This document summarizes research on deterring demand for sex trafficking. It explored the characteristics and attitudes of male buyers of sex in several European countries. Most buyers were aged 25-44, employed, educated, and in relationships. They viewed sellers as victims or objects. The research found that public exposure, letters to families, and imprisonment were seen as strong deterrents by buyers. The document recommends demand reduction strategies target men of all ages, address peer and social influences, and focus on locations like the internet where buying sex is increasingly common. International cooperation is needed given cross-border buying. Laws alone on purchasing trafficked victims were not a deterrent. Overall, the research aims to inform policies to reduce demand and deter the purchase
Crime and deviance can be defined as illegal acts punishable by law and behavior that does not conform to social norms. Deviance is socially constructed and dependent on factors like culture, history, and location. Not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is illegal. Crime statistics come from official police records and victim/self-report surveys. Younger males from working-class backgrounds and certain ethnic groups are overrepresented in crime statistics, though sociological factors like biased policing may influence these disparities. The impacts of crime can be physical, financial, social, and psychological on individuals and communities.
Factors affecting alcohol consumption among young peopleDiana Mazhit
The document analyzes factors that affect alcohol consumption among young people in Kazakhstan. A survey of 1,118 Kazakhstani youth aged 16-23 examined the relationship between parents' alcohol consumption and youth alcohol use. The results confirmed that a parent's alcohol consumption, as well as frequent use, had a positive impact on youth initiating alcohol consumption and higher consumption volumes. The conclusion recommends educational measures to promote healthy parenting and influence youth behavior.
The chapter discusses the role of policing in relation to juveniles. It notes that in 2008 police arrested an estimated 2.1 million juveniles, with 67% referred to juvenile court. It describes different policing approaches like community policing which aims to involve the community in solving crime problems. Research shows that policing strategies alone do not effectively reduce juvenile crime and that police are just one part of addressing the complex issue.
Crime and deviance can be defined as illegal acts punishable by law and behavior that does not conform to social norms. Deviance is socially constructed and dependent on factors like culture, history, and location. Not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is illegal. Crime statistics come from official police records and victim/self-report surveys. Younger males from working-class backgrounds and certain ethnic groups are overrepresented in crime statistics, though sociological factors like biased policing may influence these disparities. The impacts of crime can be physical, financial, social, and psychological on individuals and communities.
Factors affecting alcohol consumption among young peopleDiana Mazhit
The document analyzes factors that affect alcohol consumption among young people in Kazakhstan. A survey of 1,118 Kazakhstani youth aged 16-23 examined the relationship between parents' alcohol consumption and youth alcohol use. The results confirmed that a parent's alcohol consumption, as well as frequent use, had a positive impact on youth initiating alcohol consumption and higher consumption volumes. The conclusion recommends educational measures to promote healthy parenting and influence youth behavior.
The chapter discusses the role of policing in relation to juveniles. It notes that in 2008 police arrested an estimated 2.1 million juveniles, with 67% referred to juvenile court. It describes different policing approaches like community policing which aims to involve the community in solving crime problems. Research shows that policing strategies alone do not effectively reduce juvenile crime and that police are just one part of addressing the complex issue.
Simon haggstrom (sweden) @the swedish model to address trafficking for sexual...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Sweden passed a law in 1999 criminalizing the purchase of sex to address prostitution as a form of violence against women. The law aims to reduce demand for prostitution by punishing buyers with fines or up to 1 year in prison. Studies show the number of Swedish men buying sex has decreased since the law's passage, and women in prostitution report fewer buyers. However, critics argue prostitution has just gone underground or moved to other countries. The Stockholm police prostitution unit works to enforce the law through undercover operations that typically result in arresting buyers, pimps and freeing victims.
John o'reily (ireland) @profiling victims of human trafficking stop traffick!...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
This document profiles victims of human trafficking and discusses how trauma affects their behavior. It explores how trauma can cause victims to develop:
1) A state of survival where they avoid attention and feel ashamed.
2) A distorted view of the world where they can't consider offers of help due to irrational thoughts.
3) An illogical bond with their abuser where they feel loyal despite abuse due to trauma bonding.
The document then discusses how an interview process can help victims reconnect with positive past memories to overcome trauma responses by reducing fear and increasing logical thinking.
