The document provides guidelines on infant feeding and nutrition. It recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months as breast milk provides optimal nutrition for infants. From 6-24 months, the guidelines recommend continued breastfeeding along with introducing complementary foods. The document discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant. It also provides information on infant formula types and guidelines for complementary feeding introduction and dietary supplements.
Nutritional education and health education in Pediatric Priya Gill
Nutrition education is the process of teaching the science of nutrition to an individual or group. Health professionals have a different role in educating an individual in the clinic, community, or long-term health-care facility.
Nutritional education and health education in Pediatric Priya Gill
Nutrition education is the process of teaching the science of nutrition to an individual or group. Health professionals have a different role in educating an individual in the clinic, community, or long-term health-care facility.
A presentation I made for a graduate-level Maternal & Childhood Nutrition course. This PowerPoint focuses on the important role good nutrition can play in this age group, as well as nutrition programs for this age group.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, COMPLEMENTARY FOOD, IMPORTANCE OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, TIME TO START COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF EARLY AND DELAYED FEEDING.
A presentation I made for a graduate-level Maternal & Childhood Nutrition course. This PowerPoint focuses on the important role good nutrition can play in this age group, as well as nutrition programs for this age group.
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
In this Quotation Slide, i wished to summarise one chapter, in doing so i suggest this open source textbook for any medical students; Infant and Young Child Feeding
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, COMPLEMENTARY FOOD, IMPORTANCE OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, TIME TO START COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING, ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF EARLY AND DELAYED FEEDING.
An overview of milk, the difference between breast and formula milk, the types of milk formulas, and some of the diseases prevent the use of certain formulas in babies
Dr Somendra Shukla Pediatrician Gurgaon
MBBS, DNB (Pediatrics), MNAMS, MRCPCH (UK), Fellow Neonatology (NNF)
www.drsomendrashukla.com
Dr. Somendra shukla is a one of the best Pediatrician & neonatologist at Gurgaon. He has vast expierence of 9 yrs in neonatology & pediatrics. He has cleared the prestigious Diplomate of National Board (DNB) and royal college of pediatrics, ondon (MRCPCH) examinations in pediatrics. He has worked and honed up her skills with some of the top corporates institutes of India such as Fortis hospital, moolchand medcity and paras hospital. He has also done his Fellowship in neonatology awarded by prestigious National neonatology forum of India.
He is a member of IAP and NNF and has attended various seminars and workshops and has presented several papers in various national conferences and conducted CMEs.
He is an expert in newborn intensive care including care of ventilated and extremely low birth weight babies (<1000g><750g). He has also been trained in cranial Ultrasonography and Echo studies in neonates.
The human body cannot make protein from carbohydrate or fat. So, we must eat adequate protein everyday.
Protein intake of both quantity and quality, during the first 2 years of life has important effects on growth, neurodevelopment, and long-term health.
In early life, the diet of children and adolescents is characterized by a higher protein intake than recommended.
1. Introduction BY : Dr . Baha D Moohy
Alosy//DCH ,FICMSP12/10/2008
1.The Newborn Service at National Women’s
Health promotes breast milk and
breastfeeding as the optimum nutrition for
infants as it provides many benefits. Benefits
apply to both the mother and the infant and
include nutritional, immunological, psycho-
social and financial components.
2.The cultural, personal and/or physical factors
affecting infant feeding are to be respected
and staff are to support and assist women in
their choice of infant feeding.
2. Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
Nearly all nutrients are recommended in increased
amounts during pregnancy and lactation
Only small increase in metabolic demands of pregnancy
and fetal development
2nd
trimester - add 350 calories per day
3rd
trimester - add 450 calories per day
Nutrients deserving special attention during pregnancy:
Protein
Folate
Iron
Zinc
Calcium
4. Feeding disorders
can be categorized into three areas
Slow to establish feeds
Disorganized feeding
Dysfunctional feeding.
