This document provides an overview of the religious and ethnic diversity that characterized 19th century Omaha, Nebraska, as well as the challenges faced by religious and community leaders in ministering to diverse immigrant populations. It discusses the establishment of national churches and colonies by various ethnic/religious groups, including Irish Catholics, Bohemian Catholics, Polish Catholics, and Jews. It also describes the tensions that arose between bishops and some immigrant communities and the debates around prohibition. The document is an excerpt from a book and provides rich historical context on the religious landscape and experiences of immigrants in 19th century Omaha.
Genealogy research in Ireland can uncover family history dating back generations. Records exist but were not standardized until the 19th century, and many were destroyed. Resources for research include talking to family members, websites like rootsireland.ie and ancestry.com, and visiting locations and archives in Ireland. When visiting, researchers can check church records, explore graveyards, consult libraries and genealogists, and visit the National Library of Ireland or General Register Office to access records like census, property, and vital records. Uncovering Irish ancestry involves piecing together clues across records and locations to extend family trees as far back as possible.
Religious Life In Virginia During The 17th CenturyChuck Thompson
Religious Life In Virginia During The 17th Century. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Early American history like no one else can deliver. Visit us. Free downloads on our eBooks. Enjoy.
You may or may not recall this famous person from America's past. The very beginning of religious freedoms in colonial America and of free and equal government. From our Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. GVLN. Visit us for more incredible content. Free downloads are available.
Benjamin Franklin - Early and Private LifeChuck Thompson
This document provides a summary of the early life of Benjamin Franklin in 3 paragraphs. It describes how Franklin was born in Boston to a candlemaker father and showed a fondness for reading from a young age. He was apprenticed to his brother as a printer but disliked the harsh treatment, so he ran away to New York and then Philadelphia to seek his fortune. The summary outlines the hardships of Franklin's journey, including nearly being shipwrecked, and how he was helped by kind strangers along the way.
History of the ST. JOSEPH PARISH CHURCH in San Jose, Tacloban City, Leyte, Ph...Ara Mae Arceño
This document provides a history of the St. Joseph Parish Church in San Jose, Tacloban City from its origins in 1904 to the early 1990s. It describes the original small wooden church and its demolition during World War II. After the war, parishioners worked to reclaim the sunken church land and eventually began construction of a new permanent church in the 1960s, overcoming numerous challenges through community fundraising efforts. By the early 1990s, the new church was nearly complete after decades of continuous work and donations from parishioners and local leaders.
William Penn. The story of religious freedom in America. The history of how it all began. Part of the Religious Freedom Series from GVLN. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website.
The Basilica Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, Metropolitan Cathedral and Pr...Fergus Ducharme
We report on the 493 year old Basilica Cathedral of Sta Maria la Menor in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It is the 1st Church and Cathedral in the Americas. It was name the Primate Cathedral of the Americas in the 1540s by the then Pope Julius III. Built starting in 1521 not long after Columbus discovered America. A truly incredible sight to behold.
This document provides an update on Larry Roeder's history project documenting the area of Conklin and Prosperity Baptist Church in Loudoun County, Virginia. It summarizes the early settlement of Conklin by both white and African American pioneers in the 18th century. It details Roeder's efforts to collect oral histories, photos, artifacts and records to preserve the history of prominent African American families like the Allens who lived in the area. The document outlines the boundaries of traditional Conklin and calls for help from community members to share their stories and knowledge to aid the project.
Genealogy research in Ireland can uncover family history dating back generations. Records exist but were not standardized until the 19th century, and many were destroyed. Resources for research include talking to family members, websites like rootsireland.ie and ancestry.com, and visiting locations and archives in Ireland. When visiting, researchers can check church records, explore graveyards, consult libraries and genealogists, and visit the National Library of Ireland or General Register Office to access records like census, property, and vital records. Uncovering Irish ancestry involves piecing together clues across records and locations to extend family trees as far back as possible.
Religious Life In Virginia During The 17th CenturyChuck Thompson
Religious Life In Virginia During The 17th Century. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Early American history like no one else can deliver. Visit us. Free downloads on our eBooks. Enjoy.
You may or may not recall this famous person from America's past. The very beginning of religious freedoms in colonial America and of free and equal government. From our Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. GVLN. Visit us for more incredible content. Free downloads are available.
Benjamin Franklin - Early and Private LifeChuck Thompson
This document provides a summary of the early life of Benjamin Franklin in 3 paragraphs. It describes how Franklin was born in Boston to a candlemaker father and showed a fondness for reading from a young age. He was apprenticed to his brother as a printer but disliked the harsh treatment, so he ran away to New York and then Philadelphia to seek his fortune. The summary outlines the hardships of Franklin's journey, including nearly being shipwrecked, and how he was helped by kind strangers along the way.
History of the ST. JOSEPH PARISH CHURCH in San Jose, Tacloban City, Leyte, Ph...Ara Mae Arceño
This document provides a history of the St. Joseph Parish Church in San Jose, Tacloban City from its origins in 1904 to the early 1990s. It describes the original small wooden church and its demolition during World War II. After the war, parishioners worked to reclaim the sunken church land and eventually began construction of a new permanent church in the 1960s, overcoming numerous challenges through community fundraising efforts. By the early 1990s, the new church was nearly complete after decades of continuous work and donations from parishioners and local leaders.
William Penn. The story of religious freedom in America. The history of how it all began. Part of the Religious Freedom Series from GVLN. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website.
The Basilica Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, Metropolitan Cathedral and Pr...Fergus Ducharme
We report on the 493 year old Basilica Cathedral of Sta Maria la Menor in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It is the 1st Church and Cathedral in the Americas. It was name the Primate Cathedral of the Americas in the 1540s by the then Pope Julius III. Built starting in 1521 not long after Columbus discovered America. A truly incredible sight to behold.
This document provides an update on Larry Roeder's history project documenting the area of Conklin and Prosperity Baptist Church in Loudoun County, Virginia. It summarizes the early settlement of Conklin by both white and African American pioneers in the 18th century. It details Roeder's efforts to collect oral histories, photos, artifacts and records to preserve the history of prominent African American families like the Allens who lived in the area. The document outlines the boundaries of traditional Conklin and calls for help from community members to share their stories and knowledge to aid the project.
The Bakongo people originated from the descendants of Ne Kongo Nimi who lived along the lower Congo River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Bakongo kingdom rose to power in the 15th century under King Afonso I and engaged in trade with Portugal. However, by the 16th century the kingdom had collapsed due to invasions and control by Portugal. The Bakongo adopted Christianity and also maintained traditional religious beliefs involving ancestor spirits. Their artistic traditions included woodcarving, sculpting and textiles.
Eliza Scarlett: Leamington widow and Jamaican slave ownerMark Ellis
The document provides details from research conducted on two tombs located in the churchyard of All Saints in Leamington, England. The tombs belonged to Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett and James Virgo Dunn, who both had connections to Jamaica as owners of sugar plantations. Through probate records and other documents, the researcher was able to learn more about Scarlett and Dunn's lives and roles in the slave trade in Jamaica. A significant archive related to the Scarlett family estates was discovered at the Hull History Centre, offering insights into running plantations, the slave system, and Scarlett's management of her properties from England after her husband's death.
In Shakespeare's time in England, women were considered subservient to men and had little independence or rights. They were dependent on male relatives, often used in arranged marriages to forge alliances, and generally believed they were inferior to men. Education was largely denied to women, who could not inherit titles, enter certain professions, vote, or participate in politics. Disobedience by women was seen as a religious crime. Marriage was usually arranged for political and financial reasons rather than love, and women were expected to depend on and obey male relatives throughout their lives.
The document is an alphabet book about Bethlehem, Pennsylvania that provides historical facts about the Moravian settlement founded there in the 18th century. Each letter of the alphabet corresponds to an aspect of early Bethlehem such as the Atlantic Ocean the Moravians crossed to arrive in America (A), Bethlehem being the name they gave to their new town (B), and candles being used in their first Christmas Eve service in 1741 (C). The summary provides a high-level overview of the document's focus on the history and culture of the early Moravian community in Bethlehem.
Slavery provided cheap labor for plantation owners in the South, but slaves wanted to be free from the hardship of slavery. While enduring difficult conditions, slaves found strength in their faith, families, and community as shown through their religious songs and emphasis on Christian values, family, and home.
St. Patrick was a 5th century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. According to his written works Confessio and Epistola ad Coroticum, he was born in Britain and captured by Irish pirates at age 16, enslaved for six years in Ireland. During this time he turned to prayer and God, and had visions calling him to return to Ireland and preach Christianity. He escaped, became a priest, and returned to Ireland to convert the Irish for 40 years, establishing the Catholic Church before dying on March 17, 461.
The document provides guidance and source materials for students to analyze how environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors made Pennsylvania unique compared to other colonies in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Students are instructed to write an initial response to the guiding question and use the HIPP analysis method and four source documents to support their answer. The sources discuss William Penn's intentions for Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers, its religious tolerance and prosperity from trade, and growing diversity from immigration.
