Nutrition refers to the process by which living organisms obtain nutrients. There are two main modes of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs, like plants, can make their own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, taking simple substances like water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight and converting them into glucose and oxygen. Heterotrophs, like animals, cannot produce their own food and obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. Photosynthesis takes place in plant leaves and involves two stages: the light reaction where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the dark reaction where carbon dioxide is fixed using the ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
Discussion of the functions of leaves, focusing on Photosynthesis and the process. Also covers transpiration, O2 CO2 transfer, germination. Appropriate for high school level students.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. This presentation also shows the raw materials required for photosynthesis. It also shows the significance of photosynthesis.
Discussion of the functions of leaves, focusing on Photosynthesis and the process. Also covers transpiration, O2 CO2 transfer, germination. Appropriate for high school level students.
This presentation describes in details how photosynthesis works along with its process. This presentation also shows the raw materials required for photosynthesis. It also shows the significance of photosynthesis.
Carbohydrates- classification, identification and biosynthesisDr-Jitendra Patel
In this power point presentation viewers will be able to know about the basic idea about carbohydrates. How to classify the carbohydraters depends on the moeities present. The identification tests for carbohydrates also has been discussed.
AIM
To study the factors on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/bulb in a circuit connected to an AC source of adjustable frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Enamelled copper wire
R
L
The functions of water is an important section of work in Biology but can be tedious to teach. This slide-show shows the wonders of water as a polar molecule and how water has amazing properties such as capillarity, hydrolysis, and can float as ice. Water is a stable habitat for aquatic organisms, is a universal solvent, a reactant in many chemical processes and makes up 2/3 of the bodies of most organisms.
Introduction to biology by dr. martin otundo richardMartin Otundo
this document has given a detailed summary of an introduction to Biology as a subject of study in all the levels of education ranking in any given country to be used as reference material
Angles properties mathematics solutions by dr. otundo martinMartin Otundo
This slide is coursework for high school Mathematics work. It is basically aimed at bettering the lives of high school, college and university learners
Martin otundo research paperDETERMINANTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CASH TRANSFER P...Martin Otundo
ABSTRACT
According to UNICEF, in 2007, an estimated 145 million children between the ages of 0 and 17 years were orphaned, while in 2014, over 198 million children below the age of 18 years were orphaned, having lost one or both parents. According to UNICEF (2013) the number of OVC who include street children, forced child labourers, sexually exploited children, children forced into marriage and those with disabilities is immense and continues to increase drastically. Children may be made highly vulnerable because of natural disasters, complex emergencies like civil conflicts, extreme poverty, according to the draft Social Protection Strategy paper, a household is said to be “extremely poor” when “its entire income is below food poverty line” (Republic of Kenya, 2009b) or epidemic disease - particularly HIV/AIDS. In this note, the purpose of this study therefore is to find out the determinants of implementation of cash transfer programmes for orphans and vulnerable children in Taita Taveta county, Kenya .The study is guided by four objectives that seek to; examine the influence of financial resources in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, determine the influence of management in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, examine the influence of stakeholders in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, establish the influence of socio-cultural factors in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. The objectives also form the themes in literature review. A descriptive survey design research design will be adopted for the study. In the study a stratified random sampling will be done in accordance to the characteristics the elements in the population possess. The research targets managers/owners of women run SMEs in Mombasa County. The target population is about 964 but a population sample of 97 will be used. A pilot study will be conducted to check the instruments reliability and validity. Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire which will be administered personally, via e-mails, enumerators and pick them after they had been filled. Data will be coded and analyzed using the SPSS. The data will be analysed and the variables correlated to check the relationship of data. A regression model will also be fitted to check the changes in the dependent variable that can be explained by variations in the independent variables
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
INFECTION OF THE BRAIN -ENCEPHALITIS ( PPT)blessyjannu21
Neurological system includes brain and spinal cord. It plays an important role in functioning of our body. Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain. Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects the brain. It can be life-threatening or cause long-term complications. Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
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Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
Under Pressure : Kenneth Kruk's StrategyKenneth Kruk
Kenneth Kruk's story of transforming challenges into opportunities by leading successful medical record transitions and bridging scientific knowledge gaps during COVID-19.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
A feeding plate is a prosthetic device used for newborns with a cleft palate to assist in feeding and improve nutrition intake. From a prosthodontic perspective, this plate acts as a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating effective sucking and swallowing by providing a more normal anatomical structure. It helps to prevent milk from entering the nasal passage, thereby reducing the risk of aspiration and enhancing the infant's ability to feed efficiently. The feeding plate also aids in the development of the oral muscles and can contribute to better growth and weight gain. Its custom fabrication and proper fitting by a prosthodontist are crucial for ensuring comfort and functionality, as well as for minimizing potential complications. Early intervention with a feeding plate can significantly improve the quality of life for both the infant and the parents.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Child Welfare Clinic and Well baby clinicin Sri Lanka.ppsx
Nutrition topic in biology lesson by dr. martin otundo richard
1. THIS IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY LIVING
ORGANISMS OBTAIN AND UTILIZE
NUTRIENTS
TWO MODES OF NUTRITION;
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
2. ORGANISM MAKE OWN FOOD FROM
SIMPLE SUBSTANCES USING ENERGY.
