The document provides details from research conducted on two tombs located in the churchyard of All Saints in Leamington, England. The tombs belonged to Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett and James Virgo Dunn, who both had connections to Jamaica as owners of sugar plantations. Through probate records and other documents, the researcher was able to learn more about Scarlett and Dunn's lives and roles in the slave trade in Jamaica. A significant archive related to the Scarlett family estates was discovered at the Hull History Centre, offering insights into running plantations, the slave system, and Scarlett's management of her properties from England after her husband's death.
This document discusses cyberbullying, including definitions, types, perpetrators, victims, and prevention strategies. It defines cyberbullying as intentional and repeated harmful behavior through digital means, involving an imbalance of power. Two main types are direct attacks through messages and proxy bullying using others. Perpetrators commonly bully due to anger, revenge or entertainment, while victims are often younger than bullies. Consequences for victims include anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and in some cases suicide. The document recommends blocking and reporting bullies, as well as saving evidence and discussing issues with trusted adults. It emphasizes the importance of privacy online and developing realistic expectations of relationships.
This document provides information about a developmental psychology mini project conducted by a group of students. It includes a synopsis of the film "Beautiful Boxer" which tells the true story of a Thai kickboxer who was born male but identified as female. The group watched the film and reviewed articles about sexual orientation. They studied topics like defining sexual orientation, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and examples of LGBT cases in the Malaysian context. The document also discusses symptoms of being gay, lesbian, or bisexual according to the Malaysian education ministry and provides definitions and context for bisexual and transgender individuals in Malaysia.
This document discusses network communication protocols and socket programming. It describes two types of communication: connection-oriented which establishes a connection for the session length, and connectionless which does not guarantee packet delivery order or arrival. It also discusses the TCP and UDP protocols, with TCP guaranteeing packet delivery and order, and UDP incurring minimal overhead without these guarantees. The document outlines establishing a simple TCP server and client with steps like creating sockets and streams for communication between the endpoints.
This document discusses marital rape in India. It defines marriage, rape, and marital rape. It outlines the physical and psychological effects of marital rape. It discusses arguments that have been used to justify exempting marital rape from legal prosecution, such as implied consent and privacy. It analyzes how marital rape violates women's constitutional rights. It also discusses international recognition of marital rape as a crime and recommendations that marital rape be criminalized in India.
The document defines homosexuality as romantic or sexual attraction between members of the same sex. It discusses how homosexuality is currently viewed in the Philippines, with increasing tolerance but no legislation supporting same-sex marriage passed. Religiously, most traditions discourage homosexual activities. Public opinion polls show around half of Filipinos believe homosexual relations should be illegal and oppose related rights. Acceptance of homosexuality is more common in wealthy countries where religion plays a less central role.
Advantage and disadvantage of the internetkramm_01
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet. Some key advantages are that the internet makes communication and information searching much easier, and allows users to interact with people worldwide. However, disadvantages include exposure to inappropriate content like pornography, the enablement of plagiarism, and the risk of internet addiction negatively impacting physical activity and health. Criminals can also misuse personal data obtained online. Overall, the document concludes that internet usage should be balanced to maximize benefits and minimize harm.
Here are some examples of jurisdictional issues that may arise in divorce cases:
- Establishing that the plaintiff meets the state's residency requirements to file for divorce.
- Determining which specific court (county, parish, etc.) has proper venue/geographical jurisdiction over the case.
- Obtaining personal jurisdiction over the defendant if their whereabouts are unknown or if they reside in another state.
- Ensuring the court has authority/jurisdiction to decide related matters like child custody, property division, etc. in addition to dissolving the marriage. Consolidating orders from other courts may be necessary.
The document discusses the pros and cons of using the internet. Some of the key pros are that the internet allows for easy global communication through email and chat rooms, facilitates online shopping and access to vast information. However, some cons are risks to personal privacy, receiving spam emails, and potential for cyber crimes. The internet also allows anonymous posting that can spread hate speech and instigation. Additionally, internet overuse can make people lazier and impose a fast pace of information.
This document discusses cyberbullying, including definitions, types, perpetrators, victims, and prevention strategies. It defines cyberbullying as intentional and repeated harmful behavior through digital means, involving an imbalance of power. Two main types are direct attacks through messages and proxy bullying using others. Perpetrators commonly bully due to anger, revenge or entertainment, while victims are often younger than bullies. Consequences for victims include anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and in some cases suicide. The document recommends blocking and reporting bullies, as well as saving evidence and discussing issues with trusted adults. It emphasizes the importance of privacy online and developing realistic expectations of relationships.
This document provides information about a developmental psychology mini project conducted by a group of students. It includes a synopsis of the film "Beautiful Boxer" which tells the true story of a Thai kickboxer who was born male but identified as female. The group watched the film and reviewed articles about sexual orientation. They studied topics like defining sexual orientation, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and examples of LGBT cases in the Malaysian context. The document also discusses symptoms of being gay, lesbian, or bisexual according to the Malaysian education ministry and provides definitions and context for bisexual and transgender individuals in Malaysia.
This document discusses network communication protocols and socket programming. It describes two types of communication: connection-oriented which establishes a connection for the session length, and connectionless which does not guarantee packet delivery order or arrival. It also discusses the TCP and UDP protocols, with TCP guaranteeing packet delivery and order, and UDP incurring minimal overhead without these guarantees. The document outlines establishing a simple TCP server and client with steps like creating sockets and streams for communication between the endpoints.
This document discusses marital rape in India. It defines marriage, rape, and marital rape. It outlines the physical and psychological effects of marital rape. It discusses arguments that have been used to justify exempting marital rape from legal prosecution, such as implied consent and privacy. It analyzes how marital rape violates women's constitutional rights. It also discusses international recognition of marital rape as a crime and recommendations that marital rape be criminalized in India.
The document defines homosexuality as romantic or sexual attraction between members of the same sex. It discusses how homosexuality is currently viewed in the Philippines, with increasing tolerance but no legislation supporting same-sex marriage passed. Religiously, most traditions discourage homosexual activities. Public opinion polls show around half of Filipinos believe homosexual relations should be illegal and oppose related rights. Acceptance of homosexuality is more common in wealthy countries where religion plays a less central role.
Advantage and disadvantage of the internetkramm_01
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet. Some key advantages are that the internet makes communication and information searching much easier, and allows users to interact with people worldwide. However, disadvantages include exposure to inappropriate content like pornography, the enablement of plagiarism, and the risk of internet addiction negatively impacting physical activity and health. Criminals can also misuse personal data obtained online. Overall, the document concludes that internet usage should be balanced to maximize benefits and minimize harm.
Here are some examples of jurisdictional issues that may arise in divorce cases:
- Establishing that the plaintiff meets the state's residency requirements to file for divorce.