Chapter 2, Section 4 The Middle Coloniesguest54dfc4
The document summarizes the settlement of the Middle Colonies between 1609-1752. It discusses how the Dutch originally settled the region, establishing New Amsterdam (New York), before being driven out by the English. It then covers how William Penn received land from the King to establish Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers, attracting religious diversity. By 1752, there were 13 British colonies spanning from New England to Georgia.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
The document provides biographical details about Edmund Burke's career and education in Ireland and England. It then outlines his major speeches and writings, including his opposition to oppressive colonial policies towards America and support for reducing restrictions on Irish Catholics and free trade with Ireland. The document also discusses Burke's famous Reflections on the Revolution in France and his criticism of the excesses of the French Revolution.
The document summarizes the history and founding of the New England, Middle, and Delaware colonies. It discusses how the New England colonies were founded for religious freedom, while the Middle colonies had more diversity and were focused on trade. It describes how the Middle colonies grew prosperous through agriculture and international trade. It also notes that slavery became an important part of the economies in the Middle and New England colonies by the 1750s.
From Generation Unto Generations: A History of New Hampshire's Oldest Catholi...James Michael Farrell
This presentation offers a summary view of the rich history of the Catholic parish of St. Aloysius (later St. Mary), officially founded in 1830, and the oldest Catholic parish in the state of New Hampshire. Read about the heroes of the faith such as Fr. Charles Ffrench, Fr. Patrick Canavan, and Fr. Daniel Murphy.
Welsh nonconformist records are an important source for family history. The information here will help you understand the variety and rich historical content in the various records related to nonconformity in Wales.
William PennOne of the most memorable people in United States re.docxalanfhall8953
William Penn
One of the most memorable people in United States religious history whose efforts are still evident in this twenty first century is William Penn. In today’s America, Penn is recognized through the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) as their chief. Penn is also well remembered through the city of Philadelphia, which was in fact, the first city for Penn to plan and build in his colony. His writing capabilities can also not go unmentioned. In fact, one of his most important works is No Cross, No Crown; A Discourse Showing the Nature and Discipline of the Holy Cross of Christ—a well-known Christian classic. This essay explores different facets of William Penn including his position as icon in the Capitol, his relations with Native Americans, his planning of Philadelphia, and particularly, his affiliation with the Quakers. It is because of Penn’s political intelligence coupled with his strong beliefs in religious tolerance that he is considered one of America’s early heroes.
William Penn was from an Anglican family that was very distinguished because they adherents of English Church. His father was Sir William Penn, a landowner. At twenty two, Penn decided to join the Quakers, which were also referred to as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers obeyed the “inner light”, which they believed to have come directly from God. They refused to take their hats off or even bow for any man. They also refused to take up arms. Their beliefs were completely different compared to beliefs that other Christians had (Barbour and Frost 167). The Oxford University in England expelled Penn in the year 1662 when he refused to conform to the teachings of the Anglican Church. He used to publicly state his beliefs and he printed some of the things that he believed in. At that time, there was no freedom of speech in England.
The Quakers’ founder, George Foxx was a close friend to Penn. Oliver Cromwell’s death was a time of turmoil to the Quakers since they were suspected for the death because they had beliefs that differed from the religion that had been imposed for the state. ****** They had also refused to swear a loyalty oath to Cromwell, who was the king. Quakers did not swear since Christ had commanded people not to swear (Penn 21). The religious views that Penn had were a distress to his father. Naval service had helped him earn an Ireland estate and he had always hoped that the intelligence and charisma that his son had could help him in winning favor at Charles II court. However, that could not happen since his son was always arrested. Penn and George Foxx were frequent companions since they could always travel together in order to spread their ministry (Penn 20). He also wrote a comprehension that was detailed and comprehensive regarding Quakerism. After the death of his father in 1670, Penn inherited the estates of the family and he could frequently visit the court of King Charles II where he was always campaigning for freedom in relig.
The document discusses idolatry in Beowulf from several perspectives. It explores how critics have interpreted whether the poet condemns or shows sympathy for the Danes' pagan beliefs. It also analyzes the use of gnomic statements about faith and judgment. Additionally, it provides historical context about the ongoing practice of paganism in England and laws passed against it. The document examines parallels between Exodus and Beowulf and debates whether the poet aimed to modernize the pagan society or present it accurately based on the time in which the poem was composed.
The document provides an overview of the history and characteristics of the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware from the 1600s-1700s. It describes how New York began as the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, focused on fur trading. It then came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and offered religious freedom and prosperity. The colonies of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Carolinas also experienced growth during this period, with the Carolinas relying heavily on the slave trade and cultivation of cash crops like rice and indigo.
- Henry Rider Haggard was an English writer best known for his adventure novels set in exotic locations, including Africa and prehistoric environments.
- This summary describes the background of two characters from Haggard's novel "Love Eternal": Godfrey Knight, who was born in a wealthy family residing in Hawk's Hall, and Isobel Blake, born six months later in the nearby and more modest Hawk's Abbey rectory.
- John Blake, Isobel's father, was a businessman who leased Hawk's Hall from its owner in order to gain social standing in the local community, where he became known as "Honest John." He married in order to gain a connection to the
1 Wilkes University Passan School of Nursing GradAbbyWhyte974
This document provides a grading rubric for written assignments at Wilkes University's Passan School of Nursing Graduate Program. It evaluates assignments based on categories such as introduction, focus and sequencing, support, conclusion, grammar/spelling/punctuation, writing mechanics, and APA style. Points are awarded on a scale from unacceptable to excellent within each category based on how thoroughly and clearly the assignment addressed the topic, how well-organized and well-written it was, and whether it followed the appropriate APA style guidelines.
1
Wilkes University
Passan School of Nursing
Graduate Program
Grading Rubric for Written Assignments
Category Unacceptable Acceptable
Good Excellent
Introduction
0
Does not adequately
convey topic. Does
not delineate
subtopics to be
discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
5
Briefly conveys topic
and delineates subtopics
to be discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
10
Clearly conveys topic
and delineates subtopics
to be discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
15
Strongly conveys topic
and delineates
subtopics to be
discussed in the body
of text in the
assignment.
Focus and
Sequencing
0
Content is not
related to topic and
logically organized
into subtopics; many
transitions are
unclear or
nonexistent.
8
Content related to topic;
material present within
subtopics; and some
transitions linking
subtopics and main
topic.
14
Content clearly related
to topic; logically
organized within
subtopics; and clear
transitions linking
subtopics and main
topic.
20
Content strongly
related to topic; strong
organization and
integration of content
within subtopics; and
strong transitions
linking subtopics and
main topic.
Support
0
No scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are not
published within 5-7
years, as
appropriate.
8
Limited scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; most supporting
materials are published
within 5-7 years, as
appropriate.
14
Clear scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are published
within 5-7 years, as
appropriate.
20
Strong scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are
published within 5-7
years, as appropriate.
Conclusion 0
No summarization,
synthesis, or
insightful discussion
of topic conclusions.
New information is
introduced into the
conclusion.
5
Summarization with
some synthesis and
insightful discussion of
topic conclusions. Some
new information is
introduced into the
conclusion.
10
Clear summarization
with synthesis and
insightful discussion of
topic conclusions. No
new information is
introduced into the
conclusion.
15
Strong summarization
with synthesis and
insightful discussion
of topic conclusions.
No new information is
introduced into the
conclusion.
2
Grammar, Spelling
and Punctuation
0
Substantial
grammar, spelling,
and punctuation
errors detracting
from the
assignment.
3
Occasional spelling,
grammar, and
punctuation errors
detracting from the
assignment.
7
Minimal grammar,
spelling, and
punctuation errors not
detracting from the
assignment.
10
No grammar, spelling,
and punctuation errors.
Writing Mechanics 0
Writing mechanics
include many
awkward or unclear
passages and
informal tone not
consistent with
formal scholarly
work.
3
Writing mechanics
include awkward or
unclear pas ...
The document summarizes several chapters that discuss the history of the American colonies from the late 1600s to the mid-1700s. It describes how war with France led England to take on large debts, requiring new taxes on its citizens. It also discusses the immigration of Scots to the colonies, religious revivals and divisions between "Old Lights" and "New Lights", early colonial newspapers, and Spanish attempts to establish missions in eastern Texas that failed due to disease and resistance from Native Americans.
Nathan Hale, one of the great hero's of the American Revolution. You may remember the famous phrase, "I regret that I have but one life to lose". The man who defied the British to his last breath. Liberty Education Series, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. Visit us for more incredible content.
The Bakongo people originated from the descendants of Ne Kongo Nimi who lived along the lower Congo River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Bakongo kingdom rose to power in the 15th century under King Afonso I and engaged in trade with Portugal. However, by the 16th century the kingdom had collapsed due to invasions and control by Portugal. The Bakongo adopted Christianity and also maintained traditional religious beliefs involving ancestor spirits. Their artistic traditions included woodcarving, sculpting and textiles.