Venla roth (finland) @tackling human trafficking the role of prostitution pol...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Dr. Venla Roth discusses Finland's efforts to reduce demand for sexual services from trafficked victims by criminalizing the purchase of sex from those who are victims of sex trafficking or procuring. However, a recent Supreme Court decision found this law insufficient as it is difficult to prove the purchaser intentionally exploited the victim. Most university scholars recommend banning all sex purchases or improving the law to include negligent violations. Dr. Roth argues that individualism promoted by neoliberalism fails to address power imbalances and prevent exploitation of the vulnerable in prostitution. Overall prostitution policy should focus on protecting the majority who need help the most.
Venla roth (finland) @tackling human trafficking the role of prostitution pol...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Dr. Venla Roth gave a speech focusing on how to reduce demand for sexual services from trafficked victims. She discussed how Finnish legislation has sought to prohibit buying sexual services from trafficking victims, and the challenges that have arisen. Recent court decisions have found this legislation insufficient, failing to meet the objective of protecting victims. Most experts now recommend banning all purchases of sex or improving the current law to hold buyers liable even with negligence. The national rapporteur believes a political compromise will not be enough and that changing social attitudes is needed to discourage trafficking and protect victims.
This research takes all of our data from our 2013 reports, examining shopper attitudes, behaviours and motivations across areas such as planning vs. impulse purchase, online shopping, the usage of shopper apps and more. Segmenting our shoppers by:
• Age – young (18-34), middle aged (35-54) and older (55-65+)
• Gender
• Social Class
• Gender and Social Class
• Children Living at Home (under 16) – young families (18-34), older families (35-54) and empty nesters (shoppers aged 45+ with no children living at home)
• Region
Using these demographics we can look at how different the different groups behave comparing and contrasting the different attitudes amongst the key drivers listed. By using more detailed shopper demographics to examine our extensive catalogue of 2013 research we are able to present a thorough analysis of shopper behaviour for a more comprehensive range of shopper typologies than those presented in the individual reports.
This research takes all of our data from our 2013 reports, examining shopper attitudes, behaviours and motivations across areas such as planning vs. impulse purchase, online shopping, the usage of shopper apps and more. Segmenting our shoppers by:
• Age – young (18-34), middle aged (35-54) and older (55-65+)
• Gender
• Social Class
• Gender and Social Class
• Children Living at Home (under 16) – young families (18-34), older families (35-54) and empty nesters (shoppers aged 45+ with no children living at home)
• Region
Using these demographics we can look at how different the different groups behave comparing and contrasting the different attitudes amongst the key drivers listed. By using more detailed shopper demographics to examine our extensive catalogue of 2013 research we are able to present a thorough analysis of shopper behaviour for a more comprehensive range of shopper typologies than those presented in the individual reports.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre-Covid and post-Covid eras. It finds that Generation Z is more comfortable with online shopping compared to Millennials. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted in-person shopping and pushed more Millennials to shop online. Marketers need to understand the differences between these generations, as their perceptions, motivations, and expectations vary. Factors like culture, social influences, and the pandemic's impact on social behavior must be considered when analyzing consumer behavior.
Family Life Education - Legal and Ethical IssuesAdam Thompson
This document provides an agenda and overview for a workshop on legal and ethical issues related to sexuality and HIV education. The workshop goals are to help participants identify and analyze legal and ethical issues regarding sexual behaviors, understand the need for clear policies on HIV education, increase comfort discussing these topics, and improve skills in effectively addressing related legal and ethical issues. The agenda includes sessions on the differences between ethics and morals, quizzes and discussions on relevant laws, spotlighting issues like human trafficking, considering adult and adolescent behaviors and decision-making, and a case study. Participants are introduced to the facilitators and given guidelines for respectful discussion.
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Academic project focusing on utilizing qualitative methodologies for men’s skincare, which is one of the fastest-growing categories in the world. To gain insights into such ethnographic questions, we decided to employ a primary research plan consisting of observational research, in-depth interviews, and an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk, which together produce information that results in a narrative description.
The following presentation (one segment) is primarily based on a qualitative research conducted by final year students of Institute of Home Economics on Beggary in Delhi.
This presentation summarises the review of literature and policy documentation undertaken as part of the YouthMetre Project.
YouthMetre: seeks to empowering young people to help improve the youth policies in local authorities, regions and countries in Europe. This presentation introduces the research component of the project which examines the state of the 8 Youth Policy strands.
