forms, but if a silicon replica is substituted, eruption still occurs. The document concludes that while several theories attempt to explain tooth eruption, the full mechanism remains incomplete.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
Retracts cheek
6. Inject 1.8 ml of LA solution slowly
7. Withdraw needle and apply pressure
8. Wait for 5 minutes
9. Check anesthesia
ELHAWARY
Maxillary Anesthetic Techniques
Posterior superior alv. N.B. Technique
alv.
Cont.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Anesthetizes the whole area of - Technically more difficult
the posterior maxilla - Risk of intravascular injection
- Longer duration of anesthesia - Risk of hematoma formation
- Less traumatic - Requires an assistant
- Suitable for multiple
Dental caries is caused by an imbalance between tooth minerals and biofilm fluids due to acid production from cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque. It begins as demineralization of enamel and progresses to destruction of dentin and pulp if left untreated. Key factors that influence caries development include the cariogenicity of dental biofilm and bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, low salivary flow and buffering capacity, tooth morphology, and prolonged exposure time. Histopathologically, enamel caries shows irregular fissures and intercrystalline spaces widening while dentin caries exhibits tubular sclerosis and liquifaction necrosis.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
Teeth don’t possess regenerative ability found in most other tissues. Therefore, once enamel & dentin are lost as a result of caries, trauma or wear, restorative material must be used, to reestablish form & function.
Teeth require preparation to receive restoration & these preparations must be based on fundamental principles, which are discussed in this presentation, from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
Compensating curves are artificial curves introduced into complete dentures to achieve balanced occlusion. They compensate for the space formed between the posterior teeth during jaw movements. There are two main types of compensating curves:
1. Anteroposterior curves (like the Curve of Spee) which raise the distal portions of the posterior teeth to compensate for the wedge-shaped opening that occurs in back teeth during protrusion.
2. Mediolateral curves (like the Curve of Monson) which compensate for the opening formed when the jaw moves laterally by incorporating curvature in the frontal plane. These curves help distribute forces during mastication.
Local anesthesia is the reversible loss of sensation in a body area caused by inhibiting nerve conduction. This document discusses the introduction, composition, mechanism of action, and dose calculation of local anesthesia. It covers topics like nerve physiology, electrophysiology of nerve conduction, impulse propagation, and the site and mode of action of local anesthetics. The document provides details on how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and raising the firing threshold of nerves.
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
The document discusses the periodontium and its components, with a focus on cementum. It defines cementum as the hard calcified tissue covering tooth roots that attaches the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone via periodontal ligament fibers. The document describes the physical properties, chemical composition, classification, and histological structure of cementum. It also discusses acellular cementum, cellular cementum, afibrillar cementum, cementoblast cells, cementocyte cells, the cemento-enamel junction, incremental lines of Salter, and age-related changes such as hypercementosis.
Local & systemic Complications of Local AnesthesiaIAU Dent
This document discusses local anesthesia (LA), including its mechanism of action, factors influencing injection discomfort and techniques to reduce discomfort, testing the success of LA, causes and management of failed LA, complications of LA including local and systemic complications, and management of specific complications like needle breakage, pain/burning on injection, persistent anesthesia, and trismus. It provides anatomical and technical details related to achieving successful LA and avoiding complications.
This document discusses occlusion and its study. It begins by defining occlusion and centric relation. It describes studying occlusion by examining dental arch formation, compensatory curves, tooth angulations, functional tooth form, and tooth relationships in centric occlusion. Key points include the first permanent molars acting as the "key of occlusion," compensatory curves guiding mandibular movement, and Angle's classification of malocclusions. Studying occlusion is important for treating malocclusions and TMJ issues as well as constructing dental restorations.
Luxation injuries involve displacement of teeth from their sockets and can range from mild concussions to complete avulsion. The document outlines the different types of luxation injuries including subluxation, extrusive luxation, lateral luxation, and intrusive luxation. It provides details on the diagnostic signs, treatment objectives, and prognosis for each type of injury. Pulp necrosis rates vary depending on the severity of the luxation, from 4% for concussions to 100% for intrusive luxations. Treatment generally involves repositioning the tooth, splinting for support, and monitoring for pulp necrosis over time.