Eliza Scarlett: Leamington widow and Jamaican slave ownerMark Ellis
The document provides details from research conducted on two tombs located in the churchyard of All Saints in Leamington, England. The tombs belonged to Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett and James Virgo Dunn, who both had connections to Jamaica as owners of sugar plantations. Through probate records and other documents, the researcher was able to learn more about Scarlett and Dunn's lives and roles in the slave trade in Jamaica. A significant archive related to the Scarlett family estates was discovered at the Hull History Centre, offering insights into running plantations, the slave system, and Scarlett's management of her properties from England after her husband's death.
In Shakespeare's time in England, women were considered subservient to men and had little independence or rights. They were dependent on male relatives, often used in arranged marriages to forge alliances, and generally believed they were inferior to men. Education was largely denied to women, who could not inherit titles, enter certain professions, vote, or participate in politics. Disobedience by women was seen as a religious crime. Marriage was usually arranged for political and financial reasons rather than love, and women were expected to depend on and obey male relatives throughout their lives.
The document is an alphabet book about Bethlehem, Pennsylvania that provides historical facts about the Moravian settlement founded there in the 18th century. Each letter of the alphabet corresponds to an aspect of early Bethlehem such as the Atlantic Ocean the Moravians crossed to arrive in America (A), Bethlehem being the name they gave to their new town (B), and candles being used in their first Christmas Eve service in 1741 (C). The summary provides a high-level overview of the document's focus on the history and culture of the early Moravian community in Bethlehem.
Slavery provided cheap labor for plantation owners in the South, but slaves wanted to be free from the hardship of slavery. While enduring difficult conditions, slaves found strength in their faith, families, and community as shown through their religious songs and emphasis on Christian values, family, and home.
St. Patrick was a 5th century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. According to his written works Confessio and Epistola ad Coroticum, he was born in Britain and captured by Irish pirates at age 16, enslaved for six years in Ireland. During this time he turned to prayer and God, and had visions calling him to return to Ireland and preach Christianity. He escaped, became a priest, and returned to Ireland to convert the Irish for 40 years, establishing the Catholic Church before dying on March 17, 461.
The document provides guidance and source materials for students to analyze how environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors made Pennsylvania unique compared to other colonies in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Students are instructed to write an initial response to the guiding question and use the HIPP analysis method and four source documents to support their answer. The sources discuss William Penn's intentions for Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers, its religious tolerance and prosperity from trade, and growing diversity from immigration.
Chapter 2, Section 4 The Middle Coloniesguest54dfc4
The document summarizes the settlement of the Middle Colonies between 1609-1752. It discusses how the Dutch originally settled the region, establishing New Amsterdam (New York), before being driven out by the English. It then covers how William Penn received land from the King to establish Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers, attracting religious diversity. By 1752, there were 13 British colonies spanning from New England to Georgia.
The document describes the history and development of the English colonies in North America between 1630-1750. It discusses the founding and growth of the New England colonies by the Puritans in Massachusetts and Connecticut, as well as the colonies of Rhode Island and New York. It also describes the middle colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, founded for reasons of religion and trade. The different colonial regions developed distinct economies and societies shaped by their environments and the ethnic groups that settled there.
The document provides biographical details about Edmund Burke's career and education in Ireland and England. It then outlines his major speeches and writings, including his opposition to oppressive colonial policies towards America and support for reducing restrictions on Irish Catholics and free trade with Ireland. The document also discusses Burke's famous Reflections on the Revolution in France and his criticism of the excesses of the French Revolution.
The document summarizes the history and founding of the New England, Middle, and Delaware colonies. It discusses how the New England colonies were founded for religious freedom, while the Middle colonies had more diversity and were focused on trade. It describes how the Middle colonies grew prosperous through agriculture and international trade. It also notes that slavery became an important part of the economies in the Middle and New England colonies by the 1750s.
From Generation Unto Generations: A History of New Hampshire's Oldest Catholi...James Michael Farrell
This presentation offers a summary view of the rich history of the Catholic parish of St. Aloysius (later St. Mary), officially founded in 1830, and the oldest Catholic parish in the state of New Hampshire. Read about the heroes of the faith such as Fr. Charles Ffrench, Fr. Patrick Canavan, and Fr. Daniel Murphy.
Welsh nonconformist records are an important source for family history. The information here will help you understand the variety and rich historical content in the various records related to nonconformity in Wales.
William PennOne of the most memorable people in United States re.docxalanfhall8953
William Penn
One of the most memorable people in United States religious history whose efforts are still evident in this twenty first century is William Penn. In today’s America, Penn is recognized through the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) as their chief. Penn is also well remembered through the city of Philadelphia, which was in fact, the first city for Penn to plan and build in his colony. His writing capabilities can also not go unmentioned. In fact, one of his most important works is No Cross, No Crown; A Discourse Showing the Nature and Discipline of the Holy Cross of Christ—a well-known Christian classic. This essay explores different facets of William Penn including his position as icon in the Capitol, his relations with Native Americans, his planning of Philadelphia, and particularly, his affiliation with the Quakers. It is because of Penn’s political intelligence coupled with his strong beliefs in religious tolerance that he is considered one of America’s early heroes.
William Penn was from an Anglican family that was very distinguished because they adherents of English Church. His father was Sir William Penn, a landowner. At twenty two, Penn decided to join the Quakers, which were also referred to as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers obeyed the “inner light”, which they believed to have come directly from God. They refused to take their hats off or even bow for any man. They also refused to take up arms. Their beliefs were completely different compared to beliefs that other Christians had (Barbour and Frost 167). The Oxford University in England expelled Penn in the year 1662 when he refused to conform to the teachings of the Anglican Church. He used to publicly state his beliefs and he printed some of the things that he believed in. At that time, there was no freedom of speech in England.
The Quakers’ founder, George Foxx was a close friend to Penn. Oliver Cromwell’s death was a time of turmoil to the Quakers since they were suspected for the death because they had beliefs that differed from the religion that had been imposed for the state. ****** They had also refused to swear a loyalty oath to Cromwell, who was the king. Quakers did not swear since Christ had commanded people not to swear (Penn 21). The religious views that Penn had were a distress to his father. Naval service had helped him earn an Ireland estate and he had always hoped that the intelligence and charisma that his son had could help him in winning favor at Charles II court. However, that could not happen since his son was always arrested. Penn and George Foxx were frequent companions since they could always travel together in order to spread their ministry (Penn 20). He also wrote a comprehension that was detailed and comprehensive regarding Quakerism. After the death of his father in 1670, Penn inherited the estates of the family and he could frequently visit the court of King Charles II where he was always campaigning for freedom in relig.
The document discusses idolatry in Beowulf from several perspectives. It explores how critics have interpreted whether the poet condemns or shows sympathy for the Danes' pagan beliefs. It also analyzes the use of gnomic statements about faith and judgment. Additionally, it provides historical context about the ongoing practice of paganism in England and laws passed against it. The document examines parallels between Exodus and Beowulf and debates whether the poet aimed to modernize the pagan society or present it accurately based on the time in which the poem was composed.
The document provides an overview of the history and characteristics of the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware from the 1600s-1700s. It describes how New York began as the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, focused on fur trading. It then came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and offered religious freedom and prosperity. The colonies of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Carolinas also experienced growth during this period, with the Carolinas relying heavily on the slave trade and cultivation of cash crops like rice and indigo.
- Henry Rider Haggard was an English writer best known for his adventure novels set in exotic locations, including Africa and prehistoric environments.
- This summary describes the background of two characters from Haggard's novel "Love Eternal": Godfrey Knight, who was born in a wealthy family residing in Hawk's Hall, and Isobel Blake, born six months later in the nearby and more modest Hawk's Abbey rectory.
- John Blake, Isobel's father, was a businessman who leased Hawk's Hall from its owner in order to gain social standing in the local community, where he became known as "Honest John." He married in order to gain a connection to the
1 Wilkes University Passan School of Nursing GradAbbyWhyte974
This document provides a grading rubric for written assignments at Wilkes University's Passan School of Nursing Graduate Program. It evaluates assignments based on categories such as introduction, focus and sequencing, support, conclusion, grammar/spelling/punctuation, writing mechanics, and APA style. Points are awarded on a scale from unacceptable to excellent within each category based on how thoroughly and clearly the assignment addressed the topic, how well-organized and well-written it was, and whether it followed the appropriate APA style guidelines.
1
Wilkes University
Passan School of Nursing
Graduate Program
Grading Rubric for Written Assignments
Category Unacceptable Acceptable
Good Excellent
Introduction
0
Does not adequately
convey topic. Does
not delineate
subtopics to be
discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
5
Briefly conveys topic
and delineates subtopics
to be discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
10
Clearly conveys topic
and delineates subtopics
to be discussed in the
body of text in the
assignment.
15
Strongly conveys topic
and delineates
subtopics to be
discussed in the body
of text in the
assignment.