YouthMetre connects with young people and NGOs working with youth. It is a youth-based forward-looking project to engage and empower young people in affecting policy making.
Browne Jacobson teamed up with Expolink, Europe’s leading independent whistleblowing hotline to provide clients and guests with an insight in how to encourage and handle disclosures, and conduct investigations.
Our focus was on best practice and guidance on investigations and will in turn focus on two hot topics: harassment claims, and fraud.
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This document discusses gender, gender relations, and participatory poverty assessments. It defines gender as the social roles and relationships between men and women based on their sex. Gender relations refer to how power is distributed between sexes in society. The document then discusses how participatory poverty assessments aim to incorporate the views of poor people to better understand and address poverty from their perspective.
Changing attitudes, changing behaviour – how do they connect? | Psychology of...CharityComms
Will Tucker, director, Will Tucker Consulting
Visit the CharityComms website to view slides from past events, see what events we have coming up and to check out what else we do: www.charitycomms.org.uk
This document summarizes research on the experiences of gay and bisexual men who pay for sexual services in Canada. It finds that they have specific health, safety, legal and identity needs not addressed in other studies. Gay and bisexual men reported using the sex industry for physical intimacy, sexual exploration and coping with declining desirability. However, many did not understand prostitution laws or trust the legal system. More research is needed to understand their perspectives over the life course and involve their voices in policy discussions.
The document discusses the work of Cambridgeshire Insight, the central research and information section of Cambridgeshire County Council, which provides data analysis to help plan county services across areas like demography, the economy, housing, and community safety. It covers how the group conducts consultations and uses customer insight to understand community needs and expectations to better design and deliver services. The presentation also addresses how data and partnership work help make communities safer by reducing crime rates and repeat victimization.
Simon haggstrom (sweden) @the swedish model to address trafficking for sexual...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Sweden passed a law in 1999 criminalizing the purchase of sex to address prostitution as a form of violence against women. The law aims to reduce demand for prostitution by punishing buyers with fines or up to 1 year in prison. Studies show the number of Swedish men buying sex has decreased since the law's passage, and women in prostitution report fewer buyers. However, critics argue prostitution has just gone underground or moved to other countries. The Stockholm police prostitution unit works to enforce the law through undercover operations that typically result in arresting buyers, pimps and freeing victims.
John o'reily (ireland) @profiling victims of human trafficking stop traffick!...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
This document profiles victims of human trafficking and discusses how trauma affects their behavior. It explores how trauma can cause victims to develop:
1) A state of survival where they avoid attention and feel ashamed.
2) A distorted view of the world where they can't consider offers of help due to irrational thoughts.
3) An illogical bond with their abuser where they feel loyal despite abuse due to trauma bonding.
The document then discusses how an interview process can help victims reconnect with positive past memories to overcome trauma responses by reducing fear and increasing logical thinking.
Venla roth (finland) @tackling human trafficking the role of prostitution pol...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Dr. Venla Roth discusses Finland's efforts to reduce demand for sexual services from trafficked victims by criminalizing the purchase of sex from those who are victims of sex trafficking or procuring. However, a recent Supreme Court decision found this law insufficient as it is difficult to prove the purchaser intentionally exploited the victim. Most university scholars recommend banning all sex purchases or improving the law to include negligent violations. Dr. Roth argues that individualism promoted by neoliberalism fails to address power imbalances and prevent exploitation of the vulnerable in prostitution. Overall prostitution policy should focus on protecting the majority who need help the most.
Venla roth (finland) @tackling human trafficking the role of prostitution pol...lygus.lt Butkeviciute
Dr. Venla Roth gave a speech focusing on how to reduce demand for sexual services from trafficked victims. She discussed how Finnish legislation has sought to prohibit buying sexual services from trafficking victims, and the challenges that have arisen. Recent court decisions have found this legislation insufficient, failing to meet the objective of protecting victims. Most experts now recommend banning all purchases of sex or improving the current law to hold buyers liable even with negligence. The national rapporteur believes a political compromise will not be enough and that changing social attitudes is needed to discourage trafficking and protect victims.