THE ORGANISMS ARE CALLED
AUTOTROPHS.
HAS TWO MAIN TYPES;
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. THIS IS A MODE OF NUTRITION
WHERE AN ORGANISM TAKES IN
READY MADE COMPLEX FOOD
SUBSTANCE FROM THE BODY OF
ANOTHER ORGANISM.
SUCH ORGANISM ARE CALLED
HETEROTROPHS.
4. IT PROVIDE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE
BROKEN DOWN BY RESPIRATION TO
RELEASE ENERGY. THIS ENERGY IS
USED FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
IT PROVIDES THE RAW MATERIALS
FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROVIDES THE RAW MATERIALS
FOR REPRODUCTION ETC
5. THIS IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY
GREEN PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN
FOOD BY USING SIMPLE SUBSTANCES
LIKE WATER, SUNLIGHT, CARBON
(IV) OXIDE AND CHLOROPHYL.
OXYGEN IS ALWAYS GIVEN OUT AS A
BYPRODUCT.
6. SERVES AS A SOURCE OF FOOD TO
THE PLANT
REMOVES CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE
IT REPLENISHES OXYGEN IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
IT CONTRIBUTES TO SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANTS
AND ANIMALS.
8. ####DIAGRAM
1. CUTICLE;
TRANSPARENT, WAXY AND
WATERPROOF LAYER ON THE
EPIDERMIS.
IT ALLOWS PENETRATION OF LIGHT
TO THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUE.
IT REDUCES EXCESS WATER LOSS BY
EVERPORATION. IT PROTECTS FROM
MECHANICAL DAMAGE.
9. 2. THE EPIDERMIS
THIS IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER
AND ITS ONE CELL THICK.
THESE CELLS LACK CHLOROPLAST
THEY ARE ALSO TRANSPARENT TO
ALLOW LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH.
IN SOME REGIONS, THIS CELLS ARE
MODIFIED INTO GUARD CELLS
WHICH OPEN AND CLOSE THE
STOMATA
10. 3. MESOPHYL LAYER
THIS IS THE MIDDLE LAYER
CONSISTING OF TWO TISSUES.
THE PALISIDE MESOPHYL
THE SPONGY MESOPHYL
####-PALISIDE MESOPHYL
11. 4. THE PALISIDE MESOPHYL
IT CONSIST OF CELLS PACKED WITH
NUMEROUS CHLOROPLAST.
THE CHLOROPLAST CONTAIN
CHLOROPHYL FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
12. THE CELLS ARE LOCATED BENEATH
THE UPPER EPIDERMIS TO RECEIVE
MAXIMUM SUNLIGHT
THEY ARE TIGHTLY PACKED TO TRAP
MOST OF THE INCOMING SUNLIGHT.
13. 5. SPONGY MESOPHYL LAYER
IT CONSISTS OF CELLS LOCATED
BETWEEN THE PALISIDE MESOPHYL
AND THE LOWER EPIDERMIS.
THE CELLS ARE IRREGULARLY
SHAPED AND LOOSLY ARRANGED
CREATING LARGE INTERCELLULAR
SPACES
14. THIS AIR SPACE PROMOTE DIFFUSION
OF GASES THROUGH THE LEAF.
THIS CELLS ALSO HAVE CHLOROPLAST
BUT NOT AS MUCH AS THE PALISIDE
MESOPHYL.