Cementum is the calcified tissue covering the root of a tooth. It is avascular and composed of non-collagenous proteins and collagen fibers. There are different types of cementum including acellular and cellular cementum. Acellular cementum lacks cells and contains Sharpey's fibers, while cellular cementum contains cementoblast cells. Cementum is deposited throughout life to compensate for tooth eruption and wear. It attaches to the tooth and permits nutrient diffusion. Conditions like hypercementosis and cementum resorption can affect the amount and structure of cementum.
This document provides an overview of pain, including its definitions, classifications, mechanisms and management. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is classified as acute, chronic, neuropathic, musculoskeletal and others, based on duration and source. The pathways involve nociceptors detecting pain, first order neurons in the dorsal root ganglion, second order neurons in the spinal cord projecting to the thalamus, and third order neurons projecting to the brain. Managing pain involves understanding its types, causes, receptors and pathways.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
Saliva plays an important role in protecting teeth from dental caries. It is the medium in which dental plaque develops. Several properties of saliva contribute to this protective effect, including its composition, pH, buffering capacity, quantity, viscosity, and antibacterial factors. Saliva is normally supersaturated with calcium and phosphate ions, preventing enamel from dissolving and potentially precipitating minerals to remineralize early carious lesions. Its bicarbonate buffering system helps neutralize acid produced by plaque bacteria and raise the pH. Reduced or absent saliva flow is associated with higher caries rates, as saliva is needed to continually remove bacteria and food from teeth.
This document discusses dental caries, including its etiology, clinical characteristics, and histopathology. It describes how caries is caused by an interaction between host factors, such as tooth composition and saliva, and environmental factors like diet and bacteria. It also summarizes the typical progression and appearance of caries in different locations, such as pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, and root surfaces. Caries develops when acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars in the diet break down tooth minerals over time. The document provides details on the role of various microorganisms involved at different caries stages.
Introduction into operative dentistry.pdf mazen doumanimazen doumani
Operative dentistry involves procedures to diagnose, treat, eliminate, prevent, and restore defects in hard tooth structures. It originated in the 17th century and evolved with the development of dental education programs and standardized cavity preparation and filling techniques. Factors affecting operative treatment include indications like caries, malformations, and replacements, as well as considerations like infection control, diagnosis, treatment planning, materials selection, and biologic knowledge. More conservative approaches are now possible due to advances in prevention methods, materials, and techniques. The need for operative dentistry is projected to continue due to ongoing rates of new caries, replacement of existing restorations, and demand for esthetic enhancements.
This document presents information on tooth eruption. It discusses the phases of eruption as pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive. It also outlines several theories of eruption, including root formation theory, bone remodeling theory, vascular pressure theory, and periodontal ligament traction theory. This last theory is considered one of the most acceptable as experimental evidence has shown that if the dental follicle is removed, no eruptive pathway forms, but if a silicon replica is substituted, eruption still occurs. The document concludes that while several theories attempt to explain tooth eruption, the full mechanism remains incomplete.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
This document discusses the principles of how medications produce their effects in the body. It describes four main types of medication actions: stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement. It then explains features of medication effects such as dose-response relationships and interactions with receptors, enzymes, cell membranes, and direct physical or chemical actions. The key mechanisms discussed are agonism, antagonism, enzyme inhibition or stimulation, effects on ion channels, and carrier transport blockade.
2. ARTİKULYASİYA
Artikulyasiya dedikdə, yuxarı çənəyə nəzərən
çeynəmə əzələlərinin köməyi ilə müəyyən
məkan daxilində aşağı çənəni etdiyi bütün
hərəkətlər, yerdəyişmələr vəvəziyyətlər başa
düşülür.
Bu ifadə aşağı çənənin təkcə çeynəmə
hərəkətləri ilə məhdudlaşmayıb, nitq, udma,
əsnəmə zamanı və s. kimi hərəkətlərini də
səciyyələndirir.
3. OKKLÜZİYA
Artikulyasiyanın xüsusi bir halı olub, müəyyən zaman çərçivəsində ayrı-ayrı diş
qruplarının və ya bütünlüklə diş sıralarının qapanmasıdır. Artikulyasiyaya
okklüziyanın bir-birini əvəz edən variantlarının zənciri kimi baxılır. Okklüziya
aşağıdakı növlərdən ibarətdir:
5. Mərkəzi okklüziya
Mərkəzi okküziyada dişlər qapanarkən aralarında maksimal təmas nöqtələri yaranır. Bu
zaman sifətin orta xətti mərkəzi kəsici dişlər arasından keçən şaquli xətlə üst-üstə düşür.