- Determining which specific court (county, parish, etc.) has proper venue/geographical jurisdiction over the case.
- Obtaining personal jurisdiction over the defendant if their whereabouts are unknown or if they reside in another state.
- Ensuring the court has authority/jurisdiction to decide related matters like child custody, property division, etc. in addition to dissolving the marriage. Consolidating orders from other courts may be necessary.
The document discusses the pros and cons of using the internet. Some of the key pros are that the internet allows for easy global communication through email and chat rooms, facilitates online shopping and access to vast information. However, some cons are risks to personal privacy, receiving spam emails, and potential for cyber crimes. The internet also allows anonymous posting that can spread hate speech and instigation. Additionally, internet overuse can make people lazier and impose a fast pace of information.
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes and methods to help control them. It outlines common cyber crimes such as financial frauds, cyber terrorism, cyber extortion, cyber warfare, computer hacking, offensive adult content, online harassment, and drug selling. It then provides recommendations to help address each crime, including using firewalls, antivirus software, strong passwords, limiting access to networks and files, vetting software downloads, and being wary of suspicious links and requests online. The overarching messages are to practice cyber security best practices, be cautious of unsolicited requests, and limit sharing of personal information online.
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
More and more qualified people are moving from poor to rich countries to feel vacancies in specialist area like engineering, computing and medicine. Some people believe that by encouraging the movement of such people and rich countries are stealing from poor countries. Others feel that this is only part of natural movement of workers around the world.
This document provides an overview of the internet and related topics. It defines the internet as a global network of networks that connects millions of computers. The history of the internet began in the 1960s with the US Defense Department funding research networks. The document outlines the advantages of the internet like unlimited communication and access to information, and disadvantages such as spam emails and privacy issues. It also defines web browsers, websites, web pages, and social networking, providing examples of popular browsers and discussing how social networking allows worldwide connectivity but also risks like cyberbullying.
Cyber bullying involves using electronic means like social media, texting, and websites to harass or attack others. It can take various forms, such as bullying among adults or children in schools, sexual harassment online, or creating websites solely to ridicule victims and encourage others to harass them. People cyber bully for different reasons, such as anger, revenge, boredom, or to feel powerful by tormenting others. Some steps to prevent cyber bullying include being careful with information shared online, avoiding mean comments, not responding to provocations, reporting aggressive behavior, and getting help.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that connect billions of devices worldwide using TCP/IP. It allows fast and cheap access to information and online purchasing. However, there are also disadvantages like security threats from viruses, fraud, pornography, and inaccurate information. The document discusses the definition of the Internet, its advantages such as speed, low cost, and access to information and goods, and disadvantages including viruses, fraud, inappropriate content, and potential for incorrect facts.
This document discusses censorship and whether it is good or bad. It provides examples of when censorship may be considered good, such as protecting children from inappropriate content online or in media. However, it also gives examples where censorship is not necessary, such as banning books aimed at adult audiences. The document concludes that while censorship can be good for blocking harmful content like pornography or violence online, it should not be used to limit access to information or theories for educational purposes.
Sudan is located in Northern Africa, bordering Egypt and Eritrea. It has a population of over 45 million people, with ethnic and religious diversity. Sudan has experienced prolonged civil wars and conflict in Darfur has displaced over 2 million people since 2003. The ongoing conflict in Darfur is between the government and rebel groups, and involves government-backed Janjaweed militias carrying out attacks against civilian populations. As a result, there are over 5 million internally displaced people living in refugee camps with lack of basic necessities and ongoing insecurity and human rights abuses.
Immigration policy in Australia has become more restrictive and selective in recent decades. While the White Australia policy restricted non-white immigration until 1973, immigration still accounts for about 24% of Australia's population of around 22 million. The main sources of immigrants are Britain, China, India, and New Zealand. Visitation is also significant, with package travelers and those visiting friends and relatives making up a large portion. Issues around immigration include illegal immigration, infrastructure strain, pressures on housing and cities, and economic problems.
Cyberbullying involves the use of technology to deliberately harm others. It can take many forms such as mean messages, threats, rumors, or posts online or through texts. Cyberbullying is emotionally abusive and can be difficult to overcome, with some victims considering or committing suicide. Surveys of students found that over half had received unwanted sexual pictures, many had engaged in mean behavior online, and over 40% had been cyberbullied, showing cyberbullying to be a significant problem.
The document discusses the effects of internet on today's generation. It presents the positive and negative impacts of increased internet usage. Positively, the internet enables learning, banking services, and social connection. However, overuse can lead to internet addiction, negative health impacts from lack of physical activity, and reduced social interaction offline. The document suggests parental guidance, limiting screen time, and outdoor activities to mitigate negative effects.
This document provides biographical information on Samuel Park Sr. and Isabella Gray Park, who were married in Ireland around 1820. It details their 6 children who were born between 1821-1832 in Ireland. The family moved to Kilbirnie, Scotland in the 1830s after Samuel Park Sr. died in 1833. Over the next few decades, family members converted to Mormonism and gradually emigrated to Utah to join the main body of saints. Isabella Gray Park and her daughter Mary Jane Park Draney traveled with the 1856 Mormon handcart company, departing Liverpool, England in March and arriving in Salt Lake City, Utah in September after a difficult journey.
Genealogy research in Ireland can uncover family history dating back generations. Records exist but were not standardized until the 19th century, and many were destroyed. Resources for research include talking to family members, websites like rootsireland.ie and ancestry.com, and visiting locations and archives in Ireland. When visiting, researchers can check church records, explore graveyards, consult libraries and genealogists, and visit the National Library of Ireland or General Register Office to access records like census, property, and vital records. Uncovering Irish ancestry involves piecing together clues across records and locations to extend family trees as far back as possible.
14. Professor Chris Gerrard - Scottish SoldiersDigVentures
This document summarizes research on skeletal remains found in a mass grave in Durham, England. The remains were determined to be Scottish soldiers captured after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650 and imprisoned in Durham. Analysis of the bones found most were male, between 18-35 years old, and showed signs of malnutrition like scurvy and rickets. Isotope analysis identified the soldiers' origins as mostly from Scotland and northern England. The document then discusses what became of the soldiers after their imprisonment, with many being indentured and sent to the American colonies to work in industries like ironworks, sawmills, and farming. It describes some of the soldiers settling in New England and the challenges they faced there.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Park Jr. and Jean Harvey Park, early Mormon pioneers who emigrated from Scotland to Utah in the 1850s. It summarizes that Samuel was born in 1828 in Ireland and Jean was born in 1831 in Scotland. They married in 1849 in Scotland and Samuel joined the LDS church in 1851. Facing religious persecution, they decided to emigrate to Utah in 1855 with their young son, taking a ship called the Charles Buck. They arrived in Utah in 1855 but their son passed away during the journey. The document provides details about their family history and migration from Scotland to Utah as part of the Mormon pioneer movement.
