Obsessive compulsion disorder.pptx
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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the leading causes of disability that affects quality of life. OCD often begins early in life, with nearly half of all cases occurring by age 20. The causes of OCD are not fully known, but it may involve abnormalities in serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with SSRIs like fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline approved by the FDA to manage OCD symptoms.
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This document discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- OCD was once seen as extremely rare and treatment resistant, but is now understood to have a prevalence of 1-3% and can be effectively treated.
- OCD involves intrusive obsessions and repetitive compulsions aimed at reducing anxiety from the obsessions. It is characterized by abnormalities in corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits and neurotransmitters like serotonin and glutamate.
- Common obsessions include contamination, harm, symmetry/order, and forbidden thoughts. Common compulsions include cleaning, checking, counting, and confessing/reassurance seeking.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and relapsing anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive compulsive actions that impair daily functioning. The repetitive actions can be mental or physical acts, either of which is perceived by the individual as reducing anxiety. Individuals with OCD might recognize the irrationality of their anxiety-driven patterns, they feel helpless to resist the compulsive urges that serve as dysfunctional coping mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Many patients prefer to keep ritualistic compulsions such as repetitive checking of locks or repeated hand washing a secret because they are ashamed of their illogical behavior.
Definition:
Obsession: Repetitive thoughts, images and doubts which make a person absolutely senseless and irrational. Individual tries to resist but finds unable to do so because that restriction might increase the level of anxiety.
Compulsion: Repetitive actions are performed followed by obsession in order to avoid the marked distress even though the client knows that behavior is unrealistic, senseless and irrational.
Etiology/ Predisposing factors:
I. Biological Theories:
a) Neurotransmitters:
Studies have suggested that changes in brain serotonin(5-HT) function may contribute to anxiety symptoms and anxiety type behaviors. Among anxiety disorders, the most compelling evidence implicating 5-HT exists for OCD.
OCD patients were found to have higher plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol and plasma norepinephrine levels. The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for tritiated clonidine was significantly greater in OCD patients than in normal people. There was a blunted growth hormone, cortisol and ACTH response to clonidine in OCD.
b) Genetics:
Family studies: 35% of first-degree relatives of OCD clients might suffer from this disorder.
Twin studies: Monozygotic twins are more prone to it as compared to dizygotic twins.
c) Electrophysiological Studies:
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Evoked Potentials: Higher N60 amplitudes were found in somatosensory evoked patients in OCD. Obsessional patients are characterized by reduced amplitudes and decreased latencies of late EP component.
d) Brain Imaging:
Cranial CT and MRI scans: An increase in ventricular-brain ratio was found in cranial CT in OCD. Subsequent studies have shown similar results in caudate nuclei. Earlier reports found non-specific abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brains in OCD.
Management:
IV. Psychosurgery:
There are various procedures that have been used in treatment of OCD. They are as follows;
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• Transorbital leucotomy
• Biomedical leucotomy
• Orbital leucotomy
• Rostral leucotomy
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
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Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
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REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
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Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
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Obsessive compulsion disorder.pptx
- 1. Obsessive compulsion disorder Dr. Ayushi A Alagiya Pharm.D
- 2. Introduction • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the ten leading causes of disability. • Patients with OCD experience significant impairment in their quality of life (QOL), with reductions in social, family, and occupational functioning. • OCD affects far more individuals than was thought in the past. Because of the nature and potential severity of signs and symptoms and the resultant negative effects on QOL, OCD is considered a major medical condition.
- 3. Epidemiology • OCD usually begins early in life, with 20% of cases occurring in childhood, 29% in adolescence, and 49% of cases occurring by age 20. • The onset of illness is earlier in men than women. • OCD tends to be a chronic disorder.
- 4. Etiology OCD has been characterized as a pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection. The antibodies produce inflammation of the basal ganglia. Atrophy
- 5. Pathophysiology • Not well known. • Both 5-HT and DA are implicated in the pathogenesis of OCD.
- 7. Treatment • Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) • Cognitive behavior therapy + SSRIs = severe OCD • CBT= mild OCD • • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five antidepressants for the management of OCD: clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline.
- 8. Overall approach to treatment.
- 9. Pharmacotherapeutic approach to treatment.
- 10. ANTIDEPRESSANT THERAPY • SSRIs- fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. • TCA- clomipramine
- 11. Others • Antianxiety agents- buspirone • Antipsychotic agents- resperidone, olanzapine, lithium
- 12. Special population • Clomipramine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and fluoxetine Children and adolescent • Clomipramine, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and citalopram are extensively metabolized in the liver, Hepatic and renal disease • CBT alone • Fluoxetine Pregnancy