Çənənin oynaq başı oynaq qabarcığının əsasında yerləşir. Mərkəzi okklüziyada çənəni
qaldıran əzələlərin eyni vaxtda bərabər yığılması qeyd olunur.
6. Ön okklüziya
Ön okklüziya çənə önə çıxmış vəziyyətdə diş sıralarının qapanması olub, bayır
qanadabənzər əzələlərin ikitərəfli yığılası hesabına baş verir. Sifətin orta xətti mərkəzi
okklüziyada olduğu kimi, mərkəzi kəsici dişlər arasından keçən şaquli xətlə üst-üstə
düşür. Okklüziyanın bu növündə çənənin oynaq başı önə sürüşərək oynaq
qabarcıqlarının zirvəsində yerləşir.
7. Yan okklüziya
Yan okklüziya çənənin sağa (sağ okklüziya) və sola (sol okklüziya) yerdəyişməsi zamanı
diş sıralarının qapanmasıdır. Sağ yan okklüziya – sol bayır qanadabənzər əzələnin, sol
yan okklüziya – sağ bayır qanadabənzər əzələnin yığılması hesabına baş verir. Çənə yana
yerini dəyişərkən yerdəyişmə tərəfində çənənin oynaq başı yüngülcə fırlanaraq oynaq
qabarcığının əsasında qalır, digər tərəfdə isə o, oynaq qabarcığının zirvəsində yerləşir.
8. Çənənin nisbi sakitlik vəziyyəti
Çeynəmə və nitq fəaliyyəti dayandıqda yuxarı və aşağı diş sıraları bir-birindən aralı
olur; bu zaman çənə azacıq sallanır və ön dişlər arasında 1 - 6 mm-ə qədər məsafə
olur. Bu məsafə fərdi və müxtəlif olub, yaşa dolduqca artır. Çənə aşağı sallanarkən
ona təsbit olunmuş əzələlər bir qədər dartılmış olur ki, bu da müvafiq
proprioreseptorlarda qıcıqlanma törədir. Proprioreseptorlar qıcıqlandıqda çeynəmə
əzələlərinin müxtəlif qrup lifləri növbə ilə yığılır. Bu, əzələlərin istirahətini təmin
etməklə, onları yeni yığılmaya hazırlayır. Belə vəziyyətdə əzələlərin enerji sərfi onların
fəaliyyət dövründəkinə nisbətə ən minimal olur. Bu hal çənənin nisbi fizioloji sakitlik
vəziyyəti adlanır.
Çənənin nisbi sakitlik vəziyyəti reflektor akt olub, parodont toxumalarının da
fəaliyyəti üçün vacibdir. Məlum olduğu kimi, parodont toxumaları üçün çeynəmə
təyziqinin dövrülüyü xarakterik sayılır. Əgər parodonta düşən təyziq daimi olsaydı, bu,
parodontda işemiya törətməklə, distrofiyaya gətirib çıxarardı. Bu səbəbdən, çənənin
nisbi sakitlik vəziyyəti özünəməxsus anadangəlmə müdafiə reflekslərindən sayılır.
9. Normal dişləm
Patoloji dişləm
Dişləmlər
o Ortoqnatik dişləm
o Düz dişləm
o Fizioloji proqnatiya
o Fizioloji opistoqnatiya
o Distal dişləm
o Mezial dişləm
o Çəp dişləm
o Dərin dişləm
o Açıq dişləm
Diş sıralarının mərkəzi okklüziya vəziyyətində qapanması dişləm adlanır. Çeynəmə,nitq və
estetik optimumu təmin edən dişləmlər normal sayılır. Patoloji dişləm diş sıralarının elə
qarşılıqlı münasibətidir ki, bu zaman çeynəmə funksiyası, nitq və xarici görkəm pozulur.
10. Ortoqnatik dişləm
Daha çox rast gəlinən dişləm növü olub,
müəyyən əlamətlərlə xarakterizə olunur;
bunlardan bir qismi bütün dişlərə,
digərləri təkcə ön dişlərə və çeynəmə
dişlərinə aid olan əlamətlərdir.
Bütün dişlərə aid əlamətər
Hər bir diş iki antoqonistlə - əsas və əlavə antoqonistlə görüşür. Hər bir yuxarı diş aşağı
eyniadlı və sırada ondan sonra gələn dişlə, hər bir aşağı diş isə yuxarı eyniadlı və ondan əvvəl
dayanan dişlə görüşür. Təkcə yuxarı səkkizinci və aşağı birinci diş istisnalıq edir, onların
hərəsinin bir antoqonisti vardır.