John Stubbs of Cappahosic, Gloucester, Virginia, 1652Chuck Thompson
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Some very significant history about Gloucester County, Virginia. John Stubbs owned the ferry service in the Gloucester and the Cappahosic house still stands today as an incredible piece of local history. See our photos on Google plus to see this home.
This document summarizes the key points made in a book about the original founders of the 13 British colonies being five black kings from Europe. It provides images and descriptions of skulls and portraits of historical Scottish and English kings like Robert the Bruce, King James VI of Scotland, and Charles I of Scotland that the author claims show their subjects were black. The document argues this evidence supports the idea that ancient Europeans, including the founders of the colonies, retained dark skin for longer than traditionally believed.
Dowling Library Newsletter Article July 2010Wendy H. King
This document provides information about the First All-Irish Library in San Francisco. It discusses books and videos in the library's collection related to Irish Americans in the Civil War and Ireland. Specifically, it notes that 150,000 Irish-born soldiers fought for the Union while 40,000 with Irish roots fought for the Confederacy. It recommends several books on Irish regiments and brigades. The library also has a collection of videos on Irish history, culture and landscapes that can be viewed on site.
Annika Korsgaard presented on research into identifying Aboriginal people photographed by J.W. Lindt in the Clarence Valley area in the late 1800s. The presentation discussed names of Aboriginal people found in historical documents and photos. It explored potential identifications and family connections of individuals photographed such as King Charley, King Harry, Snowy, and Mary Ann of Ulmarra. The goal of the research is to create a digital archive that continues investigating identities and connecting family histories of the Aboriginal subjects.
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes and methods to help control them. It outlines common cyber crimes such as financial frauds, cyber terrorism, cyber extortion, cyber warfare, computer hacking, offensive adult content, online harassment, and drug selling. It then provides recommendations to help address each crime, including using firewalls, antivirus software, strong passwords, limiting access to networks and files, vetting software downloads, and being wary of suspicious links and requests online. The overarching messages are to practice cyber security best practices, be cautious of unsolicited requests, and limit sharing of personal information online.
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
Impacts of social media on students
More and more qualified people are moving from poor to rich countries to feel vacancies in specialist area like engineering, computing and medicine. Some people believe that by encouraging the movement of such people and rich countries are stealing from poor countries. Others feel that this is only part of natural movement of workers around the world.
This document provides an overview of the internet and related topics. It defines the internet as a global network of networks that connects millions of computers. The history of the internet began in the 1960s with the US Defense Department funding research networks. The document outlines the advantages of the internet like unlimited communication and access to information, and disadvantages such as spam emails and privacy issues. It also defines web browsers, websites, web pages, and social networking, providing examples of popular browsers and discussing how social networking allows worldwide connectivity but also risks like cyberbullying.
Cyber bullying involves using electronic means like social media, texting, and websites to harass or attack others. It can take various forms, such as bullying among adults or children in schools, sexual harassment online, or creating websites solely to ridicule victims and encourage others to harass them. People cyber bully for different reasons, such as anger, revenge, boredom, or to feel powerful by tormenting others. Some steps to prevent cyber bullying include being careful with information shared online, avoiding mean comments, not responding to provocations, reporting aggressive behavior, and getting help.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that connect billions of devices worldwide using TCP/IP. It allows fast and cheap access to information and online purchasing. However, there are also disadvantages like security threats from viruses, fraud, pornography, and inaccurate information. The document discusses the definition of the Internet, its advantages such as speed, low cost, and access to information and goods, and disadvantages including viruses, fraud, inappropriate content, and potential for incorrect facts.
This document discusses censorship and whether it is good or bad. It provides examples of when censorship may be considered good, such as protecting children from inappropriate content online or in media. However, it also gives examples where censorship is not necessary, such as banning books aimed at adult audiences. The document concludes that while censorship can be good for blocking harmful content like pornography or violence online, it should not be used to limit access to information or theories for educational purposes.
Sudan is located in Northern Africa, bordering Egypt and Eritrea. It has a population of over 45 million people, with ethnic and religious diversity. Sudan has experienced prolonged civil wars and conflict in Darfur has displaced over 2 million people since 2003. The ongoing conflict in Darfur is between the government and rebel groups, and involves government-backed Janjaweed militias carrying out attacks against civilian populations. As a result, there are over 5 million internally displaced people living in refugee camps with lack of basic necessities and ongoing insecurity and human rights abuses.
Immigration policy in Australia has become more restrictive and selective in recent decades. While the White Australia policy restricted non-white immigration until 1973, immigration still accounts for about 24% of Australia's population of around 22 million. The main sources of immigrants are Britain, China, India, and New Zealand. Visitation is also significant, with package travelers and those visiting friends and relatives making up a large portion. Issues around immigration include illegal immigration, infrastructure strain, pressures on housing and cities, and economic problems.
Cyberbullying involves the use of technology to deliberately harm others. It can take many forms such as mean messages, threats, rumors, or posts online or through texts. Cyberbullying is emotionally abusive and can be difficult to overcome, with some victims considering or committing suicide. Surveys of students found that over half had received unwanted sexual pictures, many had engaged in mean behavior online, and over 40% had been cyberbullied, showing cyberbullying to be a significant problem.
The document discusses the effects of internet on today's generation. It presents the positive and negative impacts of increased internet usage. Positively, the internet enables learning, banking services, and social connection. However, overuse can lead to internet addiction, negative health impacts from lack of physical activity, and reduced social interaction offline. The document suggests parental guidance, limiting screen time, and outdoor activities to mitigate negative effects.
This document provides biographical information on Samuel Park Sr. and Isabella Gray Park, who were married in Ireland around 1820. It details their 6 children who were born between 1821-1832 in Ireland. The family moved to Kilbirnie, Scotland in the 1830s after Samuel Park Sr. died in 1833. Over the next few decades, family members converted to Mormonism and gradually emigrated to Utah to join the main body of saints. Isabella Gray Park and her daughter Mary Jane Park Draney traveled with the 1856 Mormon handcart company, departing Liverpool, England in March and arriving in Salt Lake City, Utah in September after a difficult journey.
Genealogy research in Ireland can uncover family history dating back generations. Records exist but were not standardized until the 19th century, and many were destroyed. Resources for research include talking to family members, websites like rootsireland.ie and ancestry.com, and visiting locations and archives in Ireland. When visiting, researchers can check church records, explore graveyards, consult libraries and genealogists, and visit the National Library of Ireland or General Register Office to access records like census, property, and vital records. Uncovering Irish ancestry involves piecing together clues across records and locations to extend family trees as far back as possible.