17. GREEN IN COLOR DUE TO
CHLOROPHYL TO TRAP LIGHT
ENERGY
THIN TO FACILLITATE FASTER
DIFFUSION AND LIGHT
PENETRATION
IT IS BROAD TO INCREASE THE
SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION OF
LIGHT AND CARBON (IV) OXIDE
FROM THE ATMOSPHERE.
18. IT HAS VEINS PROVIDING
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT AND
VACULAR BUNDLES TO CONDUCT
WATER AND TRANSLOCATION IN
THE LEAF.
IT HAS A PETIOLE PROVIDING
SUPPORT BY ATTACHING IT TO THE
STEM AND EXPOSE IT TO SUNLIGHT.
19. LEAVES ARE ARRANGED IN MOSAIC
PATTERN AS THIS PREVENTS
OVERLAPPING
THE SHOOTS TEND TO GROW
TOWARDS THE SUNLIGHT FOR
MAXIMUM LIGHT ABSORPTION
21. INSIDE THE MEMBRANES ARE THE
GRANA WHERE LIGHT STAGE
OCCURES.
ONE GRANA IS CONNECTED TO THE
OTHER VIA THE INTERGRANNA OR
THE LAMELLAE
22. THE GRANA CONTAIN CHLOROPHYL
STROMA IS AN AQUEOUS MATRIX
CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT SPEED UP
PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION.
23. IT CONTAINS CHLOROPHYL TO TRAP
LIGHT ENERGY
IT HAS GRANA FOR ACCOMODATING
LARGE CHLOROPHYL PIGMENTS
IT HAS STROMA CONTAINING
ENZYMES FOR PHOTOSYNTHERTIC
RXNS
24. THE STROMA IS COLORLESS
ALLOWING LIGHT TO REACH THE
GRANA AND CHLOROPHYLL
THE STROMA HAS ENZYMES THAT
CATALASE CARBON (IV) OXIDE
FIXATION PROCESS
25. WATER OR MOISTURE
LIGHT
CARBON (IV) OXIDE
CHLOROPHYLL
26. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS
WHEREBY GREEN PLANTS MAKE
THEIR OWN FOOD BY USING SIMPLE
SUBSTANCES LIKE WATER, SUNLIGHT,
AIR AND CHLOROPHYL MOLECULES.
TWO STAGES
LIGHT AND DARK STAGE
27. STAGE ALSO CALLED LIGHT
DEPENDENT STAGE SINCE IT MUST
USE LIGHT.
IT OCCURES IN THE GRANA WHICH
HAS CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES THAT
ABSORBS THE SUNLIGHT.
28. PHOTOLYSIS IS THE MAIN PROCESS
HERE;
PHOTO MEANS LIGHT
LYSIS MEANS SPLITTING
THEREFORE PHOTOLYSIS IS THE
SPLITTING OF WATER MOLECULES TO
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN MOLECULES
29. OXYGEN; RELEASED VIA STOMATA
SOME IS USED BY THE PLANT
HYDROGEN;
SUNLIGHT; SOME STORED AND USED
IN DARK STAGE
SOME USED TO FORM THE
ENERGY RICH ATP ENERGY.
THIS INVOLVES CONVERSION OF
LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
30. ALSO CALLED THE LIGHT
INDEPENDENTS STAGE.
IN THE STROMA
CARBON (IV) OXIDE FIXATION IS THE
MAIN PROCESS WHERE CO2
COMBINES WITH HYDROGEN
31. THEIR COMBINATION YIELDS
A CARBOHYDRATE INFORM OF
GLUCOSE
WATER MOLECULES. SOME IS
STORED AS EXCESS REMOVED
ENERGY
#####-------------
32. SOME GLUCOSE IS USED IN
RESPIRATION
SOME GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED TO
STARCH FOR STORAGE
SOME GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED TO
SUCROSE WHICH IS TRANSLOCATED
IN THE PLANT
33. SOME GLUCOSE IS USED IN MAKING
CELLULOSE CELLWALL
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL ARE
COMBINED TO FORM OILS N FATS
AMINO ACIDS ARE CONVERTED TO
PROTEINS
ETC ETC
CO2 + H2O > C6H12O6 + O2
34. LIGHT VARIATIONS
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
CARBON (IV) OXIDE
CONCENTRATION
WATER
36. THEY ARE LARGE GROUPS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
THE ELEMENT CARBON, HYDROGEN
AND OXYGEN IN THE RATIO 1:2:1
THEY HAVE A GENERAL FORMULA OF
(CH2O)n
n IS THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS
37. CARBOHYDRATES ARE DIVIDED INTO
THREE GROUPS;
MONOSACCHARIDES (SIMPLE
SUGAR)
DISACCHARIDES (DOUBLE SUGARS)
POLYSACCHARIDES (COMPLEX
SUGARS)
38. THEY ARE THE SIMPLEST
CARBOHYDRATES HAVING A GENERAL
FORMULA OF (CH2O)n
n=6
THEREFORE, FORMULA IS
C6H1206
GLUCOSE, FRUTOSE, GALACTOSE,
RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE
39. GLUCOSE IS FOUND IN CELL
CYTOPLASM BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES
FRUCTOSE IS FOUND IN RIPE FRUITS
RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE IS FOUND
IN THE NUCLEUS
40. THEY ARE SWEET TASTE
THEY ARE CRYATALLISABLE
THEY ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER
THEY ARE REDUCING SUGARS;
THEY REDUCE BLUE COPPER (II)
SULPHATE TO RED COPPER (I)
OXIDE.
