This document discusses observation and the psychological processes involved in accurate observation. It describes observation as awareness of one's surroundings using the senses. The three processes for accurate observation are attention, perception, and reporting. Attention involves awareness of facts, perception is understanding awareness, and reporting is identifying and narrating perceptions. There are three types of attention - involuntary, voluntary, and habitual - with habitual being the most reliable. Factors like size, change, repetition, and interests can influence attention. Perception depends on mental capacity, education, experience, and occupation. Reporting is affected by vocabulary, time delay, and recurrence of similar incidents. Memory is then discussed in terms of retention, types, functions, recollection, and association.

1. A. OBSERVATION
(Taking Notice) –
is a complete and accurate
awareness by an individual
of his surroundings and
encompasses the use of all
of our major senses to
register and recognize its
operational and/or
intelligence significance.

2. B. DESCRIPTION – is the actual
and factual reporting of one’s
own observations an account
which explains what they are or
what they look like.

3. THREE (3) PSYCHOLOGICAL
PROCESSES FOR ACCURATE
OBSERVATION
A. ATTENTION – consists of the
psychological process involved in
becoming aware of a fact (aware of the
existence of a fact).

4. B. PERCEPTION – consists of the
psychological process involved in
understanding this fact of awareness.
= through understanding (smell of a flower, you can guess the name of the
flower)

5. C. REPORT – used in two (2) senses.
1. The first in the psychological process
involved in the identifying by name in
one’s own mind some facts which have been
perceived.
2. Report – narration of what you
perceived/identified.

6. THREE (3) TYPES OF ATTENTION
A. INVOLUNTARY (least reliable)
– you have no control and it
requires no effort.
B. VOLUNTARY ATTENTION
- this type
is more reliable but not nearly as
dependable as habitual. = assume that someone is required to listen to a lecture concerning a
subject in which he is not interested.

7. C. HABITUAL ATTENTION
- an attention
which is distinguished by little effort with a
maximum of control
- most reliable
THREE (3) TYPES OF ATTENTION
= a student who is interested to a certain subject.

8. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES
ATTENTION
1. SIZE (normal to abnormal size)
2. CHANGE (from silence to noise)
3. REPETITION (shots is fired in every one minute)
4. STRIKING QUALITY (to attract attention – wearing
of clothes)
5. INTEREST (interest in some objects – sexy
women)
6.ORGANIC CONDITION (organic condition of the
observer)

9. FACTORS INVOLVED IN
PERCEPTION
1. MENTAL CAPACITY – one must have
enough intelligence to understand the
meanings of a fact before he can
perceive it.
2. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
3. EMPIRICAL BACKGROUND – one has
acquired by experience throughout his
life.
4. OCCUPATIONAL BACKGROUND

10. FACTORS GOVERNING
REPORTS
1.VOCABULARY – words which an
individual finds to express himself.
2.TIME LAG - accurate reporting depends
entirely on timeliness. Delay in
reporting results in unconscious
omission of details.
3.RECURRENCE OF SIMILAR INCIDENT
= investigator investigates the incidents.

11. ………………………..….....
MEMORY RETENTION
Make notes on things
that is difficult to
remember
4 hrs
3 hrs
2 hrs
1 hr
……………………
…………….
…...
100% 75% 50% 25%

12. MEMORY
-has bearing in evaluation of Information
- refer to a complex group of mental
functions and states of awareness that are
concerned with the storing of experience
and its reappearance in consciousness or its
utilization in subsequent activities.

13. MEMORY
1. Sensory – that of learning repetition
(relating to the Physical Senses)
2. Intellectual – involving ability of a person
to think and understand ideas and
information (higher evaluation)
3. Storing Information – systematic filing
4. Recollection – returning to conscious
memory that which has been stored.
Types of:
Functions of:

14. How recollection may be brought about:
1.Recall– a process of reproducing a past
experience
2.Recognition – process of identifying
perception as having been experience at
some time in the past.
One of the most important fundamentals of memory and
memory training must be the creation of interest.
Object itself and the interest aroused by this object are of
great importance to memory

15. Means of Reception:
1. Eye – Minded
2. Ear – Minded
3. Motor - Minded
Motor – involves touch, smell and taste

16. TEST YOURSELF
1.You must intend (or what) to remember
2.Develop the confidence to remember –
do not let your memory remain
dormant
3.Carefully observe and concentrate all
your attention on the subject to be
remembered.
4.Develop the strongest possible motive
for remembering any particular fact.

17. 5. Try to understand clearly the
meaning of
which is to be remembered.
6. You must be able to visualize, when
possible, the fact to be remembered.
7. Remember by repetition – a good
policy to over learn allowing the
memory trace or impressions the
chance to “set”.
8. Remember everything new by
connecting with something that you
already know.

18. BASIC RULES OF ASSOCIATION
(Aristotle and Aquinas)
1. Law of Similarity
2. Law of Contrast (difference)
3. Law of Propinquity – implies the nearness
of place, time or some other relationship.