11. Ön dişlərə aid əlamətlər
Yuxarı və aşağı mərkəzi kəsici dişlər arasından keçirilən şaquli
xətlər bir sagital müstəvidə sifətin orta xətti üzərində
yerləşərək, bir-birinin ardını təşkil edir. Bu, estetik optimumu
təmin edir. Yuxarı ön dişlərin tacı aşağı diş taclarının təxminən
üçdə birini örtür. Aşağı frontal dişlərin kəsici kənarları yuxarı
frontal dişlərin damaq qabarcıqları ilə görüşərək, kəsici kənar-
qabar təması yaradır.
12. Çeynəmə dişlərinə aid əlamətlər
Yuxarı birinci böyük azı dişin ön yanaq qabarcığı aşağı eynialı
dişin yanaq qabarcıqları arasındakı köndələn şırımda yerləşir.
Yuxarı birinci böyük azı dişin arxa yanaq qabarcığı aşağı eyniadlı
dişin arxa yanaq qabarcığı ilə yeddinci dişin ön yanaq qabarcığı
arasında yerləşir. Yuxarı və aşağı azı dişlərinin qabacıqlarının
belə vəziyyəti dişlərin mediodistal münasibəti adlanır. Enql
bunu dişləmin açarı adlandırmışdır.
13. Çeynəmə dişlərinin yanaq-damaq istiqamətində qapanma əlamətləri
Yuxarı premolyar və molyarların yanaq
qabarcıqları aşağı eyniadlı dişlərin yanaq
qabarcıqlarından xaricdə yerləşir. Bunun sayəsində
yuxarı dişlərin damaq qabarcıqları aşağı dişlərin
çeynəmə səthindəki boylama şırımda, aşağı
dişlərin yanaq qabarcıqları isə yuxarı dişlərin
şeynəmə səthindəki boylama şırımda yerləşir.
14. Okklüziya müsəvisi
Aşağı çənənin mərkəzi kəsici dişlərinin
kəsici kənarlarından ikinci (üçüncü)
molyarın distal yanaq qabarcığının
zirvəsin və ya retromolyar qabarcığın
ortasınadək keçən müstəvi okklüziya
müstəvisi adlanır. Ortoqnatik dişləmdə
okklüziya müstəvisinə nəzərən dişlər belə
yerləşir: aşağı kəsici dişlərin kəsici
kənarları, köpək dişlərinin zirvəsi və
üçüncü molyarın distal yanaq qabarcığı bu
müstəviyə toxunur. Birinci və ikinci
premolyarlar və molyarlar bu mestəvidən
aşağıda yerləşir.
15. Dişlərin yanaq və damaq
qabarcıqlarının müxtəlif səviyyədə
yerləşməsindən yan (transverzal)
okklüziya əyriləri – Uilson əyriləri
yaranır ki, hər simmetrik diş cütü
üçün əyrilik radiusu müxtəlif olur.
Əgər ön dişlərin kəsici kənar-
larından çeynəmə dişlərinin yanaq
qabarcıqlarına və ya fissurlarına
doğru xətt çəksək, onda qabarcıq
tərəfi aşağıya baxan əyri alınar. Bu
xətt sagital kompensasiya əyrisi və
ya Şpeye əyrisi adlanır.
14 və 24
15 və 25
16 və 26
17 və 27
18 və 28
16. DÜZ DİŞLƏM
Düz dişləmdə ortoqnatik dişləmdən
fərqli olaraq, yuxarı ön dişlərin kəsici
kənarları aşağı eyniadlı dişləri
örtməyib, onlarla uc-uca görüşür. Azı
dişlərin münasibətləri ortoqnatik
dişləmdə olduğu kimidir, yalnız onların
qabarları nisbətən hamar olur.
17. FİZİOLOJİ BİPROQNATİYA
Bu dişləm üçün ortoqnatik dişləmin
bütün əlamətləri səciyyəvi sayılır. Fərq
yalnız ondadır ki, fizioloji biproq-
natiyada hər iki çənənin ön dişləri
alveol çıxıntıları ilə birgə önə yönəlmiş
vəziyyətdə olur.
