The document discusses the differences between objects and data structures. Data structures expose data but usually have no behavior, while objects encapsulate data and expose functions. Procedural code is easier to add new functions to but harder to add new data structures, while object-oriented code is easier to add new classes but harder to add new functions. Combining data structures and objects has the disadvantages of both and is difficult to refactor. The document also discusses the Law of Demeter which limits how deeply methods can call methods of other objects.