14. Professor Chris Gerrard - Scottish SoldiersDigVentures
This document summarizes research on skeletal remains found in a mass grave in Durham, England. The remains were determined to be Scottish soldiers captured after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650 and imprisoned in Durham. Analysis of the bones found most were male, between 18-35 years old, and showed signs of malnutrition like scurvy and rickets. Isotope analysis identified the soldiers' origins as mostly from Scotland and northern England. The document then discusses what became of the soldiers after their imprisonment, with many being indentured and sent to the American colonies to work in industries like ironworks, sawmills, and farming. It describes some of the soldiers settling in New England and the challenges they faced there.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Park Jr. and Jean Harvey Park, early Mormon pioneers who emigrated from Scotland to Utah in the 1850s. It summarizes that Samuel was born in 1828 in Ireland and Jean was born in 1831 in Scotland. They married in 1849 in Scotland and Samuel joined the LDS church in 1851. Facing religious persecution, they decided to emigrate to Utah in 1855 with their young son, taking a ship called the Charles Buck. They arrived in Utah in 1855 but their son passed away during the journey. The document provides details about their family history and migration from Scotland to Utah as part of the Mormon pioneer movement.
John Stubbs of Cappahosic, Gloucester, Virginia, 1652Chuck Thompson
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Some very significant history about Gloucester County, Virginia. John Stubbs owned the ferry service in the Gloucester and the Cappahosic house still stands today as an incredible piece of local history. See our photos on Google plus to see this home.
This document summarizes the key points made in a book about the original founders of the 13 British colonies being five black kings from Europe. It provides images and descriptions of skulls and portraits of historical Scottish and English kings like Robert the Bruce, King James VI of Scotland, and Charles I of Scotland that the author claims show their subjects were black. The document argues this evidence supports the idea that ancient Europeans, including the founders of the colonies, retained dark skin for longer than traditionally believed.
Dowling Library Newsletter Article July 2010Wendy H. King
This document provides information about the First All-Irish Library in San Francisco. It discusses books and videos in the library's collection related to Irish Americans in the Civil War and Ireland. Specifically, it notes that 150,000 Irish-born soldiers fought for the Union while 40,000 with Irish roots fought for the Confederacy. It recommends several books on Irish regiments and brigades. The library also has a collection of videos on Irish history, culture and landscapes that can be viewed on site.
Annika Korsgaard presented on research into identifying Aboriginal people photographed by J.W. Lindt in the Clarence Valley area in the late 1800s. The presentation discussed names of Aboriginal people found in historical documents and photos. It explored potential identifications and family connections of individuals photographed such as King Charley, King Harry, Snowy, and Mary Ann of Ulmarra. The goal of the research is to create a digital archive that continues investigating identities and connecting family histories of the Aboriginal subjects.
Mary Jane Park and John P. Draney were Scottish pioneers who immigrated to Utah in 1856 with Mary Jane's mother and two children. They traveled with the second handcart company and settled in Plain City, Utah, where they had seven more children. Mary Jane was born in Ireland in 1827 and married John Draney in Scotland in 1850 before converting to Mormonism and making the journey to Utah by handcart and wagon train with other converts and immigrants.
The document discusses several historical accounts and references to Dunleer, Ireland from the 18th and 19th centuries, including descriptions of the town from Quaker ministers, philanthropists, and travelers who mention the poor conditions, religious tensions, and way of life in Dunleer at the time.
The document provides excerpts from travelers who visited Dunleer, Ireland between the late 18th and mid 19th centuries, describing their observations of the town and people, including descriptions of poverty, education, religious tensions, and local customs. Many comment on the poor conditions of housing and roads as well as begging. Others note the mixed English and Irish language use among residents.
Sir Walter Raleigh was a British explorer, poet, and historian born in 1554 in Devonshire, England. He established the first English colonies in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina in 1585. While imprisoned in the Tower of London in the early 1600s, he wrote his famous book "The History of the World". Raleigh organized several expeditions to the Americas in search of gold and wealth for England. He introduced potatoes and tobacco to Europe from his voyages. Executed in 1618 for treason, his head was embalmed and kept by his wife until her death 29 years later.
The poem "Bog Queen" by Seamus Heaney describes the discovery of a 4000 year old bog body of a woman. It tells the story from her perspective as she lay preserved in the bog, experiencing the processes of decay over time, until she was excavated by a turfcutter's spade. On a deeper level, the poem serves as a metaphor for the degradation of Irish culture under English rule and a hope for the rise of Irish nationalism and cultural identity.
William Shakespeare was born around April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. He was married to Anne Hathaway in 1582 and they had three children together. Shakespeare lived during the Elizabethan Era in England, named after Queen Elizabeth I. It was a period known for great explorers, the earliest English theaters, superstitions about witches, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Life of her most gracious majesty queen victoria vol. 2Kanukuntla Ranjith
The Queen and Prince Albert went on royal progresses to the estates of nobility. They visited Burghley House, the home of the Marquis of Exeter, where the Queen was godmother at the christening of the Marquis's daughter. They then visited Stowe House, the home of the Duke of Buckingham, where they watched hunting and shooting on the estate. Finally, they visited Strathfieldsaye, the home of the Duke of Wellington, as the Duke had long wished to host the Queen.
Life in Colonial Victoria was difficult, with colonists facing challenges such as flies, maggots in their blankets and food, and a lack of infrastructure. Sources provide insights into the daily lives of colonists, including primary sources like diaries, artworks, and photographs of dwellings, as well as secondary sources like recreated buildings at Sovereign Hill. Students learn about significant events, people, and developments that shaped the Australian colonies. Key questions examine what is known about colonial lives and how, and how the colonies developed over time.
Alfred James Peacock was born in 1838 in England. In 1856 at age 18, he immigrated to Utah from England aboard the ship Thornton with the Willie Handcart Company. Along with about 500 others, he made the difficult journey from Iowa to Utah, but had to leave the company early in Wyoming due to winter weather. He eventually made it to Salt Lake City, where he lived and worked as a saloon keeper until his death in 1891.
This document provides information and resources for tracing ancestry back to Ireland using William Gallagher as an example. It details his background and relatives, then outlines steps to search records on sites like FamilySearch, AmericanAncestors, and Irish genealogy databases to find birth, marriage, death, census and other records in both Ireland and America to build out his family tree. Key records and databases mentioned include Griffith's Valuation, Catholic parish registers, land and property records, censuses, immigration records and more.
Similar to Eliza Scarlett: Leamington widow and Jamaican slave owner (20)
Henry Peach Robinson: pioneer Victorian photographerMark Ellis
Henry Peach Robinson was a pioneering Victorian photographer born in 1830 who established one of the first photographic studios in Leamington, England in 1857. He experimented with innovative photographic techniques and was renowned for his large composite prints composed of multiple negatives. Robinson's business prospered in the 1860s with the rise of cartes de visite but declining health forced him to sell the studio in 1864 and relocate to London. He later reopened studios in London and Tunbridge Wells, continuing to produce acclaimed photographic works until his death in 1901.