Contributing factors to disorganized/dysfunctional feeding patterns and feeding resistance:
Delayed introduction of oral feeds.
Prematurity.
Birth Asphyxia.
Neurological problems.
Prolonged respiratory distress.
Cardiac anomalies.
Averse oral stimulation.
Multiple caregivers.
5. Feeding pattern
Exclusive breastfeeding rate (< 6 mos. & < 4 mos.(
Timely complementary feeding rate (6-9 mos.(
Continued breastfeeding rate (12-15 & 20-23 mos.(
Timely initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour of birth(
Frequency of complementary feeding (6-11 mos.(
Exclusive Breastfeeding (< 6 months(
Percentage of infants exclusively breastfed for
the first six (or four) months of life
Adequately fed infants (0-11 mos.(
6. WHO/UNICEF Feeding
Recommendations
Exclusive breastfeeding for first six months
Continued breastfeeding for two years or more
Safe, appropriate and adequate complementary
foods beginning at 6 months
Frequency of complementary feeding: 2 times
per day for 6-8 month olds; 3 times per day for
9-11month olds
7. Background
Exclusive breastfeeding refers to infants who
receive only breast milk, or breast milk and
vitamins, mineral supplements or medicine
Complementary feeding refers to children who
receive breast milk and solid or semi-solid food
10. The WHO recommends human milk as
the exclusive nutrient source for
feeding full-term infants during the
first 6 months after birth
Regardless of when complementary
foods are introduced, breastfeeding
should be continued through the first
12months
Recommendations
for Infants
11. Breast Milk Content
Human milk contains protective
antibodies against enteric infections
Caloric density is the same in
breast milk and regular infant
formulas(20kcal/oz(
Fat absorption is more efficient in
breastfed infants when compare to
infant formulas
12. Breast Milk/Formula Content
Human milk has higher concentration of
essential fatty acid
Formula has higher protein concentration
)1.5g/dl in formula vs.0.9g/dl in breast milk(
whey/casein in human milk- 80:20
whey/casein in formula-18:82
Whey protein promotes gastric emptying
Whey protein have more lactoferrin and
secretory immunoglobulin A
13. Breast Milk/Formula Content
Breast Milk/Formula Content
Lactose content is equal in breast milk
and infant formula
Calcium/Phosphorus ratio in human
milk is higher compared to formula
)2:1vs. 1.5:1(
Human milk has lower iron
concentration but iron from human
milk is more bio-available
14. Infection and Breast Milk
Human milk may be a source of CMV
Human milk is protective against
enter pathogenic E.coli and other GI
pathogens. This protection is greatest during
the infant’s first 3 months of life and declines
with increasing age
Human milk is not protective against HSV
Breastfeeding is contraindicated in HIV
infection, except in underdeveloped
countries
Human milk does not protect against
M.tuberculosis
15. Infant Benefits of Breastfeeding
Protein in breast milk is more easily digested that
protein in infant’s formula
Human milk protein promotes more rapid gastric
emptying
Fat absorption from human milk is more efficient
when compared to formula
Many factors in human milk may stimulate
gastrointestinal growth and motility as well as
enhance the maturity of the gastrointestinal track
Human milk contains specific protein involved in
host defense
16. Infants who are breastfed for at least 13
weeks had significantly less gastrointestinal
and respiratory illnesses
Breast milk appears to be protective against
some food allergies during infancy and early
childhood
Maternal-infant bonding is enhanced during
breastfeeding
Improved long-term cognitive and motor
abilities in full term infants have been directly
correlated with duration of breastfeeding
17. Benefits of Breast Feeding for Mother
Economical and convenient
Helps return uterus to normal size faster
Helps return to prepregnancy weight faster
Delays onset of menstruation (not birth
control(
Improves bone remineralization
Reduces risk for ovarian and premenopausal
breast cancer