This research takes all of our data from our 2013 reports, examining shopper attitudes, behaviours and motivations across areas such as planning vs. impulse purchase, online shopping, the usage of shopper apps and more. Segmenting our shoppers by:
• Age – young (18-34), middle aged (35-54) and older (55-65+)
• Gender
• Social Class
• Gender and Social Class
• Children Living at Home (under 16) – young families (18-34), older families (35-54) and empty nesters (shoppers aged 45+ with no children living at home)
• Region
Using these demographics we can look at how different the different groups behave comparing and contrasting the different attitudes amongst the key drivers listed. By using more detailed shopper demographics to examine our extensive catalogue of 2013 research we are able to present a thorough analysis of shopper behaviour for a more comprehensive range of shopper typologies than those presented in the individual reports.
This research takes all of our data from our 2013 reports, examining shopper attitudes, behaviours and motivations across areas such as planning vs. impulse purchase, online shopping, the usage of shopper apps and more. Segmenting our shoppers by:
• Age – young (18-34), middle aged (35-54) and older (55-65+)
• Gender
• Social Class
• Gender and Social Class
• Children Living at Home (under 16) – young families (18-34), older families (35-54) and empty nesters (shoppers aged 45+ with no children living at home)
• Region
Using these demographics we can look at how different the different groups behave comparing and contrasting the different attitudes amongst the key drivers listed. By using more detailed shopper demographics to examine our extensive catalogue of 2013 research we are able to present a thorough analysis of shopper behaviour for a more comprehensive range of shopper typologies than those presented in the individual reports.
Comparison of consumer behavior of millennials and generation z in pre and po...wicked41
This document compares the consumer behavior of Millennials and Generation Z in the pre-Covid and post-Covid eras. It finds that Generation Z is more comfortable with online shopping compared to Millennials. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted in-person shopping and pushed more Millennials to shop online. Marketers need to understand the differences between these generations, as their perceptions, motivations, and expectations vary. Factors like culture, social influences, and the pandemic's impact on social behavior must be considered when analyzing consumer behavior.
Family Life Education - Legal and Ethical IssuesAdam Thompson
This document provides an agenda and overview for a workshop on legal and ethical issues related to sexuality and HIV education. The workshop goals are to help participants identify and analyze legal and ethical issues regarding sexual behaviors, understand the need for clear policies on HIV education, increase comfort discussing these topics, and improve skills in effectively addressing related legal and ethical issues. The agenda includes sessions on the differences between ethics and morals, quizzes and discussions on relevant laws, spotlighting issues like human trafficking, considering adult and adolescent behaviors and decision-making, and a case study. Participants are introduced to the facilitators and given guidelines for respectful discussion.
Characteristics of male consumers on facial skincare product purchasingAmber An
Academic project focusing on utilizing qualitative methodologies for men’s skincare, which is one of the fastest-growing categories in the world. To gain insights into such ethnographic questions, we decided to employ a primary research plan consisting of observational research, in-depth interviews, and an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk, which together produce information that results in a narrative description.
The following presentation (one segment) is primarily based on a qualitative research conducted by final year students of Institute of Home Economics on Beggary in Delhi.
This presentation summarises the review of literature and policy documentation undertaken as part of the YouthMetre Project.
YouthMetre: seeks to empowering young people to help improve the youth policies in local authorities, regions and countries in Europe. This presentation introduces the research component of the project which examines the state of the 8 Youth Policy strands.
YouthMetre connects with young people and NGOs working with youth. It is a youth-based forward-looking project to engage and empower young people in affecting policy making.
Browne Jacobson teamed up with Expolink, Europe’s leading independent whistleblowing hotline to provide clients and guests with an insight in how to encourage and handle disclosures, and conduct investigations.
Our focus was on best practice and guidance on investigations and will in turn focus on two hot topics: harassment claims, and fraud.
Poverty and Gender Analysis of Participatory.pptxPrahlada G
This document discusses gender, gender relations, and participatory poverty assessments. It defines gender as the social roles and relationships between men and women based on their sex. Gender relations refer to how power is distributed between sexes in society. The document then discusses how participatory poverty assessments aim to incorporate the views of poor people to better understand and address poverty from their perspective.
Changing attitudes, changing behaviour – how do they connect? | Psychology of...CharityComms
Will Tucker, director, Will Tucker Consulting
Visit the CharityComms website to view slides from past events, see what events we have coming up and to check out what else we do: www.charitycomms.org.uk
This document summarizes research on the experiences of gay and bisexual men who pay for sexual services in Canada. It finds that they have specific health, safety, legal and identity needs not addressed in other studies. Gay and bisexual men reported using the sex industry for physical intimacy, sexual exploration and coping with declining desirability. However, many did not understand prostitution laws or trust the legal system. More research is needed to understand their perspectives over the life course and involve their voices in policy discussions.