Profile of Henry Peach Robinson, pioneer Victorian photographerMark Ellis
Henry Peach Robinson was a pioneering Victorian photographer born in 1830 who established one of the first photographic studios in Leamington, England in 1857. He experimented with innovative photographic techniques and was renowned for his large composite prints combining multiple negatives. Robinson's business prospered in the 1860s with the rise of cartes de visite but declining health forced him to sell the studio in 1864 and relocate to London. He later reopened studios in London and Tunbridge Wells, continuing to produce acclaimed photographic works until his death in 1901.
A guide to burial grounds in Leamington SpaMark Ellis
This slideshow provides information on the various historic burial grounds that existed in Leamington, including their locations, dates of use, and current status. It notes that in the 19th century, as Leamington's population expanded, there were over half a dozen separate burial grounds for different religious congregations. Concerns over lack of space and public health led to the opening of the first public cemetery in Brunswick Street in 1852. A Burial Board was later formed to provide a non-denominational cemetery, and to address dissenters' grievances over burial practices. The slideshow details the individual burial grounds and cemeteries, and shows how burial arrangements evolved as Leamington grew in the 19th
This document provides a history of the first church in Leamington, England. It discusses the original Domesday entry from 1086, mentions the church being given to the Priors of Kenilworth in 1166, and lists the householders who lived in Leamington Priors in 1332 based on a lay subsidy roll. It then discusses vicars from 1349, Queen Elizabeth granting the manor to Ambrose Dudley in 1564, enlargements to the original church from 1816-1839 led by Reverends Robert Downes and John Craig, and includes old illustrations of the church and structures.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2. The story starts in a churchyard
Nearly all of the headstones and tombs in the parish churchyard of All Saints, Leamington were
removed between the wars. There are now only three identifiable chest-tombs remaining. This
photograph shows two of these on the South side of the church just inside the railings on Church
Walk. When I was the Verger at All Saints, I had access to the gated area of the churchyard and
as a keen local historian I thought that these particular tombs might be significant and were
worth a closer look. Like most local historians, I am naturally very inquisitive.
2
Monday, 4 November 2013
3. Basic information on the tombs
The two chest-tombs are of identical design and are very
close together which seems to indicate that they were built
at the same time over over a single family vault.
Each of the panels on the two tombs had originally had
incised lettering on but much of the lettering was badly
eroded and it was impossible to decipher much of it. By
enlarging the photographs and enhancing the images on a
computer it was however possible to read some of the
inscriptions on both of the tombs.
The inscription on the right is from
the tomb nearest to the camera it reads:
IN THIS VAULT LIE
THE MORTAL REMAINS OF
ELIZABETH VIRGO SCARLETT
RELICT OF THE LATE
JAMES SCARLETT ESQ
OF TRELAWNEY IN THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA
WHO DIED AT LEAMINGTON
ON THE 2ND OF JANUARY 1821 AGED 53
RIP
3
Monday, 4 November 2013
4. a few more clues
The adjoining tomb on which the lettering is also
very degraded records the death of ‘Elizabeth the
widow of James Virgo Dunn born in Jamaica June
20th 1762 died in London `july 15th 1839 and
James Virgo Dunn born in Jamaica died in this
parish 29th of October 1820’.
James Dunn had died only two months before
Elizabeth Scarlett which strengthened the suspicion
that the two tombs were erected at the same date.
This was the extent of the readable information on
the tombs. There was obviously a close family
relationship between Elizabeth Virgo Scarlett and
James Virgo Dunn and his wife Elizabeth for them
to be buried in the same vault but what that was we
don’t know. Virgo is a common surname among the
early British settlers in the West Indies and
surnames were frequently used as fore-names.
A map of Jamaica on the internet indicated that
Trelawney was a large parish in the north of the
island with Falmouth its main town.
4
Monday, 4 November 2013
5. The Jamaican connection explored
It was fairly obvious that British people like the Scarletts and Dunns with roots in the West Indies in the
eighteenth century could only have been there for one reason and that reason was their intimate
connections with the sugar plantations that had been set up there by Europeans in the previous century. A
search on Google led me immediately to a page on ‘The Scarlett Family in Jamaica’ on the Jamaica Family
Search website. That was enough to confirm what I already suspected about Elizabeth, the question then
arose -where do we go from here? Working on the basis that someone of substance would have left a will,
a search on the National Archive website confirmed that they held a probate copy of the will of ‘Elizabeth
otherwise Eliza Scarlett, Widow of Leamington Priors, Warwickshire’, the will was proved on 19 January
1821. For the very modest sum of £3.50 it was possible to download a PDF copy of the will, the ledger
entry for which is shown below.
Elizabeth’s will was short and not very illuminating but I also downloaded copies of the will of
James Virgo Dunn and of Eliza’s mother Sarah Gallimore who had died in 1810 and these were
far more enlightening. Among the ‘goods and chattels’ left to beneficiaries in both of these wills
were large numbers of named slaves employed on the Jamaican sugar plantations owned by the
two families.
5
Monday, 4 November 2013
6. striking gold in the National Archive
Working on the assumption that the Scarlett family being minor aristocracy and
seemingly long established in Jamaica, I thought it would be worthwhile to do a
search on the Access to Archive network to see whether there were any surviving
documents anywhere that would help in my search to flesh out the bare bones of
Eliza’s life and that was something of a revelatory experience.
I entered ‘Scarlett’ in the search box on the A2A website and the second of the 917
entries leapt out, it said that the Hull History Centre held an archive of the papers of
James and Eliza Virgo Scarlett and with a click on the mouse the contents of the
archive were revealed. This is the catalogue entry.
Eliza Virgo Scarlett was married to James Scarlett (d.1798). The latter is not to be confused with James
Scarlett (1769-1844), 1st Baron Abinger, though the coincidence of their families both owning estates in
Jamaica suggests that they may have been related.
James Scarlett died in 1798 and Eliza Virgo Scarlett returned to England from Jamaica and ran her
inherited Thicketts Estate, Peru and Green Vale Estate in Jamaica from there. The papers in the
collection originate from her management of these two sugar plantations. She owned and rented slaves
and produced rum. When her husband died he left many debts and she sold the Jamaica Estate to cover
these in 1802. Her mother's death in 1806 increased her assetts and what was left when she died in
1821 was passed to her children, Mary James Scarlett and Eliza Virgo Scarlett junior. The latter married
General Phineas Riall, who owned considerable estates in Ireland and it may be that the papers passed,
like other Irish papers in DDLA of the O'Kelly and Grattan families, to the Langdale family through
intermarriage.
The catalogue entry went on to say that the archive at Hull comprised a total of 193
items including estate correspondence and accounts for the Scarlett estates and also
items like valuations and reports on slaves, letters and press cuttings.
