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- 2. NOUN. • A nounis a naming word. It can be the name of a thing, place, person, animal, or feeling.
- 3. ETYMOLOGY… • The wordNoun comes from the Latin word Nomen which means Name.
- 4. EXAMPLES OF NOUN… •Naming people: It could be the name of any person, like. Fatima, Ali, Sara, and so on… • Naming places: It could be the name of any place, like. America, China, Paris, and so on… • Naming things: Naming things like a car, bottle, table, chair, ball, and so on… • Naming animals: dog, rabbit, elephant, chicken, horse, and so on… • Naming feeling/qualities/ideas: joy, fear, beauty, strength, anger, and so on…
- 5. EXAMPLE SENTENCES. • Shelives in the USA. • I like mango. • Suna loves to play with her dog. • The Pacific ocean is very vast. • Oranges are sour.
- 6. CLASSES OF NOUN. •All the things in the world of nouns fall into two classes: *Concrete noun. ( Or material noun) *Abstract noun.
- 7. TYPES OF NOUN. 1.Proper noun. 2. Number noun. 3. Common noun. 4. Compound noun. 5. Collective noun. 6. Countable noun. 7. Concrete noun. 8. Uncountable noun. 9. Abstract noun. 10. Masculine noun. 11. Possessive noun. 12. Feminine noun. Now we will discuss them one by one;
- 8. PROPER NOUN… Namesof people or places such as your name, your friend’s name, your parent’s name, or the name of your town and country are special names. These words are called proper nouns. Special naming words or proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.
- 9. EXAMPLES. • These bearsare from China. • Albert Einstein was born in Germany. • Her name is Hanna. • Tom & Jerry is the most famous cartoon. • Motu and Patlu are close friends.
- 10. UNDERSTANDING PROPER NOUNS. •The days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. Examples: * Every Sunday is a fun day * December is the coldest month of the year. * My friend was born in June month. * Sam goes to swimming classes every Friday.
- 11. CONT.…. • The namesof festivals and some special days are proper nouns. Example: * Mango festival is my favorite festival. * We will celebrate new year’s eve. * She likes winter festivals very much.
- 12. CONT.…. • The namesof buildings, mountains, rivers, and seas are also proper nouns. Example: * River Nile is very long. *Last year they visited Niagara falls. * The Missouri river runs between Kansan and Missouri. *The pacific is bigger than the Atlantic.
- 13. COMMON NOUN. Commonnouns are naming words that are common to people, places, things, animals, etc. Common nouns do not define any particular person, place, or thing. They are general names. So, they are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence. For example boy, girl, doctor, town, city, dog, car, and so on.
- 14. EXAMPLE. • Birds liveon trees. • I love to read storybooks. • Ally’s mother is a doctor. • These pastries and cupcakes are so delicious.
- 15. COLLECTIVE NOUN. Collectivenouns are used to name a group of persons, places, animals, or things. A collective noun represents a complete whole. For example, a library of books, a team of players, and shelves full of pots.
- 16. UNDERSTANDING COLLECTIVE NOUN. • Somecollective nouns are used to name a group of animals and birds. A flock of sheep. A gaggle of geese. A shoal of fish.
- 17. CONT.… • Some collectivenouns define a group of people. A class of pupils A team of players.
- 18. CONT.… • There aresome collective nouns that stand for a group of things. A bunch of keys. A galaxy of stars.
- 19. EXAMPLE SENTENCES OFCOLLECTIVE NOUNS. • At the playground, you get to observe a colony of ants. • I need to finish an agenda of tasks before I leave. • The shoal of fish swam by us. • There was a crowd at the show. • The group entered the gym together. • He had a bunch of keys on his belt.
- 20. CONCRETE NOUN. Things thathave material bodies are called “concrete nouns.” It can be detected and felt with our five senses. In other words, a concrete noun represents a material. for example, a building, tree, car, book, or dog.
- 21. SENTENCES. • Seema hasa nice shirt. • The dog is a faithful animal. • He arranged all of the stamps on his desk. • The vehicle is capable of handling rough terrain. • Could you please pass the salt?
- 22. ABSTRACT NOUN. These arethe nouns that name feelings, qualities, actions, ideas, states, and other things that one cannot touch or see but feel or experience. They are called abstract nouns. In other words, things that have no material bodies are known as abstract nouns.
- 23. EXAMPLE. • We shouldalways speak the truth. • He was saved by his luck. • Failure and success are side by side in the ups and downs of life. • Treat animals with kindness.
- 24. POSSESSIVE NOUN. A possessivenoun is a word that names who or what has or owns something. We add an apostrophe and s (‘s) to form the possessive of most singular nouns.
- 25. EXAMPLE. This is thecop’s dog. ( means- dog belongs to cop) This is Ana’s crown. ( crown belongs to Ana ) Ted’s dream of a bicycle came true on his birthday.