Focus and
Sequencing
0
Content is not
related to topic and
logically organized
into subtopics; many
transitions are
unclear or
nonexistent.
8
Content related to topic;
material present within
subtopics; and some
transitions linking
subtopics and main
topic.
14
Content clearly related
to topic; logically
organized within
subtopics; and clear
transitions linking
subtopics and main
topic.
20
Content strongly
related to topic; strong
organization and
integration of content
within subtopics; and
strong transitions
linking subtopics and
main topic.
Support
0
No scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are not
published within 5-7
years, as
appropriate.
8
Limited scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; most supporting
materials are published
within 5-7 years, as
appropriate.
14
Clear scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are published
within 5-7 years, as
appropriate.
20
Strong scholarly, peer-
reviewed support of
topic; supporting
materials are
published within 5-7
years, as appropriate.
Conclusion 0
No summarization,
synthesis, or
insightful discussion
of topic conclusions.
New information is
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Strong summarization
with synthesis and
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of topic conclusions.
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introduced into the
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Minimal grammar,
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Writing Mechanics 0
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The document summarizes several chapters that discuss the history of the American colonies from the late 1600s to the mid-1700s. It describes how war with France led England to take on large debts, requiring new taxes on its citizens. It also discusses the immigration of Scots to the colonies, religious revivals and divisions between "Old Lights" and "New Lights", early colonial newspapers, and Spanish attempts to establish missions in eastern Texas that failed due to disease and resistance from Native Americans.
Nathan Hale, one of the great hero's of the American Revolution. You may remember the famous phrase, "I regret that I have but one life to lose". The man who defied the British to his last breath. Liberty Education Series, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. Visit us for more incredible content.
RELIGIONANDAMERICANCULTUREA Reader Second Edition.docxaudeleypearl
RELIGION
AND
AMERICAN
CULTURE
A Reader
Second Edition
David G. Hackett
Editor
Routledge
New York and London
Canaan land is the land for me,
And let God’s saints come in.
There was a wicked man,
He kept them children in Egypt land.
Canaan land is the land for me,
And let God’s saints come in.
God did say to Moses one day,
Say, Moses, go to Egypt land,
And tell him to let my people go.
Canaan land is the land forme,
And let God’s saints come in.
-Slave Spiritual
4
AFRICAN AMERICANS, EXODUS,
AND THE AMERICAN ISRAEL
Albert J. Raboteau
IN THE encounter with European Christianity in its Protestant form in North America,
enslaved Africans and their descendants encountered something new: a fully articulated
ritual relationship with the Supreme Being, who was pictured in the book that the Chris
tians called the Bible not just as the Creator and Ruler of the Cosmos, but also as the God
of History, a God who lifted up and cast down nations and peoples, a God whose sovereign
will was directing all things toward an ultimate end, drawing good out of evil. As the trans
planted Africans reflected upon the evil that had befallen them and their parents, they in
creasingly turned to the language, symbols, and worldview of the Christian holy book.
There they found a theology of histo "y that helped them to make sense of their enslave
ment. One story in particular caught their attention and fascinated them with its implica
tions and potential applications to their own situation: the story of Exodus. What they did
with that ancient story of the Near East is the topic of this essay. 1 begin by surveying the
history of evangelization among the slaves in order to situate and define the Christianity
that confronted them in North America. Then I describe what slaves and free blacks made
of Christianity by focusing on their interpretation of the Exodus story, an interpretation
which differed drastically, as we shall see, from that of white Americans.
CONVERSION
from the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade, Europeans claimed that the conversion of
slaves to Christianity justified the enslavement of Africans. Yet the conversion of slaves was
not a high priority for colonial planters. British colonists in North America proved espe-
dally indifferent, if not downright hostile, to the conversion of their slaves. At first, opposi-
hon Was based on the suspicion that English law forbade the enslavement of Christians
and so would require slaveholders to emancipate any slave who received baptism. Masters
^spected that slaves would therefore seek to be baptized in order to gain freedom. These
ars were quickly allayed by colonial legislation declaring that baptism did not alter slave
status.
^Vith the legal obstacles aside, slaveowners for the most part still demonstrated scant in-
tew •
L m converting their slaves. According to the common wisdom, Christianity spoiled
RELIGION AND AMERICAN CULTURE
slaves. Christian slaves thought ...
Synagogues of Old Dublin
Author(s): Katherine Butler
Source: Dublin Historical Record , Sep., 1974, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Sep., 1974), pp. 118-130
Published by: Old Dublin Society
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103909
The document summarizes events in early Anglo-American history between 1660-1750, including King Philip's War between English colonists and Native Americans in New England, the expansion of the English colonial empire under King Charles II through tighter control over the colonies, the establishment of new colonies like New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania, and the growth of slavery in the colonies. Key figures discussed include King Philip, William Penn, and Nathaniel Bacon.
The document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe, including the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the rise of the Byzantine Empire and feudalism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, the Crusades, and key literary works like Beowulf, The Canterbury Tales, and Dante's Divine Comedy. It discusses the political, economic, social, and religious conditions during this period and examines some of the most influential texts that emerged from medieval Europe.
The Trial of William Penn and William MeadChuck Thompson
More on the story of William Penn. America has been the battleground of the entire world for freedom. To this day it still remains the world's battleground for freedom. In these pages you will begin to understand how that is. Visit us for more incredible history at GVLN, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News.
The Code of Hammurabi establishes laws to govern ancient Babylon. It begins with background on how Hammurabi came to rule and establish justice. The laws then cover various criminal offenses and procedures, including false accusations, theft, damage of property, slavery, military service, contracts, and farming disputes. The laws reflect the social hierarchy and often impose harsher punishments on higher social classes.
This document provides background information on ancient Israel and its neighboring lands and peoples mentioned in the Bible. It includes maps showing the extent of ancient empires like Assyria and descriptions of artifacts found in the region, such as cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, and reliefs, that provide historical context. The document also references passages from the Bible that mention significant rulers like Sargon, Shalmaneser, Tiglath-Pileser, and Cyrus and significant places like Lachish.
1. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh how he obtained immortality from the gods after surviving a great flood sent by Enlil to destroy humanity.
2. Ea warned Utnapishtim of the coming flood in a dream and instructed him to build a large boat and take his family, animals and craftsmen aboard.
3. After the floodwaters receded, Utnapishtim released birds to check if the waters had abated and made a sacrifice that pleased the gods. Enlil was angry that anyone survived but Ea convinced him to make Utnapishtim immortal.
This passage from the gospels discusses what it means to follow Jesus and be his disciple. It says that one must deny themselves, take up their cross daily, and be willing to lose their life for Jesus and the gospel in order to save their soul. It warns that what good is it for someone to gain the whole world but lose their soul. True disciples should not be ashamed of Jesus or his message, even among unbelievers. Jesus promises that some of those listening to him will still be alive to see the Kingdom of God come with power.
This document discusses the tradition of St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome. It describes how Peter was crucified upside down near Nero's Circus, as Jesus had foretold his death would glorify God. It also mentions the archaeological evidence under St. Peter's Basilica pointing to Peter's original grave there.
This passage from the gospels discusses what it means to follow Jesus and be his disciple. It says that one must deny themselves, take up their cross daily, and be willing to lose their life for Jesus and the gospel in order to save their soul. It warns that what good is it for someone to gain the whole world but lose their soul. True disciples should not be ashamed of Jesus or his message, even among unbelievers. Jesus promises that some of those listening to him will still be alive to see the Kingdom of God come with power.
This document discusses the tradition of St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome. It describes how Peter was crucified upside down near Nero's Circus, as Jesus had foretold his death would glorify God. It also mentions the archaeological evidence under St. Peter's Basilica pointing to Peter's original grave there.
Matthew 5:1-11 and Luke 6:17-26 both discuss Jesus teaching the crowds while on a mountain. Jesus describes those who are blessed, including the poor in spirit, those who mourn, the meek, those who hunger for righteousness, the merciful, the pure in heart, the peacemakers, and those persecuted for righteousness. He says they will find comfort, inherit the earth, be filled, receive mercy, see God, be called children of God, and have great reward in heaven. For those who are rich, full, laughing, and well-spoken of now, Jesus says "woe," as they will be hungry, mourn and weep instead.
Evidenceofa singleeditorialhandinluke4and7Steph Nelson
(1) The document discusses evidence of a single editorial hand in Luke 4:16-22a and Luke 7:18-35 based on similarities between passages.
(2) It notes Jesus' reading from Isaiah in Luke 4 fulfills elements he later cites in Luke 7 when answering John the Baptist's disciples.
(3) Several healings and acts Jesus mentions in Luke 7:22 had already been described earlier in Luke, indicating composition by the same author rather than separate sources.
Jesus reads from Isaiah 61:1-2 about bringing good news to the poor, proclaiming release to captives, and recovering sight to the blind. He then says "Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing." When John the Baptist hears in prison about the works Jesus is doing, he sends disciples to ask Jesus if he is the coming one, or if they should wait for another. Jesus tells the disciples to report back to John that the blind receive sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor have the good news proclaimed to them, fulfilling prophecy.
