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Nausea and Vomiting
Definitions
• Nausea
unpleasant sensation
• Regurgitation
passive
gravity
raised intra-abdominal pressure
• Retching
reverse peristalsis
• Vomiting
active reflex action
‘unstoppable’
Vomiting
• Vagus
Oesophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Body of stomach
Pyloric part
• Spinal nerves
Abdominal muscles
• Phrenic nerve
Diaphragm
Relax
Contracts strongly
Contract
Contracts Descends
PONV Pre Operative Factors
• Individual
predisposition
• History of motion
sickness
• Raised ICP
• Female>Male
• Children>Adults
• Obesity
• Constipation
• Distended Stomach
• Metabolic disturbance
• Drug toxicity
• Alcohol
• Prolonged fasting
• Renal failure
PONV – Types of Surgery
• Bowel obstruction and ileus
• Appendicitis
• ENT
Ear Surgery
Blood in Stomach
• Uterine procedures
• Mauling of GIT
• Strabismus surgery
• IV radiological contrast media
PONV – Anaesthetic Factors
• Inflation of stomach
• Hypotension (neural blockade)
• Opioids
• Ether
PONV – Post-Op
• Opioids
• Pain
• Hypoxia
• Sights and Sounds
• Malodour
• Anxiety
• Hypovolaemia
• Head down
• Movement stimulating
the vestibular
apparatus
Higher Cortical
Centres
Sensory input
(Pain, Smell, Sight)
Memory, Fear,
Anticipation
Chemoreceptor
Trigger
Zone
Chemotherapy
Opioids
Anaesthetics
Stomach,
Small Intestine
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Vomiting
Centre
Labyrinths
Surgery
VOMITING
REFLEX
Neuronal pathways
Factors which can cause N&V
Prevention/Treatment
• Avoid opioid premedication
• Avoid prolonged pre-op fasting
• Avoid dehydration & hypovolaemia
• Good pain control
• Avoid vestibular stimulation
• Well oxygenated
• Diminish psychological factors
• Anti-emetics
Delayed Gastric Emptying
• Physiological
- Pain, Anxiety
• Pathological
- GI tract obstruction, Acute gastritis, Electrolyte
imbalance, DM
• Pharmacological
- e.g. Opioids
Drug induced N&V
• GI irritation
- NSAID’s, FeSO, Antibiotics, Alcohol
• Gastric stasis
- Opioids, Tricyclics
• CTZ stimulation
- Opioids, Digoxin, Antibiotics, Cytotoxics
• 5HT3 receptors
- cytotoxics
Flowchart for Treatment of PONV

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N&V Presentation.ppt

  • 2. Definitions • Nausea unpleasant sensation • Regurgitation passive gravity raised intra-abdominal pressure • Retching reverse peristalsis • Vomiting active reflex action ‘unstoppable’
  • 3. Vomiting • Vagus Oesophagus Cardiac sphincter Body of stomach Pyloric part • Spinal nerves Abdominal muscles • Phrenic nerve Diaphragm Relax Contracts strongly Contract Contracts Descends
  • 4. PONV Pre Operative Factors • Individual predisposition • History of motion sickness • Raised ICP • Female>Male • Children>Adults • Obesity • Constipation • Distended Stomach • Metabolic disturbance • Drug toxicity • Alcohol • Prolonged fasting • Renal failure
  • 5. PONV – Types of Surgery • Bowel obstruction and ileus • Appendicitis • ENT Ear Surgery Blood in Stomach • Uterine procedures • Mauling of GIT • Strabismus surgery • IV radiological contrast media
  • 6. PONV – Anaesthetic Factors • Inflation of stomach • Hypotension (neural blockade) • Opioids • Ether
  • 7. PONV – Post-Op • Opioids • Pain • Hypoxia • Sights and Sounds • Malodour • Anxiety • Hypovolaemia • Head down • Movement stimulating the vestibular apparatus
  • 8. Higher Cortical Centres Sensory input (Pain, Smell, Sight) Memory, Fear, Anticipation Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone Chemotherapy Opioids Anaesthetics Stomach, Small Intestine Chemotherapy Surgery Radiotherapy Vomiting Centre Labyrinths Surgery VOMITING REFLEX Neuronal pathways Factors which can cause N&V
  • 9. Prevention/Treatment • Avoid opioid premedication • Avoid prolonged pre-op fasting • Avoid dehydration & hypovolaemia • Good pain control • Avoid vestibular stimulation • Well oxygenated • Diminish psychological factors • Anti-emetics
  • 10. Delayed Gastric Emptying • Physiological - Pain, Anxiety • Pathological - GI tract obstruction, Acute gastritis, Electrolyte imbalance, DM • Pharmacological - e.g. Opioids
  • 11. Drug induced N&V • GI irritation - NSAID’s, FeSO, Antibiotics, Alcohol • Gastric stasis - Opioids, Tricyclics • CTZ stimulation - Opioids, Digoxin, Antibiotics, Cytotoxics • 5HT3 receptors - cytotoxics