Talk about manna from heaven!
6
Monday, 4 November 2013
7. To Hull to look at the documents
I got off the train at Hull Paragon station and saw Philip Larkin on the platform who I
remember was also a Warwickshire lad before migrating to East Yorkshire. Three days
had been set aside to look at what was a very extensive archive. There would not be
time to look at or to photograph or copy all of the items but I was able to access the
Hull catalogue on line in advance of the visit and identify which items would be of
most interest to me and these were helpfully on the table in the search room when I
arrived at the History Centre.
The Hull History Centre
(right) is an interesting new
building in Worship Street a
short walk from the railway
station.
Monday, 4 November 2013
7
8. Information overload
When I first looked at the tombs in the churchyard, I never gave a thought to where my research might
lead and much less to the embarrassment of riches I would uncover along the way. It soon became apparent
that the archive in Hull was far too extensive to look at in just three days but it occurred to me that the
subject would perhaps make an interesting talk for my local history group and it was with that idea in
mind that I began to look at the material and decide which items I ought to copy. Since I knew practically
nothing about the running of sugar plantations or the slave trade, it would also require a fair amount of
background reading at some future date to try and put it all into some sort of context.What follows are just
some of the more interesting documents from the archive with brief notes about what they tell us.
8
Monday, 4 November 2013
This valuation is one of the
first documents I looked at
and it indicates the
astronomical sums of money
involved in sugar
production.Greenvale and
Peru were the names of the
Scarlett plantations The
slaves there were regarded as
capital assets and together
with the stock were valued at
almost £42,000.
9. One section of a 1794 valuation
of the slaves on the Scarlett’s
Greenvale Estate with their
names and monetary values in
British pounds alongside. Those
with the lowest value were
children.The slaves names would
have been given to them by the
estate owners.
9
Monday, 4 November 2013
10. The slaves as economic assets
This is a small section of a valuation of 223 slaves on the Peru Estate drawn up in 1816, their names, ages and
value in English pounds are listed (right hand column) The values are significantly less than in the 1794
valuation and a number have no monetary value. Many of the slaves were afflicted by tropical diseases and lifethreatening conditions which meant they were unable to work.
10
Monday, 4 November 2013
11. James Scarlett’s death in 1798
It is fairly certain that Elizabeth Scarlett lived with her husband James on one of their Trelawney estates
until he died in 1798. James Sarlett’s family had a long connection with Jamaica and had been settled there
since 1670. Various members of the family held extensive estates on the island. There is a mention in the
household account books of ‘a payment to D Gardner’s visit to James Scarlett during his last illness £5’
which is presumably a Doctor’s fee for attendance. James Scarlett died intestate and left large debts. At the
time of his death he owned estates named Peru, Scarlett’s Thicket, Young’s Thickett and Greenvale which
amounted to 2,700 acres. He is buried in the churchyard of St Peter’s church in Falmouth seen below.
St Peters Falmouth built 1795
11
Monday, 4 November 2013
12. Elizabeth returns to England
After James Scarlett had died, Elizabeth and her daughters returned to England. Among the
documents in the Hull archive is this receipt for £135 dated 19 May 1800 which was the fare for
Eliza, her two daughters and her servant’s passage to England on board the ship Elizabeth.
12
Monday, 4 November 2013
13. Eliza Scarlett estate owner
What is clear from the Hull documents is that at the time of James Scarlett’s death he was
heavily in debt. The sums of money involved in the sugar trade and slaving are quite
extraordinary by today’s standards. By the early part of the 19th century there was already
a move to get rid of the business of slavery and an increasing trend in England to give up
the use of sugar because of its unsavoury associations. The sugar trade was in decline.
A typical and greatly idealised estate scene this is Port Maria on
the north coast of Jamaica circa 1800
This advert in a Jamaican newspaper in
1802 invites offers for the Greenvale
Estate’s 900 acres and 120 slaves
13
Monday, 4 November 2013
14. management from afar
After Eliza had moved back to
England, the Scarlett estates were
administered locally in Jamaica
by Attorneys James Stevenson
and David Richards. Eliza kept a
very close watch on their
management of her affairs. In
spite of the huge logistical
problems involved she regularly
exchanged letters with her
Attorneys but even though these
were sent by the weekly Post
Office packet boats out of
Falmouth, they took anything up
to ten weeks to arrive in Jamaica
and then several days before they
were delivered. Replies of course
took a similar amount of time to
get back to England.
Eliza wrote in her own hand and
made a copy of each letter
written in a leather bound Letter
Book which survives in the Hull
archive and is seen top right.
The Francis Freeling one
of the Post Office fleet of mail-packets that
operated weekly between Falmouth and the West Indies
carrying official dispatches, mail, passengers and Bank of England bullion.
14
Monday, 4 November 2013
15. one of Eliza’s letters
Part of a letter to her Attorneys in
Eliza’s own hand giving details of
transactions for the purchase of
slaves in the year 1795 when her
husband was still living, with a
transcription below right.
15
Monday, 4 November 2013
From Barret & Parkinson
at Montego Bay were purchased 17 Negroes,
16 at £75 per head, one at £50. From Rainsford
Blundel & Bainsden at Kingston or Spanish
Town 20 Negroes 19 at £69 per head one at £50
From Galloway at Falmouth were bought
10 Negroes 9 at £65 one at £60. These were
the last that were purchased in the year 1795.
16. work on the plantation - planting
It goes without
saying that sugar
and rum production
relied entirely on
slave labour for the
large work force it
required. The latter
section of this show
will explain how the
slave trade was
organised.Here we
take a look at the
workings of a typical
sugar plantation.
Sugar cane is sterile and can only
be reproduced from cuttings.
Here we see (top) slaves hoeing in
preparation for planting and
(below)layering root cuttings into
shallow trenches There was no
mechanisation in the cane fields
just a few horses and oxen. The
cane would take fifteen months
before it would be ready for
cutting and boiling.
16
Monday, 4 November 2013
17. Harvesting the cane
When it was ready for harvesting , the cane was cut by hand with
a machete and bundled. It was then taken as soon as possible to
the estate mill to be crushed to extract the juice before it
deteriorated. The mills were either wind or watermills but on
some estates the cane was crushed by a simple horse-driven mill.
The cane harvesting would go on for six months of the year.
17
Monday, 4 November 2013
18. the boiling house
Here the raw sugar was boiled in a
succession of copper vessels to
extract the crystalline sugar which
had to be done quickly before it
began to ferment.It was then cooled
in a cistern to form coarse
granulated sugar and the residual
molasses.The sugar would then be
put into the large wooden barrels
seen below called hogsheads and
then onto carts drawn by horses or
oxen for transporting to the boats.