Form criticalparalleltomatt.beatitudesSteph Nelson
The document contains a series of rabbinic beatitudes praising God. It begins with beatitudes praising God for creating the world and redeeming humanity. It then contains beatitudes praising God as the eternal king of the universe, to be praised with songs and glorified forever. The document uses parallel structures and repetition to emphasize praise for God.
The document summarizes the words of institution from the synoptic gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke as well as Paul's letter to the Corinthians regarding the establishment of the Eucharist. All four accounts state that Jesus took bread, blessed and broke it, saying it was his body, and took wine, saying it was his blood of the new covenant. Paul's account adds that Jesus commanded them to continue taking communion in remembrance of him until his return.
This document discusses the origins and scriptural basis of Christian beliefs about the death and resurrection of Jesus. [1] It examines passages from 1 Corinthians that reference traditions handed down from the early church about the Last Supper and Jesus' death for sins. [2] It analyzes how these traditions align with passages from Isaiah describing a suffering servant who would bear the sins of many. [3] The document suggests these "Servant Songs" in Isaiah helped form the early church's understanding of Jesus' death and resurrection on the third day, as foretold in scripture.
This document summarizes research from a team that challenges the long-held consensus view of the synoptic problem. It presents evidence in two parts for their "Two Gospel Hypothesis": 1) That Luke directly used Matthew in composing his gospel, making the hypothesized "Q" source unnecessary. 2) That Mark was written third and conflated material from Matthew and Luke, rather than Matthew and Luke independently using Mark as the prior source. The research team provides detailed linguistic and structural evidence analyzing similarities and differences at both the macro and micro levels between the gospels to support their hypothesis challenging the traditional view.
This document discusses archaeological evidence and textual criticism related to the four canonical gospels. It provides examples of early gospel manuscripts and fragments that have been discovered, including Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. It also examines the external patristic evidence from early church fathers like Papias, Clement of Alexandria, and Irenaeus regarding the origin and relationship between the synoptic gospels. The document analyzes various source critical questions about the gospels.
The document summarizes aspects of Athenian democracy in ancient Greece. It describes how the Assembly, comprised of all male citizens, met on the Pnyx hill to debate and vote on bills proposed by the Council of 500 elders. Voting was done by hand raising or pebble casting. Passed bills became decrees that were publicly displayed. Topics of discussion included grain supply, military affairs, finances, festivals and judicial matters. Each Assembly meeting had a foreman chosen from the magistrates to oversee proceedings.
1. The document discusses the competitive ethos exhibited in ancient Greek warrior societies as depicted in texts like The Iliad, where warriors debated and displayed spoils of battle as equals.
2. It explores how this egalitarian spirit carried over into early democratic politics in ancient Greece, with open debates and speakers addressing assemblies from a central position to argue perspectives as equals.
3. Questions are raised about whether this competitive ethos can legitimately form the basis of democratic politics and whether contests resolve issues at a substantive level or just determine procedural winners.
The document discusses competition and agonism in ancient Greek society. It notes that Greeks structured many gatherings and activities as contests or competitions. It provides examples of different types of contests, from athletic games to poetic, oratory, theatrical, and other contests. The document also discusses how politics took the form of agonism through open debate and argument in public assemblies. Competition and debate were seen as natural and fundamental aspects of social and political relations among equals in ancient Greece.
Glaucus and Diomedes prepare to fight in single combat. Before fighting, they discuss their lineages and discover they are guests-friends, as their fathers had exchanged gifts of hospitality in the past. They decide not to fight each other, instead making a pact to avoid each other in battle and later exchanging armor as a symbol of their friendship.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Omaha: the Prairie Blossoms, pp. 132-151
National Churches
The United States has become known as “the black hole” for languages because
foreign languages seldom make it past the second generation. Strong memory of ethnic
culture is unlikely past three generations in our country. Most readers can provide their
own evidence of this. The writer’s Danish grandparents came to the United States and
Omaha as adults. Their native language was gone with the passing of their children and
present family members must go to a museum to learn about their heritage.
This melting pot provided a rich variety of social changes. The challenges of
responding to the variety are well illustrated in the experiences of the Roman Catholic
Church in Nebraska, which sought to respond to the needs of Germans, Polish, Belgian,
Bohemian, French and Irish immigrants.
Three of these groups can demonstrate why one plan would not work for all. The
Irish were brought here willingly, by recruitment. The Czechs [Bohemians] came on
their own from a country in which they felt abused by the church. They warily tested
the church for trust-level. The Polish immigrants felt the church could have protected
their homeland in better fashion. They were very hesitant to have someone else ~
especially a non-Polish bishop ~ help them organize anything.
Bishop James O’Connor, who came to Omaha as a vicar apostolic in 1876, became
the first bishop and stayed until his death in 1890, was in the middle of this
administrative nightmare. He was up to the challenge.
Irish Catholics
Typical of strategies for national-based churches, the Catholic Church set up
“colonies” for new recruits, to places we now know as O’Neill, Atkinson and Greeley,
as well as Omaha. An excellent example in Nebraska was the colony established by
Bishop O’Connor in Greeley County. He purchased 26,696 acres [mostly railroad land
at $1.25 per acre] and sold it to the immigrant families.
The sale of a 160-acre farm was at reasonable
price, with low interest, and included enough margin
in the sale to build a church and a supply depot for
the new community.
That was a good plan on paper, but those who
constructed the buildings in Greeley did not know
how to build with the available wood. Roofs of the
new homes and depot leaked the first year and most
of the buildings fell down the second or third year ~
especially if a good wind storm came along.
Many immigrant settlers, angry, left. But the
tough ones stayed, built soddies which were cheap to
build, were warm in the winter and cool in the
2. summer, and did not blow down. They re-built the
church in Greeley and formed a strong community.
Chief recruiter for the bishop was “General” O’Neill. He was only a Captain in the
Union army, but his title was not his only exaggeration. He described Nebraska free
land as an Irish paradise waiting to be developed. Those who did not read the fine print
expected to find a building when they got off the train in Holt County. No building, and
not one stick of timber in sight with which to build. It was several days’ journey to a
supply of trees which could provide timber for rafters.
The new recruits were frustrated and some were very angry. The angry ones found
their way back to Omaha, went to saloons where they met persons who were returning
from Greeley with the same story, drowned their sorrows for a while and then hit the
streets in a disruptive mood. The bishop had problems! He made the strong
recommendation at one point that Irish immigrants ought not to drink alcohol and
indicated he wished he could enforce it.
Immigrant houses were built as temporary quarters in major cities, including Omaha,
to assist in the transition to their new country.
General O’Neill, like many promoters, had some shade in his past. He had served
time in prison for participating in a failed invasion of Canada. It was an expression of
his bitter hatred of anything British. However, he never backed off his promotional
ways and toured the country to lecture the Irish farm boys ~ especially those who
foolishly chose to come to citified places like Omaha and find a non-farm job. 13c-
35, ff.
§
O’Neill stated his strong plea succinctly and emotionally:
“All along those railroads where land was given away a few years back,
beautiful cities and towns and magnificent farms are seen, but you are not the
owners. In those beautiful cities raised by your patient skill and industry you
are not the owners. You pay a landlord for the privilege of occupying some
flatroofed attic or unhealthy basement. You work for a master. You sleep
under a master’s roof. You trade at a master’s store, and are expected to vote
at a master’s bidding.
“Is this independence? You fled from beneath the shadow of the British flag
to seek independence in this land of the free but alas you have not gained it.
You have but changed masters.” 13c-11
The Irish came to the farms in great numbers, but they also came to Omaha, where
they took the poorest of jobs and became influential citizens.
Bohemian Catholics
One fifth of all “Czech” farmers in the United States settled in Nebraska. 13c-101
They did not trust the Catholic Church, because of events in the old country, and they
were insistent on receiving Bohemian-speaking priests if any were assigned to their
3. community
Bohemians were better educated than the Irish, had a “Free Thinker” tradition, and
therefore had different expectations of their new homeland. They were aware of another
meaning for “Bohemian” so preferred to be called “Czech.”
Their hero was Father Jan Hus, burned at the stake as a heretic by some officials of
the Catholic Church in 1415. Father Hus was far more independent in spirit than in
theology. They liked his spirit. Priests who came to Czech settlements at Crete, Wahoo
and Schuyler, were challenged to prove they were trustworthy ~ a most difficult task
when the group has already decided. Bohemian communities often drifted in their faith.
We have witness from Protestant pastors in recent years who found that any pastor had
to live in a Czech community for as long as ten years before he was assumed to have
integrity and could be taken at his word about Gods’ Word.
Like the Irish, some Czechs stopped in Omaha and others returned there to find
steady employment. Typically this was in a packing house at up to $1.25 per day.
The church responded by establishing St. Wenceslaus Parish at 13th and Williams.