- 26. POSSESSIVE NOUN INPLURAL. Sometimes we need to show possession for plural nouns or where the owners are more than one. In such cases, we add an apostrophe at the end.
- 27. EXAMPLE SENTENCES. • Agirls’ school is located near my house. • We should not harm the birds’ nests .
- 28. NUMBER NOUN. Number nounsdenote one or many. There are two kinds of number nouns: Singular number noun – it stands for one person, animal, thing, or place. Plural number noun – it stands for more than one person, animal, thing, or place. • For example one toy, three balls, two dogs, five cars, nine planets, and so on. • Generally, by adding an ‘s’ at the end, we can change a singular noun to a plural noun.
- 29. THERE ARE DIFFERENTRULES WE FOLLOW TO CHANGE A SINGULAR NOUN TO A PLURAL NOUN. RULE 1: • When a singular noun ends with a ‘y’ after a consonant, we remove the ‘y’ and add ‘ies’. For example: • City – cities • Lady – ladies • Story – stories • Consonants are all other letters except vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
- 30. CONT.… Rule 2: • Ifthere is a vowel before ‘y’ just add ‘s’ to form its plural. For example: • Boy – boys • Day – days • Trolley – trolleys • Toy – toys
- 31. CONT.. Rule 3 • Whena singular noun ends with ‘o’ after a vowel, add ‘s’ to make it a plural noun. For example: • Bamboo – bamboos • Radio – radios • Video – videos
- 32. CONT… Rule 4 • Whena singular noun ends with ‘o’ after a consonant, we add ‘es’ to make it a plural noun. For example: • Tomato – tomatoes • Volcano – volcanoes • Hero – heroes • It is also possible that for a few nouns ending with ‘o’ preceded by a consonant, we add the letter ‘s’ to form their plurals. For example: • Piano – pianos • Photo – photos
- 33. CONT.… Rule 5 • Ifa singular noun ends with a sound like ‘s’ such as ‘ss’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘x’, ‘z’, ‘tch’, we add ‘es’ to make it plural. For example: • Box – boxes • Watch – watches • Dress – dresses • Quiz – quizzes
- 34. CONT.… Rule 6 • Ifa singular noun ends with ‘f’ or ‘fe’, change the ‘f’ into ‘v’ and add ‘es’ to make it plural. For example: • Life – lives • Calf – calves • Loaf – loaves • Knife – Knives
- 35. IRREGULAR PLURAL. The pluralsof some nouns remain the same. For example: • Fish – fish • Deer – deer • Cattle – cattle • Sheep – sheep • Bison – bison
- 36. CONT.… The plural ofsome nouns is totally different from their singular form. For example: • Mouse – mice • Ox – oxen • Cactus – cacti • Child – children • Man – men
- 37. CONT.… Some nouns arealways plurals like • pants, • jeans, • shorts, • tongs, • scissors, • hair, • sunglasses.
- 38. COMPOUND NOUN. Compound nounsare formed by joining two nouns together. There are three different ways to form compound nouns: •The one-word form: like; housekeeper, showcase, bookmark. •The hyphenated form: like; x-ray, co-pilot, and mother-in-law. •The open form: like; a post office, history book, mineral water.
- 40. EXAMPLE SENTENCES. • Theteacher looked at his timetable. • The tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse. • Their house has its own swimming pool. • We need good rainfall to save the crops.
- 41. COUNTABLE NOUN. Nouns thatcan be counted are called countable nouns. Most of the nouns come in the category of countable nouns rather than uncountable nouns because they refer to things, people, or animals that can be counted.
- 43. EXAMPLE. I saw twoowls sitting on the branch. There are three apples on the plate.
- 44. CONT.… • We use‘the’ for some unique nouns (one of their kind). For example. • The earth. • The sun. • The moon.
- 45. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN. Nouns thatcannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are also known as ‘mass nouns.’
- 47. CONT.… We cannot countcertain things in numbers such as milk,sugar, water, and jam.
- 48. CONT.… We have touse words like – a glass of milk A spoon of sugar a jug of water A bottle of jam
- 49. CONT.… We can useterms like – a little, plenty, or a bowl of … with uncountable nouns. Though these nouns can be measured, they cannot be counted. Such nouns do not have a singular or plural form.
- 50. MASCULINE NOUN. Masculine nounsrepresent males: boys, men, and male animals. For example • prince, • man, • king, • boy, • lion, etc.
- 51. FEMININE NOUN. Feminine nounsrepresent females: girls, women, and female animals. For example: • Princess, • woman, • hen, • lioness, etc.
- 52. •children, •artists, •principals, But thereare some nouns that represent both males and females. •teachers, •singers, •lawyers, etc.