In the area of topical ocular administration, important efforts concern the design and the conception of new ophthalmic drug delivery systems able to prolong the residence time.
In the area of topical ocular administration, important efforts concern the design and the conception of new ophthalmic drug delivery systems able to prolong the residence time.
They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye(topical), administered inside(intraocular) or adjacent(periocular) to the eye, or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
The novel approach of drug delivery system in which drug can instill on the cull de sac cavity of the eye is known as ocular drug delivery system.
APPROACHES TO IMPROVE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:
Viscosity enhancer
Eye ointments
Prodrugs
Penetration enhancer
Mucoadhesives
In-situ gel
Nanoemulsion
Implants
Microemulsion
Liposomes
Niosomes
Nanoparticles
Challenges in trancorneal drug deliveryBibin Mathew
Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the challenging endeavors which is being faced by the pharmaceutical scientist, owing to the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye, that renders it impervious to foreign substances. Topical administration of ophthalmic medications is the most common method for treating conditions that affect the exterior parts of the eye. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye makes it difficult to achieve an effective drug concentration at the target site. Therefore, the major challenge remains to efficiently deliver a drug past the protective ocular barriers accompanied with a minimization of its systemic side effects.Conventional eye drops currently account for more than 90% of the marketed ophthalmic formulations. However, after instillation of an eye drop, only a small amount of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues, which is due to the rapid and extensive precorneal loss caused by drainage and high tear fluid turn-over. Tear drainage leads to absorption of the administered dose by the nasolacrimal duct, leading to side effects. As a consequence of the precorneal loss, the ocular bioavailability is usually less than 10%. Furthermore, rapid elimination of the eye drops administered often results in a short duration of action which leads to increase in frequency of administration.
A medication is applied to the eye to treat the diseases on the surface of the eye such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis sicca, as well as to provide intraocular treatment through the cornea for diseases such as glaucoma and uveitis. Topical administration of antibacterial medication to the conjunctival sac is usually an effective avenue for treating bacterial conjunctivitis.[2]
An ideal topical drug delivery system should possess the following characteristics:
1. Good corneal and conjunctival penetration.
2. Prolonged precorneal residence time.
3. Easy instillation.
4. Appropriate rheological properties.
Ocular drug delivery system - NDDS - B.PHARMAJafarali Masi
Ocular drug delivery system - NDDS - B.PHARMA
Introduction, intra ocular barriers and methods to overcome –Preliminary study, ocular formulations and ocuserts
They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye(topical), administered inside(intraocular) or adjacent(periocular) to the eye, or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
The novel approach of drug delivery system in which drug can instill on the cull de sac cavity of the eye is known as ocular drug delivery system.
APPROACHES TO IMPROVE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:
Viscosity enhancer
Eye ointments
Prodrugs
Penetration enhancer
Mucoadhesives
In-situ gel
Nanoemulsion
Implants
Microemulsion
Liposomes
Niosomes
Nanoparticles
Challenges in trancorneal drug deliveryBibin Mathew
Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the challenging endeavors which is being faced by the pharmaceutical scientist, owing to the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye, that renders it impervious to foreign substances. Topical administration of ophthalmic medications is the most common method for treating conditions that affect the exterior parts of the eye. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye makes it difficult to achieve an effective drug concentration at the target site. Therefore, the major challenge remains to efficiently deliver a drug past the protective ocular barriers accompanied with a minimization of its systemic side effects.Conventional eye drops currently account for more than 90% of the marketed ophthalmic formulations. However, after instillation of an eye drop, only a small amount of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues, which is due to the rapid and extensive precorneal loss caused by drainage and high tear fluid turn-over. Tear drainage leads to absorption of the administered dose by the nasolacrimal duct, leading to side effects. As a consequence of the precorneal loss, the ocular bioavailability is usually less than 10%. Furthermore, rapid elimination of the eye drops administered often results in a short duration of action which leads to increase in frequency of administration.
A medication is applied to the eye to treat the diseases on the surface of the eye such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis sicca, as well as to provide intraocular treatment through the cornea for diseases such as glaucoma and uveitis. Topical administration of antibacterial medication to the conjunctival sac is usually an effective avenue for treating bacterial conjunctivitis.[2]
An ideal topical drug delivery system should possess the following characteristics:
1. Good corneal and conjunctival penetration.
2. Prolonged precorneal residence time.
3. Easy instillation.
4. Appropriate rheological properties.
Ocular drug delivery system - NDDS - B.PHARMAJafarali Masi
Ocular drug delivery system - NDDS - B.PHARMA
Introduction, intra ocular barriers and methods to overcome –Preliminary study, ocular formulations and ocuserts
Ocular drug delivery system is a method to deliver drugs to the eye to treat various eye conditions. This includes eye drops, ointments, and implants, which are designed to improve drug efficacy, minimize side effects, and provide sustained drug release. It is an important area of research and development in the field of ophthalmology, as it enables targeted and effective treatment of eye diseases. Here we have discussed about various preparations along with their evaluation parameters.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. INTRODUCTION
Maintain drug in the biophase
Have sustain drug release
Increase contact time of drug
Dose leaves precorneal area within 2 min
Eye capacity for eye drop 30µl
Drugs lost from nasolacrimal drainage
Drug entity, pH, tonicity and formulation adjuvant
stimulate tear production
Tears dilute reduces the transcorneal flux of drug
9. Epithelium composed of 5 to 6 layers
Endothelium one cell thick
Epithelium and endothelium are cellular and
lipophilic
Stroma represent 90% thickness of cornea
Stroma contains 76-80% water and remaining
collagen fibrils
Epithelium is rate limiting barrier for hydrophilic
drugs
Stroma is rate limiting for lipophilic drugs
12. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ODDS
Sterility
Isotonicity
e.g.: 1.9% boric acid, 0.9% NaCl
Buffer/pH adjustment
Less drainage tendency
Minimum protein binding
13. APPROACHES TOWARDS
Improving ocular contact time
Enhancing corneal permeability
Enhancing site specificity
Role of polymers
Improving ocular contact time of solution
E.g.:- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVP, MC, CMC,
Hydroxy propyl cellulse (HPC)
Increased viscosity reduces solution drainage
Natural polymers: sodium hyaluronate and
chondroition
14. MUCOADHESIVE
Established non-covalent bonds with corneal
conjuctival mucin – extending preocular residence
times.
Mucin is thin film of glycoprotein – external surface
of globe of eye
Mucin hold 40-80 times water
Tear film consist:
• Lipid portion
• Mucin
• Aqueous portion
Prolonging release of drug
15. OPHTHALMIC INSERTS
Controlled release ocular insert are;
Comfort
Lack of explosion
Ease of handling and insertion
No interference
Sterility
Stability
Ease of manufacture
16. NON ERODIBLE INSERTS – OCUSERTS
Develop by Alza corporation
Flat, flexible and elliptical device
3 layers – two layers of EVA and one of inner core
Release at const. rate 20 or 40 µg/hr
Release controlled by thickness of rate controlling
membrane
Used in treatment of chronic glaucomas
Smaller and rod shaped devices retained better
17. CONTACT LENS
Presoaked hydrophilic contact lenses
Soft lenses used to aid corneal wound healing,
corneal ulcer
Presoaked lenses not prolonged
Preservative – benzalkonium chloride
Alternative approach – solution or suspension of
drug in monomer mix
Contact lenses fabricated by polymerization
Have release upto 180 hrs
18. ERODIBLE INSERTS – LACRISERTS
Develop by Merck , Sharp and Dohme
Sterile rod shape
Made of HPC without preservative
Used for treatment of dry eye syndromes
5mg, 12.7mm and 3.5mm of weigh, diameter and
length repectively.
Used in keratitis sicca patients
Inserted into inferior formix
19. SODI (SOLUBLE OCULAR DRUG INSERT)
Develop by Soviet scientists
Small oval wafer
Made from acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone and
ethylacrylate
Sterile thin film of 15-16 mg
Soften in 10-15 sec in cul-de-sac
Single application replace 4-12 drops and 3-6
apllications
Used in treatment of glaucoma and trachoma
20. OCULAR THERAPEUTICS SYSTEM (OTS)
Consist of contoured disc with a convex front and
concave back surface
4-5 mm diameter
Major component is silicone based prepolymer
OTS can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Minidisc in contrast with elliptical or rod shaped
Drug released up to 170 hrs (hydrophilic)
Hydrophobic OTS released drug upto 320 hrs
21. NEW OPHTHALMIC DELIVERY SYSTEM(NODS)
Provide accurate and reproducible dosing
Free from preservative
Drug incorporated into water soluble polyvinyl
alcohol film
On contact with tear film dissolves quickly
Both soluble (pilocarpine) and insoluble
(tropicamide) drugs can formulated
22. MARKETED NEW DRUGS
Oxervate : treatment of neurotrophic keratitis
Luxturna: treatment of vision loss due to confirmed
biallelic RPE65-mediated inherited retinal disease
Rhopressa: treatment of glaucoma or ocular
hypertension
Xiidra : treatment of dry eye disease
Zerviate : treatment of ocular itching
Omidria: use during eye surgery to prevent
intraoperative miosis
23. REFERENCE
Vyas Suresh P. & Khar Roop K.,“Controlled Drug
Delivery concepts & Advances ”,Vallabh Prakashan,
2nd edition, Page no. 369-396
Gaudana Ripal, Ananthula Hri Krishna, Parenky
Ashwin and Mitra Ashim K., Ocular drug delivery,
Sept 2010