Bohemians thought in terms of a state church, with its taxes to pay the bills, and could
not imagine placing voluntary taxes in an offering plate. To compound the problem in
Omaha, a scalawag started and nourished the rumor that Bishop O’Connor was “on the
take” and was setting up the Bohemians to finance some grand plan or other, in another
place. A very frustrated bishop paid ALL the bills of the new parish for four years.
13c-101, ff.
At least the bishop did not have the Swedish Lutheran member who hid under the bed
when the pastor came to collect for the church. The story is that the man sneezed, was
discovered by his pastor, and felt obligated to share his closely-held funds.
Polish Catholics
Polish immigrants loved their church and trusted its leadership, but they were hurt
and angry. Poland was taken apart by a series of actions of neighboring countries in the
last half of the 1700’s. It was obvious to the Poles, as they called themselves in Omaha,
that if the church had really cared it could have prevented this. They presumed it had
control of the countries that did the damage. The fact that Russia was under the
Orthodox Church did not matter ~ that looked Catholic to a Pole.
To bridge the anger, and to provide ministry to a large group of potentially-strong
members, the bishop pleaded for Polish-speaking priests. He had new work in
Columbus and Howard County as well as in Omaha. Would his bishop-friend in
Pennsylvania share a few Polish priests? Evidently not.
Could he get some from the former territory of Poland? The bishop sent a priest to a
Polish seminary, with cash a suitcase full of cash, to pay personal debts or obligations
which students might have, and to pay for passage to the new world ~ specifically
Nebraska. Three came.
§
Meanwhile the Poles in Omaha were doing their own thing, Baptist style. They
visited the other parishes until they had a good group, then purchased some land at 29th
and Elm and built a church. Bishop O’Connor and his staff urged that this be done in
good order, which included that title to the land would be held by the diocese. The
4. Poles were not willing to do that, but the bishop did provide a series of four priests for
the new ‘parish.’
Evidently the priests were a bit too catholic, or more plainly put, too connected with
the bishop. So the group sent away for a priest from a dissident group back east. Their
new ‘priest’ did not have proper credentials but he did have a rebellious attitude that
related to the feelings of some members. Exasperated with the situation, diocesan
officials sued for title to the property, and won.
The ‘priest’ barricaded himself in the building and fired shots at parishioners who
were trying to remove him, wounding two. Following police and court action, which he
lost, he returned with others to burn the building, completely destroying it.
The bishop, undoubtedly wisely, chose not to rebuild on the newly-acquired land, but
to proceed with a new Polish National site which became the Immaculate Conception
Church at 24th and Bancroft. 13c-143, ff.
§
The Roman Catholic cathedral in this period had one of the finest demonstrations of
an integrated congregation in the city’s history. At worship in the cathedral could be
seen Indians, Chinese, Negroes, Arabians, Poles, Bohemian and Italian congregants.
66-34
Jewish Immigrants
Up to this point, our religious references have been only to churches, as there were no
organized Jewish synagogues. By Jewish religious custom, ten men were required for
worship. The groups met for worship as they could, but they did not need to organize a
congregation or be consistently in one location, so early records are very sketchy.
As noted, Jewish persons were among the first settlers. For many years they were too
few in number to organize a congregation. Most clothing businesses were early Jewish
ventures. The persecution of Jews in Europe, ongoing for centuries, created a major
immigration wave in the 1880s and provided for the initiation of congregations in
Omaha.
Torture and death, deprivation and exile were only a part of the pressure on Jewish
populations in European countries. Often desperately poor, and always careful in
planning, Jewish families looked for ways to survive. Many impromptu organizations,
in port cities in Europe and the United States, and in destination places like Omaha
provided an amazingly-effective support system for those who made the jump.
One woman said she was told that in America dollars grow on trees. She came, did
not see any trees, much less dollars floating down like leaves. But like most, as she
looked back she felt it was a good decision to come to the new land.
The Czar of Russia was assassinated in 1881, and Jews were blamed by a few
politicians. New laws were exceedingly repressive. Omaha gained many new citizens
from this event and they quickly set up at least four worshipping congregations. The
first settlement was south of the city center, close-in, and later a large Jewish settlement
was on the near north side.
One of the charming pieces of our Omaha history is the warm relationships
established between Jewish and African-American citizens, as both groups found
themselves living in a restricted residential area. We have many stories of a trusting
relationship between two groups who had each experienced ghetto life. They helped
5. each other survive and they recognized each other as human beings of sacred worth,
when most other citizens did not.
§
The Jews came in greater numbers at first, because of the pressures in other parts of
the world, but citizens of African descent increased in numbers following the close of
the Civil War in 1865.
The residential area of Blacks was severely limited for the next 100 years. South
Omaha, near the packing plants which provided much of their employment, and the near
north side, were the only areas in which they could buy or rent. Jewish families were
able to escape these limitations more quickly after World War II because they could
“pass” more easily than their darker-skin friends. However, a “Jewish name” could stop
a sale or rental.
There is very little evidence of Christian objection to these exclusionary practices in
the next 75 years, and only modest protest in the 1950s. The demonstrations and protest
of the sixties began the change in public consensus in Nebraska.
Prohibition Sentiment
The Nebraska Legislature passed the comprehensive liquor-control bill in 1881.
Sometimes referred to as the “high license” law, it greatly increased regulation, which
had been lax to non-existent in the earlier years. When Colonel Smith was shot and
killed outside his office door that fall, the public assumed it was because he was
aggressive in implementing the new law and the sentiment for prohibition was greatly
enhanced.
The public complaint increased to the point that the Legislature in 1889 called for a
vote on prohibition in the fall of 1890. All forces were out and active for the year before
the vote! Protestant churches, excluding Lutheran, joined with several other groups to
sponsor public meetings, with prominent national speakers and debates across the state.
The opposition to prohibition was headed by Ed Rosewater, editor of the Omaha Bee,
and John Webster, attorney and included churches which had a state-church background
and a formal ritual: Catholic, Episcopal and Lutheran.
A ‘pro’ committee representing thirty pastors sent a letter to pastors and church
leaders which included the following comments:
“...The object of the meeting is briefly summed up in the necessity for the
immediate organization of a Gospel Temperance Union, through which could
be secured the united efforts of all Christians and moral people in opposition to
the rapidly growing power of the rum traffic. Also:
“A. That this Union work should be built upon the teachings of the Bible:
1. That we are our brother’s keeper.
2. Cursed is he that giveth his neighbor drink.
3. No drunkard shall inherit the Kingdom of Heaven; and
4. I will not be with you except ye destroy the accursed thing from
among you.
6. “B. That this work should be upon a line that will unite all who love our Lord,
and others who, through love of humanity and our nation, desire to labor for the
protection of our youth and homes from the Great Destroyer ~ Intemperance....
“This is not a secret society, but an open union in which all can unite and
work....
“The times demand a fearless ministry and people in battling with the rum
traffic, and it is within the power of the professing Christians in this State to
close every saloon, and in neglecting to do so they are and forever will be held
responsible....” 66-178, f.
§
A very aggressive campaign followed, with supporting funds for both sides coming
from all over the nation. The Academy of Music was dubbed “Amendment Hall” and
became the site for regular rallies, even nightly as the time for voting drew near. “Free
Grand Barbecue at Amendment Hall next Sunday afternoon” proclaimed the posters.
Emotions were high, with rhetoric to match. The Bankers and Business Men’s
Association was called the “Bummers’ and Boodlers’ Association.” Liquor
establishments offered free food to interest the voters. Women could not vote, but were
urged, in response to the ‘boodlers’ free food, to go as near to the polls as practical, with
sandwiches, coffee, song and prayer. “...furnish a buttonhole bouquet to each of those
who vote for God, and home, and native land; bring out the children in battle array, with
songs and banners....[such as] ‘Dare to do right, dare to be true; You have a work that
no other can do.’ ”
The Douglas County sheriff swore in 45 deputies to keep peace on election day.
Except for some rough treatment of pro-amendment workers who were giving out lists
of candidates who stood for prohibition, the voting went well.
Eastern papers reported rioting and bloodshed in the streets, in articles written before
[!] the election. “Men... ladies... are being insulted, mobbed and driven from the polls
by the drunken rabble. Ministers of the gospel are slugged, beaten and dragged from the
polls and compelled to flee for their lives,” according to the New York Voice. A great
number of irregularities were charged in the weeks following, but nothing like those
examples.
The amendment to require prohibition lost, by a vote of 82,390 to 112,043. In
Douglas County the vote was 1,555 for and 23,918 against. Not quite even! An
important factor in Douglas County was that Iowa had lived under prohibition for nine
years and Council Bluffs had more saloons per population than did Omaha. They
operated without the strict regulation that was boasted in Omaha. 66-178, ff.
Standing Bear Trial
The government and the Sioux Indians combined to force the small peaceful Ponca
tribe out of their northeast Nebraska location. A government inspector cruelly and
arbitrarily took their farm tools and forced them to march to Oklahoma in a terrible
7. winter. Since the Ponca had the right to remain in Nebraska, this was done “to protect
them from the [marauding] Sioux” neighbors.