The document discusses the work of Cambridgeshire Insight, the central research and information section of Cambridgeshire County Council, which provides data analysis to help plan county services across areas like demography, the economy, housing, and community safety. It covers how the group conducts consultations and uses customer insight to understand community needs and expectations to better design and deliver services. The presentation also addresses how data and partnership work help make communities safer by reducing crime rates and repeat victimization.
The lived experience of male intimate partners of female rape victims in cape...Evalina van Wijk
This document summarizes a research presentation on exploring the lived experiences of male intimate partners of female rape victims in Cape Town, South Africa. The study aimed to understand their experiences in the first six months post-rape through longitudinal interviews. Key findings included partners feeling like secondary victims, with their lives turned upside down by feelings of powerlessness, humiliation, and vulnerability. Partners struggled with feelings of guilt, uncertainty in their relationships, difficulties reestablishing intimacy and communication with their partners, and living in fear of disease. The study provided insights into the meaningful impacts on male partners after their female partner's rape.
Findings from the consultation that ran between May and July 2014 to seek feedback from members of the public about their low level care and support needs now and in the future.
The Lived Experience of Male Intimate Partners of Rape VictimsEvalina van Wijk
This document summarizes a research study presented at a conference on the lived experiences of male intimate partners of female rape victims in Cape Town, South Africa. The study aimed to explore the experiences of male partners in the six months following their partner's rape. Nine partners participated in longitudinal interviews over six months. Two major themes emerged: feeling like a secondary victim of rape and living in multiple worlds. Partners experienced feelings of powerlessness, humiliation, and uncertainty in their relationships. They received little social support. The rape disrupted all aspects of their lives. The findings highlight the need for early intervention and support for male partners of female rape victims.
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This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on sexualized and gender-based dress codes in Ontario. The presentation will cover the Ontario Human Rights Code and how it relates to gender and harassment. It will discuss recent media focus on sexualized uniforms in the restaurant industry and an Ontario Human Rights Commission inquiry report on dress codes. The presentation will also review relevant case law and provide best practices for designing compliant dress code policies.
This document provides a summary of the baseline assessment report conducted by MLMC in March 2012. It outlines the objectives of the assessment which were to examine vulnerabilities, behaviors, and perspectives of adolescent girls and boys related to HIV risk. The study design utilized qualitative methods with adolescent girls and boys, their parents/spouses, and community members. Key findings included limited assets, awareness, and opportunities for adolescent girls compared to boys. Risk behaviors like pre-marital sex and substance use were reported. Access to health information and services was also limited, especially for girls.
This document summarizes a presentation on human trafficking given at the MPI World Conference. It discusses how traffickers exploit vulnerabilities in victims to force them into commercial sex work, often through hotels. Traffickers control victims through isolation, threats, and addiction. Hotels are working to train staff to recognize signs of trafficking through indicators like excessive condoms, little luggage, or a victim not speaking for themselves. The presentation urges companies to adopt anti-trafficking policies, train employees, and support organizations fighting trafficking.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Nusha yonkova (ireland) @tackling demand for sexual services stop traffick! 19.06.2014
1. STOP TRAFFICK! Tackling Demand for Sexual
Services from Trafficked Women and Girls
Nusha Yonkova, Anti-trafficking Coordinator, 19 June 2014
2. Research objectives
1. Explore the international legal provisions and the national legal and policy
context in the participating countries, taking into account the various obligations
that exist in the area of combatting human trafficking, with a focus on
discouraging the demand that fosters human trafficking
2. Explore the characteristics of the buyers and their attitudes towards the
purchase of sex in general and from victims of trafficking in particular
3. Explore the awareness level of buyers of sex of the circumstances of the people
they are buying, as well as their knowledge and considerations on the issue of
human trafficking
4. Establish the most efficient measures to deter the purchasing of sex from