Practically all of the metal
equipment used on the estate
had to be shipped out from
England since there were few
manufacturing industries in
the West Indies.Coopering was
one of the few jobs that could
be done on the estate and the
coopers were the most valuable
slaves on the payroll. The
logistics associated with setting
up a mill and boiling house
were very complicated.
18
Monday, 4 November 2013
19. shipping the sugar
In the early days, there were no docks or wharves and
vessels would have to be loaded out at sea. A large
hogshead of sugar weighing the best part
of three quarters of a ton is being
man-handled into a small skiff
to be taken out to the lighters
at anchor in the bay before
being hoisted on to ships for England.
19
Monday, 4 November 2013
20. How the slave trade worked
The trans-Atlantic slave trade owes its existence to the pursuit of riches. European plantation owners needed
huge numbers of workers on their estates in areas like the West Indies whose small populations were
insufficient to meet the demand for labour. The easy solution was to charter ships in England and to sail down
the coast of West Africa and to forcibly enslave huge numbers of Africans. Thus developed what came to be
known as the Triangular Trade. Merchants filled outbound ships with things like metal goods and textiles
which could be exchanged in West Africa for slaves who were then shipped across the Atlantic and off-loaded
in the West Indies. The ships would then return to Britain with sugar and rum from the plantations to be sold
here.
The ships never sailed empty.
20
Monday, 4 November 2013
21. Filling the ships
Slavery had been practised in Africa for
centuries and many of the African Chiefs
were complicit in providing slaves for
European merchants. Slaves were frequently
gathered from areas far inland and
imprisoned in forts along the coast to wait
until a large enough group had been
assembled to fill a slave ship which might
be several weeks or even months.. Men,
women and children were taken and many
native African families were separated for
all time.
21
Monday, 4 November 2013
22. buying an African slave
A slave could be purchased for the equivalent of a few pence. One of the most
favoured items to be bartered for slaves was a brass or copper item shaped like
a bracelet and known as a Manilla shown bottom right.. These could be
melted down but were used as currency in some parts of West Africa. The
bronze plaque (right) from Benin shows an African trader holding his staff
of office and one of these Manillas the local currency. These were turned out
in their millions by Birmingham brass foundries.
22
Monday, 4 November 2013
23. a journey into the unknown
This is the ‘Watt’ a typical
eighteenth century slave ship.
Most slave ships were normal
merchant ships of 250 to 300
tons adapted to carry a human
cargo and would have a crew of
35 or 40 sailors. Each ship would
be packed with up to 300 slaves
who were shackled below decks
in the ships hold for most of the
time. The slaves on board had no
idea where they were going or
what the future held in store for
them. Some thought they would
be killed and eaten by the crew.
23
Monday, 4 November 2013
24. Conditions on board ship
The passage across the Atlantic would take several weeks and the
conditions on board were unspeakable. Small groups of slaves
would be unshackled and taken up on deck for exercise. A former
slave surgeon Alexander Falconbridge had this to say:
‘They lie on bare planks and are frequently stowed too close, as to admit of no
other posture than lying on their sides. Neither will the height between decks,
unless directly under the gratings, permit them the indulgence of an erect
posture. The surgeon upon going between the decks in the morning, to examine
the situation, frequently finds several dead. These dead slaves are thrown to the
sharks’.
Unsurprisingly there was a very high mortality rate among both
the slaves and crew on passage and 12% died before the ship
reached landfall and were thrown overboard. On some voyages the
mortality rate was an astonishing 40%.
24
Monday, 4 November 2013
25. Landfall and further indignities
The regime on board
the slave ship was
brutal and the
conditions for the
slaves were
indescribable after a
long period at sea.
Having survived the
rigours of the
Atlantic, disease,
rough treatment,
poor food, lack of
sanitation and the
threat of piracy, they
might have expected
that their situation
could only improve
once the ship neared
its destination but
further indignities
were in store.
As the ship approached its destination, it was a case of ‘all hands on deck’ to smarten up the slaves and to make them as
saleable as possible when they were taken ashore. They would be washed and shaved and a sailor would apply a mixture
of gunpowder, lemon juice and palm oil to the skin of the slaves which he rubbed in with a cloth. A second sailor would
then vigorously brush the slave with a dandy brush so that the skin glistened. The better the shine the better the price.
25
Monday, 4 November 2013
26. welcome to Jamaica
Having finally disembarked, the
assembled slaves were offered for sale in
a number of different ways. Some had
been pre-ordered by estate owners and
merchants.
Others would be sent to a public
auction where they could be bid for like
cattle in a market and prodded and
poked and intimately examined like an
animal.
The worst-case scenario was something
called the ’scrambles’ where at a given
signal potential buyers would rush
among the slaves and grab hold of
anyone they wished to buy. An observer
at one of these spectacles reported how
a large number of terrified Africans had
jumped into the sea fearing what was
about to happen to them. Thus was their
fate sealed for the rest of their short
lives. A man sent by their new
employers stood ready with a red-hot
branding iron and each slave was
branded on the left shoulder with an
iron bearing the new owner’s logo or
initials.
26
Monday, 4 November 2013
27. a life of unremitting toil
Alone, separated from family and friends and unable to communicate with those around him, what did life hold in store
for the enslaved African? His life expectancy was at best nine years of unremitting toil. Stripped of his identity and in a
process designed to make him subservient, he would be put through a process of ‘seasoning’ which might last for two or
three years. During this period he would get accustomed to the mental and physical torture that were part and parcel of
daily life on a plantation. He would work for up to eighteen hours a day and sometimes longer at harvest time. There
were no free weekends or rest days. The only people exempt from working were children under the age of six, some
elderly people and those with serious physical disabilities.Beatings and whippings were common as was the use of
implements like the neck collar and leg irons. Any serious offences would be punishable with the death penalty.
Slaves were never more than chattels that could be traded at will by the people who owned them.
27
Monday, 4 November 2013
28. but the times they are a changing
The slaves lived in encampments of simple huts and always at a respectable distance from the large and
imposing houses occupied by the estate owners and their families. We know little about many aspects of
the lives lived in these small settlements. Whilst looking through Eliza Scarlett’s archive in the Hull
History Centre I came across a number of revealing entries in the estate accounts for the shipment from
Glasgow of large quantities of salted herrings which I can only assume was perhaps the staple diet of the
slaves. One such shipment, of which there were many, was for 100 barrels of herrings.
During the time of Eliza Scarlett’s stewardship of the Jamaican estates, big changes were afoot for both
the sugar trade and for the slave trade which underpinned it and the word on everyone’s lips was
ABOLITION
28
Monday, 4 November 2013
29. a beginning and an ending
The slave trade reached its zenith in the middle of the 18th century but within a few decades a movement for abolition began
to gather momentum. The defeat of the British in the war with America led to many people returning to Britain sometimes
bringing with them their former slaves who wasted no time in actively lobbying against slavery.