41. THEY ARE OXIDISED IN
RESPIRATION TO RELEASE ENERGY.
THEY ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF DISACCHARIDE AND
POLYSACCHARIDE.
42. THIS IS FORMED WHEN TWO
MONOSACCHARIDES COMBINE.
MONO + MONO -> DISACH + WATER
THIS PROCESS INVOLVES THE LOSS OF A
SINGLE WATER MOLECULE AND
THEREFORE CALLED CONDENSATION.
THE BOND LINKING TWO
MONOSACCHARIDE IS CALLED
GLYCOSIDIC BOND.
43. EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDE;
SUCROSE
MALTOSE
LACTOSE
EACH IS FORMED BY COMBINATION
OF DIFFERENT MONOSACCHARIDES.
######-----------
44. GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE MALTOSE +
WATER
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE -- SUCROSE +
WATER
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE LACTOSE +
WATER
45. THEY ARE SWEET TASTE
THEY ARE CRYATALLISABLE
THEY ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER
MALTOSE AND LACTOSE ARE
REDUCING SUGARS WHILE SUCROSE
IS NON REDUCING SUGAR.
46. SUCROSE IS FOUND IN GREEN
PLANTS, SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR
BEETS
MALTOSE IS FOUND IN
GREMINATING BARLEY
LACTOSE IS FOUND IN MAMMALIAN
MILK
47. THE DISSACHARIDE CAN BE BROKEN
INTO DIFFERENT MONOSACCHARIDES
IN A PROCESS CALLED HYDROLYSIS.
THIS PROCESS INVOLVES SPLITTING
OF LARGE MOLECULES INTO SMALLER
CONSTITUENTS BY USING WATER.
####-----------
48. IT MAY BE ACHIEVED BY HEATING
THE DISACHARIDE WITH DILLUTE
HCL.
IN THE BODY OF ORGANISM
HYDROLYSIS IS CATALYSED BY
HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
DISACH + WATER 2MONOSACCHA
50. THEY ARE HYDROLISED TO
MONOSACCHARIDES WHICH ARE
USED TO RELEASE ENERGY
SUCROSE IS MAIN FORM OF
TRANSLOCATION
SUCROSE IS A FORM FOOD IS
STORED IN PLANTS.
51. THEY HAVE A GENERAL FORMULA
OF (C6 H10 O5)n
THE VALUE OF n IS VERY LARGE.
THEY ARE MADE UP OF VERY MANY
MONOSACCHARIDE MOLECULES.
EXAMPLES; STARCH, CELLULOSE
AND GLYCOGEN
52. IT IS PRESENT AS STORED FOOD IN
THE PLANT TISSUES.
IT FORMED BY THE CONDENSATION
(300 TO 1000 GLUCOSE UNITS)
53. IT EXISTS AS COMPONENT OF CELL
WALL IN THE PLANTS
IT IS FORMED BY CONDENSATION OF
(14,000 GLUCOSE UNITS)
IT IS TOUGH, FIBROUS AND
INSOLUBLE IN WATER. DUE TO THIS,
IT IS USED TO MAKE COTTON GOODS
AND PAPER.
54. IT IS PRESENT AS STORED
CARBOHYDRATES IN ANIMAL
TISSUE.
IT IS SYNTHESIZED FROM EXCESS
GLUCOSE.