In Oklahoma, Chief Standing Bear painfully watched as one fourth of his small tribe
died from disease. When death included his 16-year-old son, Chief Standing Bear
determined to defy the authorities and return with his son’s body to “their land” in
Nebraska, where he hoped to find a place to live out his days. 26-74 ff.
The small party suffered through the trek across frozen farm lands in the winter of
1879. Friendly settlers in Kansas gave food, and sometimes lodging, for the weary
travelers. The Ponca wondered if they could make it to the protection of their “cousins”
~ the Omaha’s.
§
General George Crook learned that the Chief and his party had been welcomed by the
Omaha tribe, who indeed even invited them to share their land. The Omaha in 1865 had
generously given half of their reservation to the Winnebago, who had been displaced
from Wisconsin.
The general was outraged that federal authorities ordered him to arrest the chief in
order to deport him. “I’ve been forced many times by orders from Washington to do
most inhuman things in dealing with the Indians, but now I’m ordered to do a more
cruel thing than ever before.” 26-76
His troops brought the chief to the Fort Omaha prison, but General Crook shared his
anger with an assistant editor of the Omaha Herald, Thomas H. Tibbles, challenging him
to investigate.
Tibbles, formerly a Methodist minister, needed no encouragement to join a good
debate. He later was a Populist vice-presidential candidate. The Omaha community
was eager to support the cause.
We imagine that the citizens were fearful of or opposed to Indians. As already noted,
that was not true in Omaha. There had been positive relations. One Indian tribe had
assisted in the political struggle to have the territory established. The Indians in eastern
Nebraska were agricultural and peaceful, and had been helpful to many pioneer people.
As we have seen, they even assisted in police work.
§
The trial represents one of the proudest moments in Omaha religious response to a
community issue. The first public meeting on the subject was hosted by First
Presbyterian Church. Those gathered demanded that “the protection of the United
States law be extended to these original Americans.” Present at the meeting was Chief
Standing Bear, and Susette “Bright Eyes” La Flesche, the outstanding woman teacher
from the Omaha tribe, who was the interpreter. A graduate of the Presbyterian school
for the Omaha tribe, she said, “We ask only for our liberty, and law is liberty.”
Omaha churches sent a protest to Washington and, with support from Jewish citizens,
proceeded to receive offerings in their congregations to pay the expenses of the
attorneys, who received no professional fees. Two prominent attorneys agreed to take
up the fight: John L. Webster and Andrew J. Poppleton, chief counsel for the Union
Pacific Railroad. [Residents should live on those streets with pride!]
The trial began April 30. Chief Standing Bear appeared in the full formal dress of a
chief. General Crook, who seldom dressed like a general, came in his finest attire, to
show his respect for Chief Standing Bear. The trial proceeded in dignity and obvious
8. mutual respect.
There was wide national press coverage, as the trial and decision broke new ground.
Was Chief Standing Bear a ‘savage’ or a ‘person’? An ‘alien’ confined to his country,
or an ‘immigrant’ [like many others in the courtroom!] to the United States?
The Chief spoke clearly on an important legal point. He said he desired to leave his
nation and immigrate to the U.S. He was not on a trip to visit. The defense attorneys
represented the local consensus well as they contended that an Indian is a person in the
eyes of the law and thus is entitled to seek justice in a U. S. court and to live anywhere.
§
Chief Standing Bear was allowed to address the court after the arguments, but he did
not make the following statement as is often indicated. A member of the community
wrote it and it obviously represented the feelings of the community:
“[My] hand is not the color of yours, but if I pierce it, I shall feel pain. If you
pierce your hand, you also feel pain. The blood that will flow from mine will be
the same color as yours. I am a man. God made us both.
“A man bars the passage [to my freedom and] I .... must obey his orders. If
he says that I cannot pass, I cannot. The long struggle will have been in vain.
You are that man.”
Judge Elmer S. Dundy agreed with the chief, his attorneys and the people in his
decision, which was set forth in a remarkably emotional statement for a presiding judge.
He also declared that Chief Standing Bear had the right to leave his Indian nation and
live wherever he chose to live. Government attorneys were alarmed at such a thought,
questioning how the government could control the native peoples if this opinion were to
hold. What if they chose to leave the reservations?! It held.
Omaha had a big celebration, with editorials and sermons joining in a shout of justice
achieved. In reviewing the many reports surrounding the trial, one gets the feeling that
Douglas County gained a measure of maturity in the process of defending Chief
Standing Bear and was now quite distant from the rowdy rough-and-tumble collection of
individuals who settled the villages twenty-five years earlier. It was a watershed event.
Self-interest was balanced with community-interest, as citizens even stood for the rights
of someone from outside the community.
§
La Flesche and Tibbles toured the United States, sometimes with Chief Standing
Bear, and traveled to Europe, using the circumstances of this event to educate an
international audience about respect for the Native Americans. They were well-received
by the public ~ and by each other. They chose to marry. Longfellow is reported to have
said of Bright Eyes, “She is Minnehaha.”
The following year, Judge Dundy ruled that the Poncas still held title to their Dakota
lands and congress felt obligated to take action to compensate the Poncas for their
mistreatment as well as return the Chief and his family to their tribal grounds. 26-82
To show his appreciation for their work in the trial, Chief Standing Bear presented
gifts to the attorneys. He gave Webster a tomahawk with this presentation:
“Hitherto, when we have been wronged we went to war. To assert our rights
9. and avenge our wrongs we took the tomahawk .... But you have found a better
way. You have gone into the court for us, and I find that our wrongs can be
righted there. Now I have no more use for the tomahawk. I want to lay it down
forever.” 26-81
Chief Standing Bear gave eloquent, emotional testimony for the right to be
considered a person and to feel equal before the law.
Populist Revolt
Those who enjoy the high-energy food of the chaos created by strongly-stated
opinions ~ sometimes called ‘politics’ ~ had a feast in the last two decades of the 1800s.
This chaos was not the product of confusion and general malaise. It resulted from a
concoction of plainly-worded statements, strongly-held opinions and the passion of
desperate people.
The Populist Movement provided political excitement and produced results which
greatly affected Nebraska and Omaha. It was distinctive enough to add a new word to
the permanent political vocabulary, though the term ‘populist’ was not in the original
rally cry. The movement was energized by the collection of feelings held by the general
public, mostly in reaction to the lack of democracy in decisions that affected their lives.
They felt ‘used’ and they shouted their protest.
An exceptionally volatile labor situation, described in the next section, was another
emotional force of the Populist setting.
§
Some observers described a “chasm between the classes in the 1880s.” 14-120
Through the 1870s a national feeling developed that the republic now belonged to the
rich and powerful ~ persons who were becoming rich and powerful on the backs of
cheap labor and new immigrants.
Shady stock maneuvers by major wealthy players were unregulated and displayed
cold cynicism. The shakers and movers simply ignored the interests of the rest of the
population. Borderline and downright dishonest business deals were discovered. They
were perpetrated by national figures like Vanderbilt, Drew, Astor, Gould and Fisk, all of
whom appeared to have a free hand in using wealth to push others around.
The State Farmers’ Alliance was an educational organization which successfully
consolidated farm sentiments in the 1880s. The issue of individual rights was a
generating force in the emotional journey. Many recognized that the government has a
critical role in leveling the playing field when an individual’s rights and actions are
being threatened by a large corporation. Wealthy business interests were successfully
limiting the government’s protection of citizens.
These forces came together, with much editorial support,
to create the Populist Revolt of 1890. The Alliance and the
Knights of Labor decided to test the public by asking for
signatures on a “declaration of principles.” Within thirty
days they had more than 15,000 signatures! 52-231
A “People’s State Independent” convention was called
10. in Nebraska. “A more confident assembly of delegates
could not be imagined.” They felt they had idealism and
the right on their side, with the assured support of the
masses. 52-231 In a major switch of power, they were in
charge.
Several events, especially economic actions, fed the populist feelings. The railroad
had been a major player in attempting to block development of the stock yards in
Omaha. The railroad was charging such outrageous fees for transport of grain that
farmers could no longer sell to markets outside of their own communities. A small
group of railroad executives controlled the Republican Party in Omaha. After each
national convention, those loyal to party leaders were challenged by dissidents, who
often offered their own candidates. The protesters were without success until 1890. 38-
97
§
The ruling Republicans in Nebraska called for reduction of railroad rates, but refused
their governor’s call for a special session to implement the regulation of railroads.
Farmers pointed out that the railroads were not paying taxes on their land, but farmers
were paying taxes to help pay off the bonds held by the railroads. How can that be fair,
especially for farmers who had no cash?
The Democrat Party was weak locally, with an uncertain voice. The two parties
combined to defeat amendments which would have given women the right to vote and
would have provided prohibition. The Republicans said the Democrats swallowed the
Populist Party, giving them more brains in their stomachs than in their heads. 48-62
Hot heads and poor information added to the public turmoil.