In 1783 an incident involving the
Liverpool registered slave ship Zong
caused widespread outrage and
raised public concern. The Zong
lost her way on passage to the West
Indies and as water grew short an
epidemic started on board and
crew and slaves began to die. At
this point the Captain, Luke
Colingwood, called the crew
together and pointed out to them
that if the slaves died naturally then
the financial loss would be borne
by the ship’s owners but if on some
pretext of the safety of the crew
they had to be thrown into the sea,
then it would be the loss of the
underwriters. Ever keen to satisfy
the ships owners and despite the
objections of his first mate
Colingwood ordered that 133
slaves be thrown overboard.
29
Monday, 4 November 2013
30. The abolitionists
Two of the most influential members of the abolition movement were
William Wilberforce (left)the Member of Parliament for Hull and the potter
and industrialist Josiah Wedgewood (below) together with many other
Quakers. Wilberforce failed on eleven occasions to get an Abolition Bill
through Parliament and had a model of the slave ship Brookes made
showing the manner in which the slaves were packed like sardines in a can
which he produced at length in a House of Commons debate to great effect.
Wedgewood produced a cameo showing a kneeling, manacled slave asking
‘Am I not a man & a brother?’ These were probably two of the most effective
political images ever used in a British political campaign.
30
Monday, 4 November 2013
31. the cartoonist joins the debate
The leading caricaturist of the time Isaac Cruikshank reflected the mood of the period in this 1792 cartoon titled
The leaving of sugar by degrees. The title is a play on the words ‘of’ and ‘off’. Seated round the breakfast table are
George III, the Queen and two of their daughters. The Queen’s Keeper of the Robes’ Juliana Elizabeth
Schwellenbergen holds a bottle of brandy and discusses with them the use of sugar in moderation.
31
Monday, 4 November 2013
32. The Abolition Bill is passed
It was the testimony of men like
former ships captains and surgeons
who had served on slave ships that
would prove to be the deciding factor
in focussing public opinion in Britain
firmly against the horrors of the
Atlantic slave trade. That said,
economic factors also played a part
and women were at the forefront of
the abolition campaign and set up the
Anti-Saccarite Movement to promote
the boycott of slave-grown sugar.
Britain became involved in a costly
war with France, one of the
consequences of which was a halving
of the value of English currency
between 1790 and 1800.
The Abolition of the Slave Trade bill
was eventually carried in the House of
Commons and became law on
25th March 1807.
32
Monday, 4 November 2013
33. see how the girls dance
Isaac Cruikshank’s satirical view of the Abolition titled The Abolition of the Slave Trade published in 1792
depicts the notorious Captain Kimber whipping a teen-age African girl on board the slave ship Recovery
which had sailed from Bristol en route for Grenada in 1791. "Dancing the slaves" was a regular part of the
routine of a slave ship on the Middle Passage and aimed to ensure that slaves who were confined to the
extremely cramped and unhygienic conditions below decks received at least a degree of regular exercise.
Those who refused to take part were flogged and Kimber was subsequently charged with the murder of a slave
girl who had refused to dance with him. Although he was acquitted at an Old Bailey trial in 1792 due to a lack
of evidence, it established the principle that those who killed slaves could be tried for murder. When the slaves
were thrown overboard from the Zong ten years earlier none of the crew was ever tried for murder, and the
subsequent court cases established the legality of their act.
33
Monday, 4 November 2013
34. 1833 and the pay-off
Although the 1807 Act had effectively put an end to the business of trading slaves, it
would be another twenty-six years before slavery throughout the British Empire was
ended with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833. One of the provisions of
the Act provided for the payment of compensation to slave owners for the loss of their
slaves as business assets. In 1833 the British Government set aside 40% of its annual
budget for such payments which is an indication of the huge sums of money involved
in the trade over the preceding two centuries. Many of those who received payments
were people of high social standing who it has to be said had risen from modest
beginnings to establish family fortunes and trading dynasties by putting money into
slave ships and plantations in the West Indies. The Lascelles family rose from modest
Yorkshire farming stock and reached the top of the aristocratic slippery pole being
ennobled as Earls of Harewood. When the compensation was paid out Henry Lascelles
was in receipt of £26,309 for his 2,554 slaves in the West Indies.
34
Monday, 4 November 2013
35. Postscript
To round off this presentation I want to return to Elizabeth Scarlett whose tomb in All Saints
churchyard first set me off on this voyage of discovery into the unknown.
Eliza was a young woman of just thirty years of age with two small children when her husband
James died on their Jamaican plantation in 1798 leaving behind huge debts. It says much about
the capable woman she was that for the next twenty-three years she successfully managed the
estates in what were very difficult times for all those involved in producing sugar. What is even
more remarkable is that for much of that time she ran the estates from here in England. We
know that she came back to England with the children in the Spring of 1800 and from her letter
book we also know that she was back on the family's Greenfield Estate in Jamaica by 1810 and
again between 1815 and 1817. During the periods she spent in England, she occupied a number
of addresses in the more desirable parts of London in Portland Place and Bedford Square. On
returning to England she lived for a period in Cheltenham between 1817 and 1819 but there is
no indication as to when she came to Leamington or where she was living at the time of her
death. To the best of my knowledge no image of Eliza is known to exist.
She would have had to address the problems associated with the Abolition Act in 1807 but had
died by the time the compensation was paid in 1833.
At the time of her death she held government stocks worth half-a-million pounds at today's
values.
She sat down at her desk in Leamington to write out her will on Boxing Day 1820 and had died
before the week was out. It was a great privilege to see and to handle the letters and documents
in the Hull Record Centre and in spite of much that I read and saw
I developed a huge amount of empathy for
Elizabeth Scarlett a truly remarkable Regency woman.
35
Monday, 4 November 2013
36. This slide show in the Leamington Discovered series was compiled by
Alan Griffin for the Leamington History Group website
Resources
Hull History Centre, Worship Street, Hull houses the Scarlett archive for which the reference is UDDLA/41. This
archive is of national importance for anyone researching early sugar production and the slave trade. I found the
staff to be unfailingly helpful and good -humoured.
Wilberforce House, 23 High Street, Hull is the birthplace of William Wilberforce the abolitionist campaigner.
The museum tells the story of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and its abolition, as well as dealing with
contemporary slavery. The permanent displays include journals and items that belonged to William
Wilberforce, Admission is free
Acknowledgements
All contemporary photographs were taken by the compiler of this presentation and the majority of early
engravings are also from his collection. He also acknowledges the following:
National Maritime Museum
National Archives
John Trevelyan - Blake
John Carter Brown Library Providence R I
36
Monday, 4 November 2013
Wilberforce Museum
Aexpress
37. End of slide show 3
Please visit us again
for new presentations on aspects of the history of
Royal Leamington Spa
37
Monday, 4 November 2013