The document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP), discussing its main concepts such as classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It highlights the advantages of OOP, including reusability, reduced data redundancy, ease of code maintenance, and enhanced security. Additionally, it contrasts structured programming with OOP and defines programming languages as tools for communicating instructions to computers.

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UNIT - I

2. Object Oriented Programming
Introduction
Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities
like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in programming. The main aim of
OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate on them so
that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.
OOPs Concepts:
• Class
• Objects
• Data Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

3. Objective
Object-oriented is a software design in which we can simply group data its data types
and methods under a single package. Here we will be dealing with 2 main terms:
Class: Class is a blueprint of data and functions or methods.
Objects: Objects are an instance of a class.

4. Program vs Programming
program is a set of structured activities
while programming is (broadcasting) the
designing, scheduling or planning of a radio or
television program / programme.

5. Programming Languages
Language : It is a mode of communication that is
used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For
example, if we want to teach someone, we need a
language that is understandable by both
communicators.
A programming language is a computer
language that is used by programmers (developers)
to communicate with computers. It is a set of
instructions written in any specific language ( C,
C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.

6. Structured programming
Structured programming is a programming
paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality,
and development time of a computer program
by making extensive use of the structured
control flow constructs of selection
(if/then/else) and repetition (while and for),
block structures, and subroutines.

7. Advantages of Structured Programming Approach:
• Easier to read and understand
• User Friendly
• Easier to Maintain
• Mainly problem based instead of being machine
based
• Development is easier as it requires less effort
and time
• Easier to Debug
• Machine-Independent, mostly.

8. Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm
Object-oriented programming is a programming
paradigm built on the concept of objects that
contain both data and code to modify the data.
Object-oriented programming mimics a lot of
the real-world attributes of objects. Some of the
most widely used object-oriented programming
languages are Java, C++, and Ruby.

10. Object-Oriented Programming
Concepts

11. Concepts
Classes and Objects
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of
object-oriented programming.
Class Objects
Fruit Apple
Grapes
Orange

12. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information
under a single unit.
In Object-Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding
together the data and the functions that manipulate them.

13. Abstraction
Data abstraction is one of the most essential and
important features of object-oriented
programming in C++. Abstraction means
displaying only essential information and hiding
the details.

14. Inheritance
It is possible to inherit attributes and methods
from one class to another. We group the
"inheritance concept" into two categories:
derived class (child) - the class that inherits from
another class
base class (parent) - the class being inherited
from
To inherit from a class, use the : symbol.

15. Polymorphism
Polymorphism means "many forms", and it
occurs when we have many classes that are
related to each other by inheritance.
Polymorphism uses those methods to perform
different tasks. This allows us to perform a single
action in different ways.

16. Benefits of OOPS
Re-usability
It means reusing some facilities rather than building them again and again. This is
done with the use of a class. We can use it ‘n’ number of times as per our need.
2. Data Redundancy
This is a condition created at the place of data storage (you can say Databases)where
the same piece of data is held in two separate places. So the data redundancy is one
of the greatest advantages of OOP. If a user wants a similar functionality in multiple
classes, he/she can go ahead by writing common class definitions for similar
functionalities and inherit them.
3. Code Maintenance
This feature is more of a necessity for any programming languages; it helps users from
doing re-work in many ways. It is always easy and time-saving to maintain and modify
the existing codes by incorporating new changes into them.
4. Security
With the use of data hiding and abstraction mechanism, we are filtering out limited
data to exposure, which means we are maintaining security and providing necessary
data to view.
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