The document details the exposure of workers at over 200 U.S. Department of Energy facilities to radiation and toxic substances related to Cold War nuclear weapons activities. It outlines various processes involved in nuclear weapons production, including uranium and plutonium processing, and identifies contaminated sites across multiple states. Additionally, it references historical nuclear testing and the complexities surrounding waste management and institutional controls at these legacy sites.

1. 1The Other Part of the USDOEJames D. WernerApril 2010

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7. 7B-61 Nuclear Bomb

8. 8U.S. Department of Energy* Cold War Legacy FacilitiesWorkers at more than 200 facilities in 37 States were exposed to radiation, beryllium, and other toxic substances supporting Cold War nuclear weapons activities(See Attached List for Details)1512216241221422533323111159211155126223223826493597522323BeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBeBe11Weapons Research & DesignTestingNuclear Weapons ProductionFormer industrial sites contaminated with radioactivity, some but not all of which contributed to nuclear weapons production.=NonnuclearUraniumPlutoniumFuelandComponentsReprocessingtoAssemblyUraniumUraniumMiningProductionUraniumTargetSeparateNuclearandEnrichmentFoundryandMillingReactorsRefiningFabricationPlutoniumComponentsFormer sites contaminated with beryllium, some but not all of which contributed to nuclear weapons production.Dismantlement=DepartmentofDefenseUranium and plutonium are further processed for warhead triggersChemical separation is used to extract plutonium from irradiated targetsWarhead triggers, neutron generators, and other electrical and mechanical components are assembled into complete warheadsUranium target elements are irradiated to create plutoniumUranium metal is formed into fuel and target elements for reactorsUranium gas is converted into metalUranium is processed into low enrichment uranium, highly enriched uranium & depleted uraniumUranium is mined and refined from oreNumber indicates how many sites were or are located in the State.=Hanford SiteIdaho National Engineering LaboratoryBurlington Assembly PlantMound PlantLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryRocky Flats PlantPortsmouth PlantKansas City PlantFernald PlantNevada Test SitePaducah PlantWeldon SpringLos Alamos National LaboratoryPantex PlantOak Ridge ReservationSandia National LaboratoriesSavannah River SitePinellas PlantAmchitka Island* U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor organizations including the Atomic Energy Commission and the Energy Research and Development Administration.Rev. 2, 5/18/00, 07:00

9. 9HOW NUCLEAR WEAPONSARE MADE

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21. 21James Werner:Hematite, Missouri Fuel loading facility

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25. James Werner: Uranium hexafluordie cylinders at Oak Ridge K-25 site (K-1066-K storage yard).. The site stores 5,000 cylinders. Worker inspects cylinders using ultrasound. Jan 9, 1994.

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28. 592==4=A=UThe U.S. Nuclear Weapons ComplexHanford SiteFuel Fabrication, Irradiation, and Chemical Separation; Component Fabrication2Mound PlantActuators, Ignitors, Detonators3Idaho NationalEngineering Laboratory922Chemical SeparationBurlingtonAssembly Plant277Central Nevada Test Areaand Shoal Test SiteFernald Plant4Rio Blanco and Rulison SitesUranium Refinery, Metal Foundry and Machining PlantsU4UKansas City PlantLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryPortsmouth PlantRocky Flats PlantUranium EnrichmentElectronic, Mechanical, and Plastic ComponentsA10Plutonium WarheadsNevadaTest Site4Weapons Research and DesignPaducah PlantGasbuggyWeldon SpringUranium Enrichment2UUranium Refinery and Metal FoundryLos Alamos NationalLaboratory2Oak Ridge Reservation2Components of Highly Enriched Uranium, Depleted Uranium and Lithium Deuteride and Uranium EnrichmentWeapons Research and Design2Pantex Plant3Sandia National Laboratories5Savannah River SiteWeapons EngineeringHigh-Explosives Fabrication, Final Warhead Assembly and DisassemblyFuel & Target Fabrication, Irradiation, Chemical Separation; Tritium ProductionGnome-CoachUWaste Isolation Pilot PlantSalmon SiteAmchitkaIslandUPinellas PlantNeutron GeneratorsFormer industrial sites contaminated with radioactivity, some but not all of which contributed to nuclear weapons production.Number indicates how many sites were or are located in the State.Atmospheric TestingUnderground TestingUBikini andEniwetokAtollsA

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45. 45DOWNTOWN FUSRAPST. LOUIS SASH AND DOOR WORKS

46. 46DOWNTOWN FUSRAPBUILDING 51

47. 47DOWNTOWN FUSRAPPIT 1, BUILDING K - OCTOBER 2000

48. 48Enrico Fermi

49. 49First Man-made Sustained Nuclear Chain Reaction; Inside Squash Court Under the Spectator Stand at Stagg Field, University of Chicago, December 1941.

50. 50Burial Marker for Fermi Reactor, State Park outside of Chicago.

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52. 52WELDON SPRING SITECHEMICAL PLANT - 1956 to 1967

53. 53James Werner:18. Sampling the DerbyThis woman drills holes in new derbies and sends the uranium metal shavings to a lab that measures their radioactivity. The metal gives off alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. At the surface of the derby, the radiation levels are 260 millirem/hr of beta and 10 millirem/hr of gamma. The woman wears a flower in her hair because it is the week before Christmas.

54. 54James Werner:19. Ingots of Fernald at AshtabulaThese ingots, made at Fernald by remelting uranium metal derbies, have been trucked 300 miles northeast to Ashtabula, Ohio, for further processing. Here they will be submerged in molten salt until they reach a red-hot 1100F. Then thy will be inserted into the Ashtabula uranium metal extrusion press. The sign in the background reads "Caution: Radioactive Materials."Reactive Metals, Incorporated, Ashtabula, Ohio. June 19,1984.

55. 55James Werner:17. Cooling the DerbyThe hot cylinder containing new uranium derby metal is lowered into water for cooling. Feed Materials production Center, Fernald, Ohio. December 17, 1985.

56. 56Weldon Spring Uranium Processing Plant - 1982

57. 57Weldon Spring Uranium Processing Plant - 1982

58. 58WELDON SPRING SITEWASTE DUMPED IN THE QUARRY

59. 59WELDON SPRING SITEQUARRY

60. 60WELDON SPRING SITE1985

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66. 66“Institutional controls will fail.” National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Committee on the Remediation of Buried and Tank Waste, Long-Term Institutional Management of the U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites, August 2000, at page 97.

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71. 71509 Bomb Wing

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77. James D. WernerDNREC

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