20. Characteristics of Soy-Based
Formulas
Caloric density: 20cal/oz
Protein: soy protein with added
methionine
Carbohydrate: sucrose, corn syrup
solids,
glucose polymers
Fat: as in cow milk-based formula
21. Indications for Soy Protein-Based
Formulas
Healthy term infants as the alternative
to
cow milk-based formula
Galactosemia
Lactose intolerance
IgE-mediated allergy to cow milk
Parents seeking a vegetarian-based
diet for a term infant
22. Contraindication for Soy Protein-
Based Formulas & Hydrolysate Formulas
Preterm infants with birth weight <1800g
Prevention of colic or allergy
Cow milk protein induced enterocolitis or
enteropathy
Caloric density: 20cal/oz
Protein: Casein or whey hydrolysate
Carbohydrate: Sucrose, corn syrup solids,
cornstarch, tapioca starch
Fat: Medium chain triglycerides and
vegetable oil
*
23. Indications for Protein Hydrolysate
Formulas
Intolerance to cow milk and soy protein
formula
Fat Malabsorption
Short gut syndrome
Severe chronic diarrhea
Liver disorders (cholestasis, biliary Artesia,
cystic fibrosis(
Disadvantages of Hydrolysate
Formulas
Poor taste (presence of sulfated amino
acids(
Greater cost
High osmolarity
Protein Hydrolysate Formulas
Examples:
Alimentum
Nutramigen
Progestamil
25. Indication for Elemental
Formula
Severe food allergy
Malabsorption
Transition from Total Parenteral Nutrition
Elemental Formulas
Examples:
Neocate (Infants formula(
Elecare (Pediatric formula(
Vivonex (Pediatric formula(
26. Whole Cow Milk
Human milk or formula until 1 year of
age
Cow milk has
Less iron, linoleic acid, vitamin E
Excessive sodium, potassium, protein
Increased incidence of GI blood loss
Low iron content and iron bioavailability
Low-fat and non-fat milks are
inappropriate in the first two years of life
27. Complementary Feeding
Can be introduced between ages 4 and 6
months
Introduce one new food at the time.
At least 1 week interval between new foods
introduction
No evidence to support introducing food in a
particular order
Fruit juice should not be introduced to
infants younger than 6 months of age
Intake should be limited to 6-8oz/day
Intake of more than 250cc of juice per day
can lead to diarrhea (high fructose and
sorbitol content of fruit juice(
28. Complementary Feeding
No need for complementary foods for the
first 6 months of life in infants fed iron fortified
formula
Iron-fortified formula and complementary
food in the first year of life will prevent
deficiencies of iron, zinc and vitamin D
Breastfed and formula-fed infants should
have hemoglobin tested at 9 to 12 months
of age
Breast-fed infants need iron supplement starting at 4 to 6
months of life
29. Complementary Feeding
Iron-fortified infants cereal and meats are good
source of iron
If iron intake not sufficient , elemental iron
should be started at 1mg/kg/d
An average of 2 servings (. oz or 15g of dry
cereal per serving) meet the daily iron
requirements
Infants who are exclusively breastfed beyond 6
months of life should be supplemented with 200
U of vitamin D daily
30. Complementary Feeding, cont.
Neither breastfed or formula-fed infants require
extra water
Whole milk should be avoided in the first year of
life.
Complementary foods should not be prepared
with
added salt or sugar
Hot dogs, nuts, grapes, raisins, raw carrots,
popcorn and rounded candies should be avoided in
children under age of 4 years to prevent the risk of
aspiration
31. Dietary Supplements
Not recommended for healthy children
Supplements needed:
Anorexia, inadequate appetite
Chronic disease
Neglected or abuse children
Vegetarian diet without adequate dairy product
Failure to thrive
Children and adolescent without regular sun
exposure, ingestion of less than 500ml/d of
vitamin D
33. Dietary Guidelines in Childhood
Structured 3 meals and 2 snacks
Adults should decide when food is offered
Eating should occur in a designated area
with the developmentally appropriate chair
No grazing between meals
For preschoolers offer 1 tablespoon of
each food for every year of age
Snacks should be considered mini-meals