IT HAS (30,000 GLUCOSE UNITS
CONDENSED)
55. ALL ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER
DO NOT HAVE A SWEET TASTE
THEY ARE ALL NON REDUCING
SUGARS
56. THEY ARE ALL STRUCTURAL
COMPOUNDS. E.G CELLULOSE IS A
COMPONENT OF THE PLANT CELL
WALL
THEY ARE OXIDISED TO RELEASE
ENERGY.
57. THEY ARE A SOURCE OF ENERGY
AS A STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT
CELL. EXAMPLE THE CELLULOSE.
AS ROUGHAGE SINCE CELLULOSE
PROVIDES BULK AND RESISTANCE
TO MUSCLES IN THE ALIMENTARY
CANAL. THIS PREVENTS
CONSTIPATION.
59. THEY ARE COMPOUNDS OF CARBON
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
SOMETIMES THEY MAY CONTAIN
NITROGEN, SULPHUR OR
PHOSPHOROUS.
SOME LIKE THE HAEMOGLOBIN ALSO
MAY CONTAIN IRON.
60. THEY ARE MADE UP OF SMALL UNITS
CALLED AMINO ACIDS.
THERE ARE ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT
TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS OCCURING
NATURALLY.
THE AMINO ACIDS HAVE AN AMINO
GROUP (NH2) CONSISTING OF
NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN.
61. THE PROTAINS ARE REFERED TO AS
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BECAUSE
THEY HAVE NITROGEN IN THEIR
STRUCTURE.
####DIAGRAM
THEY ARE FORMED BY THE
CONDENSATION OF TWO AMINO ACID
GROUPS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE
MOLECULE.
62. AMINO + AMINO PROTEIN + WATER
DURING THIS PROCESS, WATER
MOLECULE IS FORMED.
THE TWO AMINO ACIDS ARE JOINED
BY A FORCE CALLED PEPTIDE BOND.
####--------
63. ####----DIAGRAM---
FURTHER CONDENSATION LEADS TO
ADDITION OF MORE AMINO ACIDS TO A
PROTEIN CHAIN. THIS LEADS TO EVEN
LONGER PROTEIN CHAIN WHICH IS
CALLED A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN.
####-------
64. THE UNIQUENESS OF A PARTICULAR
PROTEIN IS DETERMINED BY THE
TYPE AND THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO
ACID THAT IT CONTAINS.
65. MOST ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER BUT
DO NOT FORM TRUE SOLUTIONS
THEY FORM COLLOIDAL
SUSPENSION.
MOST ARE DENATURED IN
TEMPERATURES ABOVE 40
####-------------
66. MOST ARE ALSO DENATURED BY
EXTREME pH
THEY ARE AMPHOTERIC IN NATURE.
THIS PROPERTY ENABLES PROTEINS
TO COMBINE WITH NON PROTEIN
COMPOUNDS TO FORM CONJUGATED
PROTEINS.
IN MUCUS, NON PROTEIN COMPOUND
IS CARBOHYDRATE WHILE IN
HAEMOGLOBIN IT IS IRON
67. 1. AS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL; THEY
FORM PART OF THE CELL
MEMBRANE. FIBROUS PROTEINS
WHERE THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
IS VERY LONG HAVE A GREAT
PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
THEY FORM CONNECTIVE TISSUES,
MUSCLE FIBRES, NAILS, HOOVES IN
MAMMALS ETC.
68. 2. REGULATION OF METABOLIC
REACTIONS IN THE BODY. ENZYMES
AND HORMONES ARE PROTEINS IN
NATURE.
ENZYMES ARE METABOLIC CATALYSTS
WHILE HORMONES REGULATE THE
METABOLIC PROCESSES.
69. 3. SOURCE OF ENERGY WHERE
PROTEINS ARE USED TO RELEASE
ENERGY IN THE ABSENCE OF
CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS.
THIS IS MAINLY DURING STARVATION
4. DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIONS
WHEREBY THE ANTIBODIES ARE
MAINLY MADE UP OF PROTEINS. THEY
DESTROY PATHOGENS IN THE BODY.
70. 5. GROWTH AND REPAIR OF WORN
OUT TISSUES WHEREBY THE
ENZYME FIBRINOGEN IS
PROTENOUS AND IT
FACILLITATES THE BLOOD
CLOTTING PROCESS.