In all of this, the Populists used local problems to focus on national issues: control of
transportation, commerce, money standards. The legislature heard its members say that
farmers did not know how good times are. The Lincoln Journal called the Populist
candidates “Hogs in the Parlor” and the Nebraska State Journal wrote of “venerable
hayseeds.”
Populist leaders [and followers!] created a good bit of poetry and songs to spread
their sentiments. None of it raised artistic standards. One song played off the ‘hayseed’
editorial and ended with the refrain: “The ticket we vote next November will be made
up of hayseeds like me.” 52-234
A Populist song: “It was hardly more than a year ago,
Goodbye my party, goodbye,
That I was in love with my party so,
Goodbye my party, goodbye.” 16-78
We also have this period to thank for the cry of the farmers, variously stated, that
“We should raise less crops and more hell.”
§
The 1890 election was an exciting contest, without parallel. When the dust settled
and the ballots were counted, voters learned that the Populist/Democrat coalition would
take over. There was almost total change in state offices, legislature, and congress,
including one young William Jennings Bryan who had received a token nomination to
congress. Omaha had voted down prohibition by nearly 14:1, but helped to handily
elect Bryan, one of the leading speakers for prohibition.
11. Bryan boldly pushed Populist themes in his colorful political career and transformed
the Democratic party from a Jeffersonian anti-government position to one of expecting
the government to work for the people. He was a major influence in molding public
opinion on subjects that were ‘before their time’ ~ including four stands which became
constitutional amendments: popular election of senators, income tax, women’s suffrage
and of course prohibition. Bryan was also influential in reducing tariffs and creating a
department of labor, the Federal Reserve system, the Federal Trade Commission and
anti-trust legislation. 26-172
Other Populist proposals which were considered wild ideas at the time: parcel post,
postal savings, rural mail delivery, workers’ compensation, eight-hour labor law,
regulation of corporations, initiative petition, recall petition, primary elections, civil
service reform laws [against importation of Chinese labor], regulation of transportation
and telegraph, control of banks, government loans for farmers and home owners, old-
age pensions, unemployment insurance and factory safety inspections. In retrospect, it
is a stunning, creative list that would have required great thought as well as passion.
They dreamed of a society in which individuals had rights and respect! 28-168
§
Governor Thayer refused to relinquish his office to the newly elected Boyd, a
conservative Democrat. The legislature affirmed the election. Thayer challenged
Boyd’s citizenship, an understandably murky subject when everyone was at least related
to an immigrant, and was reinstated in office. The United State Supreme Court ruled
that Boyd was indeed a citizen and he was reinstalled governor ~ eight months after the
election. 52-235
Nothing much changed in Nebraska. Governor Boyd, conservative enough that he
had never bought into the coalition with the Populists, fought the Populist legislature on
its key issues. Republicans took control back in two years. W. J. Bryan, with the
World-Herald [Democrat], the Omaha Bee [Republican], the Democrats and the
Populists united to elect Holcomb governor. He stayed, but the hope of creating a truly
independent movement did not find success.
Church and Politics
Church involvement in politics in the 1900s was often direct and heavy. The
Lutheran [German Evangelical] Synod of Nebraska endorsed Boyd for governor in
1890. Pastors distributed printed material in support of him, mostly on the basis of his
stand against prohibition. Baptists and Presbyterians supported the prohibition
amendment, which caused them to lose some of their attraction to German prospective
members.
Partly as a result of these pressures, the Populist movement dropped prohibition from
its platform in 1892 and received stronger public/church support. Churches and
synagogues were also affected in this period by the anti-foreign-born sentiments voiced
by several newspapers and politicians. The anti-Catholic “American Protective
Association” [NOT religiously based], took shots at Rosewater, Jewish and foreign-born
residents. 41-145
§
Luebke has done extensive research on influences on political processes and gives
interesting observations about the role of churches. 41-180 The seven denominations
that developed the basic religious life in early Nebraska were divided into two groups.
12. The Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians emphasized ritual, liturgy and creeds.
Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians were usually strongly
pietistic, emphasizing personal devotion and standards of behavior. They were the ones
who worried about alcohol, dancing and sometimes card-playing, to the puzzlement of
those in the first group. They in turn were puzzled by the apparent lack of interest in
personal conduct.
The second group are the ones who sponsored reform legislation and backed the
Republicans because the Republicans were for strong government with controls and
guidelines for the people. Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians tended to support the
Democrats, who wanted as little government interference as possible. The Catholics and
Lutherans were especially vehement about keeping the government out of their schools,
their languages and their cultures.
§
The wild mix of political motives was evidenced in continuing disruptive local
elections in Nebraska in 1900. “Almost without exception, mayoral candidates were
publicly accused of past malfeasance, present fraud and future incompetency.” 16-83
One mayor refused to relinquish his office to the newly elected mayor. Sounds familiar.
Ed Rosewater, of the Bee, supported Gilbert Hitchcock, of the World-Herald, for
congress in 1902 and helped produce the only Democrat to win in a Republican year.
Hitchcock went on to become a distinguished senator, first elected by the legislature to
that office in 1905.
Farmers’ rocky economics, a national depression, plus dramatic changes in local
development and unpredictable politics, combined to provide an interesting and volatile
setting for congregational life from 1880 on past 1900.
Racial and Ethnic Reactions
The quick lynching of George Smith, a Negro, on Friday, October 9, 1891 further
documents the passions of the time. He was accused of assaulting five-year-old Lizzie
Yeates two days earlier. That is about all we can be sure of as fact.
The Bee reported on Friday that the girl had died from her injuries and that she had
made positive identification of her attacker. Neither assertion was true. The girl’s
grandmother said Mr. Smith looked like a man she had seen nearby thirty minutes
earlier. She could not be sure. That was the only identification of a man who was a
local waiter.
A separate emotional event came at the same time and probably affected public
actions. A legal hanging took place that Friday morning, drawing a large crowd.
Citizens coming to view Ed Neal’s body: 23,425. The World-Herald and a few local
religious leaders objected to death as entertainment: “The morbid folk who are not
ashamed to confess their vulture-like appetites, have been feasting their souls to gluttony
on the hideous fact of Neal’s fate.” 8-234, f.
The paper, reporting on the alleged Smith assault, said that Omahans had reason to
believe that a dangerous black fiend was prowling the city, house to house, in search of
victims. Until he was caught, Omaha’s wives and daughters would not be safe. Such a
threat, the World-Herald stated, required swift and brutal justice of a kind which could
not be entrusted to the judicial system. 8-230 On Thursday, the paper suggested he
13. could be hung the next day.
Whipped into anger by the two stories in the Bee and agreeing with the call for a
hanging, the crowd began to gather after dark and soon became a mob intent on a
hanging. The sheriff was weak, telling the crowd which was gathering that if he were
not the sheriff he would bring the rope.
The fire department was called out, to quiet the crowd with streams of water. The
rioters cut the hoses. The Sheriff refused entry to the building. He was forcibly
removed and transported to the west yard of the high school where a few men kept
watch over him for the remainder of the time.
During the evening, the crowd was also addressed by Governor James Boyd, and
Judge George Doane. Each called for a quieting of passions and support for the court
system which would determine the merits of the evidence and mete out punishment if
that was warranted. It was reported that one of them was thrown to the ground and
feared for his life. The mob did not disperse as requested. 66-138
A battering ram was brought in [which did not work], plus crowbars, sledge
hammers, and steel saws. The milling crowd worked for hours to get to the man. The
police mustered a force of 100, to try to deal with a crowd of about 10,000. At one point
the police were able to get him into a police wagon, which the crowd upset and smashed
to pieces.
The jeering crowd, passion-filled, drinking, shouting – drug the prisoner so roughly
across the rocks that he was dead before they put the rope on his neck. As was the case
with Neal, citizens were able to go to the mortuary to “view the remains.”
§
The governor, the editor of the World-Herald, a pastor and a city councilman stood
together in the middle of the scene, watching helplessly and in horror as the crowd
dragged the man down the street. 48-45
The community deplored the violence, though comment was limited and a few
historians ignore the event entirely. Many citizens assumed he could be guilty but they
felt the matter should be handled through the courts. Complaints were filed against the
leaders, but nothing more happened.
The World-Herald gave additional disquieting evidence of the local racial attitude in
an editorial six months later:
“It is not in the nature of Americans to be law breakers except when they are
confronted with terrible situations. When it comes to a question of defending
his home, no man pauses to reflect much about code and statute. That is the
whole of the matter.”
About the same time as the riot, a white man accused of murdering an older couple
was hanged. A large group of men, including black citizens, kidnapped the Sheriff as
other members of the crowd broke into the jail. They removed the suspect and hanged
him in the street. Local reaction to the two hangings was strong and a reporter stated
“the good people of town” would not let this happen again.
Later, when the mayor committed suicide, members of the American Protective
Association forced officials to exhume the body so they could show he was murdered by
Irish Catholics. They could not show it, but considerable passions were stirred. 48-44