18. FİZİOLOJİ OPİSTOQNATİYA
Ortoqnatik dişləmin bütün əlamətləri
bu dişləm üçün də səciyyəvidir. Fizioloji
opistoqnatiya ortoqnatik dişləmdən
yalnız hər iki çənənin ön dişlərinin
alveol çıxıntıları ilə birgə arxaya
yönəlmiş vəziyyətdə olması ilə fərqlənir.
19. PATOLOJİ DİŞLƏMLƏR
Ptoloji dişləmlər üçün diş
sıralarının normal qarşılıqlı
münasibətlərinin pozulması
ilə bərabər, çeynəmə və
nitq funksiyalarının, eləcə
də xəstənin zahiri
görkəminin pozulması
xarakterikdir. Patoloji
dişləmlərə distal, mezial,
dərin, açıq və çəp (lateral)
dişləmlər aid edilir.
20. DİSTAL DİŞLƏM
Distal dişləm yuxarı çənənin önə çıxması
ilə xarakterizə olunaraq, Azərbaycan
əhalisinin 9,97%-də rast gəlinir. Aşağı
çənənin distal istiqamətdə yerdəyişməsi
və ya yuxarı çənənin önə çıxması həm
frontal, həm də çeynəmə dişlərinin
qapanmasında dəyişiklik yaradır.
Distal dişləmdə yuxarı altıncı dişin ön yanaq qabarcığı aşağı eyniadlı dişin ön yanaq
qabarcığının üstünə, bəzən isə aşağı ikinci premolyarla birinci molyarın ön yanaq
qabarcığı arasına düşür.
21. Çənələrin normal münasibətlərində yuxarı ön dişlər aşağı eyniadlı dişləri örtərək kəsici
kənar-qabarcıq münasibəti yaradır. Distal dişləmdə yuxarı frontal dişlər önə doğru
yönəldiyindən, aşağı dişlərlə aralarında məsafə yaranır. Çox vaxt aşağı frontal dişlərin kəsici
kənarları dişlər qapanan zaman sərt damağın selikli qişasına toxunaraq onu zədələyir. Bu
cür dişləm zamanı selikli qişada travma yarana bilər.
22. MEZİAL DİŞLƏM
Mezial dişləm zamanı aşağı çənə önə
çıxaraq, aşağı frontal dişlər yuxarı
eyniadlı dişləri örtür. Aşağı çənə
medial istiqamətə yerini
dəyişdiyindən yuxarı altıncı dişin ön
yanaq qabarcığı eyniadlı aşağı dişin
arxa yanaq qabarcığının və ya birinci
və ikinci molyar dişlərin arasına
düşür. Mezial dişləmdə aşağı diş
qövsü çox vaxt yuxarı diş qövsündən
geniş olur.
23. AÇIQ DİŞLƏM
Açıq dişləm zamanı yuxarı və
aşağı frontal dişlər arasına, bəzən
isə hətta premolyarlar arasında
da təmas olmur və təkcə molyar
dişlər görüşürlər. Eyni zamanda
böyük funksional qüsurlar da ayırd
edilir. Ön dişlər arasında təmasın
olmaması xəstəni qianı
premolyarlar və molyarlarla
dişləməyə yardım edir.
24. DƏRİN DİŞLƏM
Dərin dişləmdə yuxarı və aşağı frontal dişlər arasında kəsici kənar-qabarcıq təması
pozulmaqla, yuxarı frontal diş taclarının aşağı eyniadlı dişlərin tacının çox hissəsini və ya
tamamilə örtməsi ilə xarakterizə olunur. Aşağı ön dişlərin kəsici kənarları yuxarı dişlərin
boyunlarına toxuna bilər. Bəzən bu təmas olmur və dişlər sərt damağın selikli qişasına
toxunaraq onu zədələyir. Ortoqnatik dişləmdən fərqli olaraq kəsici kənar-qabarcıq
münasibəti olmur.
25. ÇƏP DİŞLƏM
Çəp (çarpaz) dişləm zamanı
aşağı çeynəmə dişlərinin yanaq
qabarcıqları yuxarı eyniadlı
dişlərin yanaq qabarcıqlarından
xaricdə yerləşir. Ön dişlər əksər
hallarda düzgün qapanırlar.
Bəzən frontal dişlərdə də çarpaz
qapanma müşahidə edilir. Bu
dişləm yuxarı diş qövsünün
daralması nəticəsində yaranaraq
bir və ya ikitərəfli ola bilər.