OB DEFINING ELEMENTS

1. o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r
stephen p. robbins
e l e v e n t h e d i t i o n

2. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S
© 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.
All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentation
by Charlie Cook
What Is Organizational
Behavior
Chapter One

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After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:
1. Define organizational behavior (OB).
2. Describe what managers do.
3. Explain the value of the systematic study of
OB.
4. List the major challenges and opportunities for
managers to use OB concepts.
5. Identify the contributions made by major
behavioral science disciplines to OB.
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After studying this chapter,
you should be able to:
6. Describe why managers require a knowledge
of OB.
7. Explain the need for a contingency approach
to the study of OB.
8. Identify the three levels of analysis in this
book’s OB model.
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(cont’d)

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What Managers Do
Managerial Activities
• Make decisions
• Allocate resources
• Direct activities of others
to attain goals
Managers (or administrators)
Individuals who achieve goals through other people.

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Where Managers Work
Organization
A consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people, that
functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of
goals.

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Management Functions
Management
Functions
Planning Organizing
Leading
Controlling

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Management Functions (cont’d)
Planning
A process that includes defining goals,
establishing strategy, and developing
plans to coordinate activities.

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Management Functions (cont’d)
Organizing
Determining what tasks are to be done,
who is to do them, how the tasks are to
be grouped, who reports to whom, and
where decisions are to be made.

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Management Functions (cont’d)
Leading
A function that includes motivating
employees, directing others, selecting
the most effective communication
channels, and resolving conflicts.

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Management Functions (cont’d)
Controlling
Monitoring activities to ensure they are being
accomplished as planned and correcting any
significant deviations.

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Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
E X H I B I T 1–1
Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973
by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

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Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
E X H I B I T 1–1 (cont’d)
Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973
by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

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Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
E X H I B I T 1–1 (cont’d)
Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973
by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

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Management Skills
Technical skills
The ability to apply specialized
knowledge or expertise.
Human skills
The ability to work with, understand,
and motivate other people, both
individually and in groups.
Conceptual Skills
The mental ability to analyze and
diagnose complex situations.

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Effective Versus Successful Managerial
Activities (Luthans)
1. Traditional management
• Decision making, planning, and controlling
2. Communication
• Exchanging routine information and processing
paperwork
3. Human resource management
• Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing,
and training
4. Networking
• Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others

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E X H I B I T 1–2
Allocation of Activities by Time
Source: Based on F. Luthans, R.M. Hodgetts, and S.A. Rosenkrantz,
Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988).

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Enter Organizational Behavior
Organizational behavior
(OB)
A field of study that
investigates the impact that
individuals, groups, and
structure have on behavior
within organizations, for the
purpose of applying such
knowledge toward improving
an organization’s effectiveness.

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Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study
Systematic study
Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute
causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based
on scientific evidence.
Provides a means to predict behaviors.
Intuition
A feeling not necessarily supported by research.

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Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study
The
Facts
Preconceived
Notions ≠

21. 1–20
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field
Psychology
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes
change the behavior of humans and other animals.

22. 1–21
Toward an OB Discipline

23. 1–22
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
Sociology
The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings.

24. 1–23
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
Social Psychology
An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology
and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one
another.

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Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
E X H I B I T 1–3 (cont’d)
Anthropology
The study of societies to learn about human beings and their
activities.

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Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)
E X H I B I T 1–3 (cont’d)
Political Science
The study of the behavior of individuals and groups
within a political environment.

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There Are Few Absolutes in OB
Contingency
Variables
x y
Contingency variables
Situational factors: variables that moderate
the relationship between two or more other
variables and improve the correlation.

28. Challenges for Organizational Behavior
 1: Changing Social/ Cultural Environment
 2: Evolving Global Environment (Political /Economic)
 3: Advancing Information Technology *
 4: Shifting Work/ Employment Relationships
 5: Remoteness and isolation of Sub Units /Individuals*

29. Challenges for
Organizational Behavior
 Changing Social/ Cultural Environment
– National culture
– Organizational ethics and well-being
• Social responsibility
– Diverse work force

30. Diversity

31. Challenges for
Organizational Behavior
 Diversity Challenges
– Fairness and Justice
– Decision-Making and Performance
– Flexibility

32. Challenges for
Organizational Behavior
 Evolving Global Environment
– Understanding Global Differences
– Global learning

33. Challenges for
Organizational Behavior
 Advancing Information Technology
– Information
– Knowledge
– Information Technology
– Organizational Learning
– Intranets
– Creativity
– Innovation

34. Challenges for
Organizational Behavior
 Shifting Work/ Employment Relationships
– Downsizing
– Empowerment and Self-Managed Teams
– Contingent Workers
– Outsourcing

35. Challenges to Organizational Behavior
34
Remoteness and isolation of Sub Units /Individuals*
Impacts on
•Geography- Place of Work
•Timings adopting to a Flat World
•Complexity of Group Dynamics and Diversity at isolated work places
•Difficult to assess Accountability of Work Output , Individual and Group

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What Is Quality Management?
1. Intense focus on the customer.
2. Concern for continuous improvement.
3. Improvement in the quality of everything
the organization does.
4. Accurate measurement.
5. Empowerment of employees.
E X H I B I T 1–6

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Improving Quality and Productivity
 Quality management (QM)
– The constant attainment of customer satisfaction
through the continuous improvement of all
organizational processes.
– Requires employees to rethink what they do and
become more involved in workplace decisions.
 Process reengineering
– Asks managers to reconsider how work would be done
and their organization structured if they were starting
over.
– Instead of making incremental changes in processes,
reengineering involves evaluating every process in
terms of its contribution.

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Challenges and Opportunity for OB (cont’d)
 Improving People Skills
 Empowering People
 Stimulating Innovation and Change
 Coping with “Temporariness”
 Working in Networked Organizations
 Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts
 Improving Ethical Behavior

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The Dependent Variables
x
y
Dependent variable
A response that is affected by an independent variable.

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The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
Productivity
A performance measure that includes
effectiveness and efficiency.
Effectiveness
Achievement of goals.
Efficiency
The ratio of effective
output to the input
required to achieve it.

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The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
Absenteeism
The failure to report to work.
Turnover
The voluntary and
involuntary permanent
withdrawal from an
organization.

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The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
Organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB)
Discretionary behavior that is not
part of an employee’s formal job
requirements, but that nevertheless
promotes the effective functioning
of the organization.

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The Dependent Variables (cont’d)
Job satisfaction
A general attitude toward one’s job, the difference
between the amount of reward workers receive and
the amount they believe they should receive.

44. Independent Variables Examples
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Individual-Level
Variables
Organization
System-Level
Variables
Group-Level
Variables
Biographical
Characteristics,
Attitudes , Values,
Personality , Emotions
Communication
Patterns ,
Leadership ,
Power , and
Politics
Org Design (Formal ,
Work Processes ,
HR Policies ,
Practices
Independent variable
The presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable.
Independent
Variables

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Basic OB Model, Stage I
E X H I B I T 1–7
Model
An abstraction of reality.
A simplified representation
of some real-world
phenomenon.

46. Towards a Basic OB Model
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