71. PLANTS STORE EXCESS PROTEINS IN
SEEDS USED DURING GERMINATION
MAMMALS STORE SOME PROTEINS
IN THE FORM OF CASEIN IN MILK
######---------------
72. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE THE
ONES THAT CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED
BY HUMAN BODY AND MUST BE
OBTAINED FROM THE DIET.
SOME PROTEINS THAT WE EAT
CONTAIN ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO
ACIDS HENCE CALLED 1ST CLASS
AMINO ACIDS.
73. ALL ANIMAL PROTEIN AND SOYA
BEANS MAKE UP THE 1ST CLASS
AMINO ACIDS.
2ND CLASS PROTEINS LACK ONE OR
MORE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
MOST HOWEVER ARE PLANT
PROTEINS AND FEW ANIMAL
PROTEINS.
75. MAINLY CONSIST OF FATS AND OILS.
THEY ARE MADE OF ELEMENTS;
CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
AT ROOM TEMPERATURES, FATS ARE
SOLID AS OILS ARE LIQUIDS.
THEIR BUILDING BLOCKS ARE
MAINLY FATTY ACIDS AND
GLYCEROLS
76. THE NATURE OF LIPIDS DEPENDS ON
THE FATTY ACID IT CONTAINS EVEN
THOUGH THE GLYCEROL IS THE
SAME IN ALL LIPIDS.
COMPLEX LIPIDS ARE FORMED BY
THE CONDENSATION PROCESS.
EXAMPLE, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAXES,
STEROIDS AND CHOLESTROL.
77. INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT SOLUBLE
IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS LIKE
ALCOHOL AND ETHER FORMING
SUSPENSIONS.
THEY ARE INERT HENCE STORED
UNDER THE TISSUES OF THE
ORGANISMS.
FATS MELT AND LIQUEFY AT HIGH
TEMPS AND SOLIDIFY AT LOW
78. RAW MATERIAL FOR THE CELL
MEMBRANE
INSULATION AGAINST HEAT LOSS
SHOCK ABSORBERS FOR THE
ORGANS
SOURCE OF ENERGY WHEN OXIDISED
SOURCE OF METABOLIC WATER
WHEN OXIDISED
80. THE BENEDICT SOLUTION CONTAINS;
SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM
CITRATE AND COPPER(II)
SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE
REDUCING SUGARS
ADD FOOD TO TEST TUBE
ADD BENEDICT SOLUTION
OBSERVE COLOR CHANGE
81. NON REDUCING SUGAR
USE DILLUTE HCL
THEN NaHCO3
ADD BENEDICT SOLUTION
PROTEINS OR BIURET TEST
ADD NaOH
THEN CuSO4 AND SHAKE
PURPLE COLOR
82. LIPIDS
1. EMULSION TEST
ADD ALCOHOL AND SHAKE
ADD WATER AND SHAKE
WHITE SUSPENSION
2. GREASE SPOT TEST
RUB OIL ON FILTER PAPER
HOLD PAPER ABOVE A FLAME
83. VITAMIN C
BLUE DCPIP TO COLORLESS
STARCH
PUT FOOD IN A TEST TUBE
ADD IODINE
BROWN COLOR TO BLUE BLACK
84. TESTING STARCH FROM A GREEN
LEAF;
TAKE A LEAF EXPOSED TO SUN FOR
SEVERAL HOURS
BOIL IN A WATERBATH FOR 2 TO 3
MINUTES.
#THIS TREATMENT KILLS THE
LIVING TISSUES IN THE LEAF
PREVENTING FURTHER CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
#ALSO RUPTURES STARCH GRANULES
85. TAKE A TESTTUBE HAVING WARM
METHYLATED SPIRIT AND DIP THE
LEAF INSIDE. THIS WILL
DISCOLORISE THE LEAF REMOVING
ALL CHLOROPHYL. FROM HERE THE
LEAF WILL BE STIFF AND BRITTLE.
REMOVE IT AND DIP IN A BEAKER
CONTAINING WATER TO REHYDRATE
AND SOFTEN IT
86. PLACE THE LEAF IN A WHITE TILE
AND ADD THREE DROPS OF IODINE
SOLUTION TO IT.
THE PARTS HAVING STARCH ARE
STAINED BLUE BLACK.
METHYLATED SPIRIT TURNS FROM
PURPLE COLOR TO GREEN
INDICATING PRESENCE OF
CHLOROPHYLL IN THE LEAF