trafficked individuals, as identified by the respondents in the study
3. Methods used
• Review of relevant international research
• Review of the legal and policy context in the partner countries
• Online survey
• Face-to-face interviews with buyers of sex
4. Research comprised of:
• Seventy-one in-depth interviews with male buyers in Bulgaria and Lithuania (37 in
Bulgaria and 34 in Lithuania)
• Some 2,004 responses to an online survey carried out in Cyprus, Finland and
Ireland, of which 1,050 were completed in Cyprus, 544 in Finland and 410 in
Ireland. Of these, 426 respondents in Cyprus identified themselves as buyers of
sex, 208 respondents in Finland identified themselves as buyers of sex and 58
respondents in Ireland identified themselves as buyers of sex
• In total, 763 buyers of sex participated in the in-depth interviews and online
survey in the five project countries (692 in the online survey and 71 in the
interviews)
5. Gender of the buyers
Ireland
Cyprus
Finland
Male
Female
6. Age of buyers
Age of buyers (per
cent)
Age of buyers Cyprus Finland Ireland Bulgaria Lithuania
Under 25 years 6 20 15 3 68
25-44 years 62 45 40 66 29
Over 45 years 32 35 45 31 3
8. Income and Employment
• Income of buyers
–Cyprus: 62% earn over €20,000
–Ireland: 66% earn over €20,000
–Finland: 80% earn over €20,000
• Employment
–Bulgaria: 83% are in employment
–Lithuania: 65% are in employment
12. First time experience
• At a young age
• Spontaneous
• Unplanned
• In a group / with friends
• Alcohol /drug influence
• Contacted the seller in person or through a word of mouth
13. The role of alcohol
• loss of self control
• more willing to take risks
• increased my courage
• freed me from scruples
• put me in careless mood
• lowered my inhibitions
• provoked my need to assert my identity as member of the ‘stronger’
gender
Motivation
• Curiosity
17. Changing patterns
“I am supplying myself, even these days, with different women twice a month. I
realise my sexual fantasies – this is possible only with a prostitute. With every
woman it is different and ever more exciting.”
18. Changing patterns
“Definitely, my habits changed and I attribute this to the change in sexual partners.
With every new [one], I apply what I have learned from the previous encounter. As of
today, I could consider I have tried it all, but I know this is not the case. There is
always a surprise. For men this is important, especially for me. The more perverse
the better. One cannot describe it. There are incredibly 'dirty' women who almost
make you fly. For years already, my wife cannot sexually satisfy me. This is only
possible with a 'dirty' woman. Only a dirty woman offers quality felacio (while my
wife considers this a perversion and a humiliation for her). I would do with my wife
'69' too, but this is also off limit. With a prostitute I would not do 69. I would not lick
her.”
19. Partner for a moment
Liberated
Less than human
Sexual partner
Acquaintance
Product
Friend
Stranger
Victim
Don't think of them as person
Sex object
Business woman
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
How buyers view the sellers (Lithuania)
20. Used
Victim
Stranger
Don't think of them as person
Friend
Business woman
Sexually empowered
Sexually active
Sexual object
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
How buyers view the sellers (Bulgaria)
21. otivation behind the
purchase of sex
• To have control over the act arising from its purchase
• Variety in terms of the seller and the act
• Curiosity / Pleasure/satisfaction
• Availability
• Lack of commitment
• Efficiency:
‘I want it fast, so I pay for it’
‘I pay, instead of asking someone’
• Getting what is denied by one’s partner
‘When you do not pay, they will not do
22. Unwilling Unhappy Sad Controlled Too young Frightened Hurt/injured Intimidated Other
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Perception and experiences of exploitation
(Cyprus, Finland and Ireland)
23. Witnessing and reacting to exploitation
Encountered
exploitation
Considered reporting to the
authority
Never considered reporting Avoided the question
Ireland 25 21 46 33
Finland 26 22 50 28
Cyprus 34 41 25 34
24. Purchasing services from a trafficked victim
• Bulgaria
28 out of the 37 interviewed were aware of the offence
2 reported considering human trafficking when buying sex
• Lithuania
27 of the 34 interviewed were aware of the offence
3 reported considering human trafficking when buying sex
25. Considering human trafficking
when buying
‘I think about this, but you cannot know who is who’
_______________________________________________
‘No, you are just buying a service’
‘I will think about whether she is clean. I will not think about whether she has been
trafficked. This is not my concern.’
31. Some buyers (a minority) would not be deterred by anything
‘Nothing would stop me. I am a free man. There is nothing to hide or be ashamed of’
***
‘There is nothing that would stop me except fear of infection’
32. Conclusions and recommendations
Targeting demand reduction on men
• Strategies to reduce demand should target the general population of men as the
research indicates that buyers of sex are overwhelmingly male, with a diverse
range of characteristics.
