This document provides an overview of nursing fundamentals and theories as presented by Dr. James M. Alo. It discusses the definitions and history of nursing according to Nightingale and the American Nurses Association. It also outlines the roles, standards of practice, major nursing theories and theorists, ethical concepts, and the Code of Ethics for nurses.

1. NURSING FUNDAMENTALS
DR. JAMES M. ALO, RN, MAN, MAP, PhD.

2. What is nursing?
• Is the act of utilizing the
environment of the px to
Nightingale(1860) assist his recovery.
• Is the dx & tx of human
responses to actual or
ANA (1980) potential health problems
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3. ROLES of the professional nurse
1. Care 5. Protector/ Client
provider/rehabilitator advocator
2. Comforter/counselor 6. Manager
7. Researcher
3. Communicator
4. Educator/Teacher
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4. STANDARDS of nsg practice
1. Quality of care 5. Ethics
2. Performance appraisal 6. Collaboration
3. Education 7. Research
4. Collegiality 8. Resource utiization
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5. THEORIES
Theorist Theory/Framework
Nightingale (1860) Manipulating the px environment
Peplau (1952) Interpersonal processes
4 overlapping phases: Orientation, Identificatin,
Exploitation/explanation, Resolution
Henderson (1955) 14 basic needs: breath, eath/drink, eliminate, posture,
sleep, dress, temperature, hygiene, communicate,,
worship, work, play, learn & avoid dangeer.
Abdellah (1960) Nursing is caring, intelligent, competent, & technically
well-prepared service
Identified 21 specific cliet needs/nsg problems.
Orlando (1961) Nursing is interacting w/ client to meet immediate
needs
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6. Hall (1962) Coined the term “nursing process”
Nsg center on 3 components: CARE, CORE, & CURE
Levine (1966) 4 conservation principles: Conserve client energy, structural,
personal, & social integrity
Johnson (1968) Behavior system model: 7 Basic Needs; security, nurturance,
nourishment, elimination, achievement, self-protection, sex.
Rogers (1970) Science of Unitary Human Beings
Orem (1971) Self Care & Self Care Deficit Theory
King (1971) Goal Attainment Theory: 3 Dynamic interacting systems; personal,
iinterpersonal, social
Neuman (1972) Health Care system Model: goal of nsg is to assist client in
stress(intra, inter, extra-personal) reduction via primary, secondary,
tertiary levels of prevention
Patterson & Humanistic Nsg Practice: requires participants to be aware of their
Zderad (1976) “uniqueness” & @ the same time “commonality” w/ eaxh other.
The essential characteristic is nurturance.
Leininger (1978) Transcultural Nsg Model: values, beliefs, & practices
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7. Roy (1979) Adaptation Model: client as an adaptive system
Watson (1979) Human Caring Model: transpersonal & humanistic
Parse (1981) Theory of Human Becoming: clients are open, mutual, & in
constant interxn w/ environ.
Erickson (1983) Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory: Nurses act a role model
in nurturance
Benner (1989) Caring is central in nsg, creating possibilities for coping &
connecting w/ others.
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8. ETHICAL CONCEPTS that apply to nsg practice
Ethics Study of good conduct, character & motives, determining
the rightnes / wrongnes of an act
Morals Ones own personal beliefs, opinions, & attitudes that guide’s
ones action.
Values Personal belief about the worth of a given idea,, attitude,
appraisal of what is good.
Autonomy Independence or seld-governance
Beneficence Promoting good to others
Malefi cence Harm or hurt
Nonmaleficence Avoidance of harm
Confidentiality Repect for clients’ privacy
Fidelity Agreement to keep promises
Distributive justice Allocation of goods/services accdg to: equality, need, merit
Principle of double Promoting good but involving some expected unavoidable
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effect harm. dr james m. alo

9. 11 Code of ethics for nurses
Safeguards
Collaborates w/
the clients
members of the
right to
health team
privacy
Protect the Safeguard the
public from cient & the
misinformation public
Assumes
Maintain conditiond of
responsibility &
employment
acountability
Imporve
Maintains
standards of
competence
nsg.
Contribute to Exercises
ongoing informed
development Provides judgment
services w/
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respect