New York City's early subway system developed out of necessity to address heavy street-level congestion in the late 19th century. The first underground railway opened in 1870, though it was small and short-lived. Over subsequent decades, three separate transit lines - the BMT, IRT, and IND - were established to serve different parts of the city. Construction of the extensive underground network was difficult and dangerous work performed largely by immigrant laborers known as "sandhogs." The system has since evolved, transitioning from metal token coins to the Metrocard system in the early 2000s.