33. Conclusions and recommendations
Addressing demand by taking into account buyers’ age and other characteristics
• A number of factors that should inform the development of effective campaigns
to deter demand, including the age profile, which is primarily among the middle
range age group (25-44 years) and the older age group (over 45 years of age).
• It should also take into account the presence and absence of relationships, the
relatively high social standing and the middle to high-income levels of buyers, and
the high levels of education and employment amongst buyers.
• As part of the wider demand reduction strategies, awareness-raising and
education initiatives, which specifically target younger men and potential future
buyers, should be urgently developed as the data indicates that purchasing sex
becomes more entrenched over time, with more frequent buyers exhibiting an
increased sense of entitlement and desire for control of women.
34. Conclusions and Recommendations
A focus on male buyers of female sellers
• Male buyers purchasing sex from female sellers should remain the primary focus
of any demand reduction strategies, based on the statistics in this and other
research in the past. Specific campaigns targeting the buying of male sellers could
be developed to address the minority of buyers who purchase sex from males,
provided this does not take away from the resources aimed at the reduction
within the prevalent scenario (namely where male buyers purchase from female
sellers).
• Gender considerations should be applied to the design of any intervention
strategies, taking into account the defined gendered nature of the phenomenon
35. Conclusions and Recommendations
Addressing demand in relation to the visibility and availability with first-time
buyers
• Strategies addressing demand need to recognise that visibility and availability has
a strong influence on the decision to purchase sex for the first time.
• Campaigns also need to address peer influence and the motivations of young men
in first buying sex, including the demand for sexual variety, tests of bravery (willing
to take risks) and curiosity.
• Demand strategies should address the role of alcohol and the group settings in
which young men first purchase sex. The role of alcohol was not found to be a
causal factor in the purchase of sex, but it is seen as boosting courage and
36. Conclusions and recommendations
The need to focus demand reduction strategies in diverse locations and to take
account of the shift into indoor prostitution and the use of the internet
• As the findings indicate a major shift into indoor prostitution and the increasing
use of the internet, particularly in Finland and Ireland, demand reduction
measures should place significant focus on the role of the internet in accessing
paid sex. The prevalence of private apartments as a location suggests the need to
target the use of private premises for prostitution.
• Despite the move indoors, the findings indicate the need to continue to address
on-street buying and demand reduction strategies, as well as the need to target
particular venues, such as cabarets and clubs, which are primary locations for
37. Conclusions and Recommendations
The need to address demand reduction as a transnational issue
• The extent to which buyers purchase sex abroad, where it is perceived as more
private and anonymous for the buyer, confirms that demand is an international
and transnational issue.
• Measures to address demand should involve cross-border cooperation and
coordination at European and global levels.
38. Conclusions and Recommendations
Witnessing exploitation
• The research demonstrates that serious exploitation, including exploitation of
minors, is witnessed by buyers within the sex industry. Demand reduction
strategies need to highlight all forms of exploitation within the sex industry and
how the purchase of sex is a causal factor in that exploitation.
• The perception of buyers that the majority of women are consenting, and by
implication not exploited, needs to be addressed.
• The fact that many buyers exhibited reluctance to engage with the question in the
survey about exploitation or to report exploitation to the authorities raises
questions in relation to the efficacy of relying on buyers to report to the
39. Conclusions and Recommendations
The role of laws criminalising the purchase of a victim of trafficking
• The research reveals that laws criminalising the purchase of a victim of trafficking
are not having a deterrent effect on current buyers. The vast majority of buyers in
Lithuania and Bulgaria said they did not consider human trafficking when
purchasing sex, despite awareness of the law.
• EU Strategies need to consider and evaluate the effectiveness in reducing demand
of laws solely addressing the purchase of sex from victims of trafficking, in
particular those that involve knowledge on the part of the buyer.
________________________________
The role of the media
40. Conclusions and Recommendations
The implementation of effective deterrents
• The findings provide strong evidence of the buyers’ assessments of what
constitute effective deterrents.
• Public exposure in the local media and/or internet, letters of disclosure sent to a
buyer’s family and imprisonment are all identified by buyers as having a strong
deterrent quality.
• Considering that having educational classes has been found to have no deterrent
quality by almost all buyers, it is unlikely that an approach based on such classes
will help deter demand.
• National strategies should also be informed by the specific deterrents identified in