GRAMMAR NOTE.pdf

SirPlz Collections
BY ABDULLAH MAT NOOR
https://t.me/sirplz
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CONTENTS
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Nouns Modal Verbs
Articles SV Agreements
Quantifiers Adverbs
Pronouns Prepositions
Adjectives Conjunctions
Verb Punctuations
Tenses Figurative Speech
Helping Verbs Synonyms/ Antonyms

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Nouns refer to someone
(people), or something
(animals, things, plants,
activities, places, and
ideas). Nouns can be
specific (Proper Nouns)
or unspecific (Common
Nouns).
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• A common noun refers to an unspecific
person, thing, place, or idea.
Example: boy, girl, man, woman, cat, etc.
• These words are unspecific because we can
refer them to any boy, girl, woman, or cat.
• A common noun must start with a small letter
unless it starts a sentence.
• There are five types of common nouns.
COMMON NOUNS
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Countable
Noun
Uncountable
Noun
Collective
Noun
Concrete
Noun
Abstract
Noun

• A proper noun refers to a specific or
particular name of a person, animal, plant,
thing, and place.
• A proper noun starts with a capital letter.
PROPER NOUNS
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Class Common Noun Proper Noun
people boy Hakim
animal mouse Mickey Mouse
plant coconut Cocos nucifera
thing car Perodua Axia
place shopping mall Mydin Mall

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TYPES OF NOUNS
Type Meaning
Countable Noun It is a noun that we can
modify with numbers.
Uncountable Noun It is a noun that we can’t
count with numbers.
Collective Noun It is a group of nouns but we
refer them as a unit.
Concrete Noun It is a noun that we can
perceive with our senses.
Abstract Noun It is a noun that we can’t
perceive with our senses.

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COUNTABLE NOUNS
We can count
them
bowl apple
flamingos people

• We can divide the countable nouns into singular
nouns and plural nouns. Example:
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
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Class Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
people boy boys
animals cat cats
plants tree trees
things pencil pencils
places shop shops
activity singing lesson singing lessons
idea love loves

CHANGING NOUNS: ONE TO MANY
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For most singular
nouns, we must
add –s at the end
of a noun
Example:
boy  boys
girl  girls
cat  cats
tree  trees
apple  apples
For a singular noun
that ends with -o, we
must add –s or –es
Example:
piano  pianos
photo  photos
tomato  tomatoes
mosquito  mosquitoes
hero  heroes

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For a singular noun
that ends with –y, we
must add –s or -ies
Example:
day  days
way  ways
baby  babies
story  stories
fly  flies
For a singular noun
that ends with –f or –
fe, we must add –s or
–ves.
Example:
roof  roofs
puff  puffs
wife  wives
knife  knives
leaf  leaves
CHANGING NOUNS : ONE TO MANY

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For a singular,
irregular noun, we
must add –en or
change the vowel.
Example:
child  children
ox  oxen
mouse  mice
tooth  teeth
foot  feet
Some nouns share
the same spelling for
singular and plural.
Example:
deer  deer
fish  fish
sheep  sheep
food  food
scissors  scissors
trousers  trousers
CHANGING NOUNS : ONE TO MANY

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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
We can’t count.
We consider them
as one.
sand peppers
sugar
juice

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CONCRETE NOUNS
We can observe
them with our
senses
baby skunk
apple book

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ABSTRACT NOUNS
Abstract noun is
something that
We can’t perceive
by our senses but
we can feel
friendship happiness
confusion
fear

• a herd of elephants
• a swarm of bees
• an orchestra of musicians
• a flock of sheep
• a bouquet of flowers
• a fleet of airplanes
• a cup of happiness
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
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A collective noun
refers to a group of
people, things, animals,
or plants . They are
considered as one unit.

COMPOUND NOUNS
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Example:
table+cloth
tablecloth
sun+glass
sunglass
sun+light
sunlight
sting+ray
stingray
snow+flake
snowflake
A compound
noun is a noun that
is made up by two
or more nouns.

Example:
1) This is Ali’s shoes.
2) These are the boys’ shoes.
3) That is Elena’s book.
4) These are the girls’ books.
Apostrophe -’s (for singular)
Apostrophe –s’ (for plural)
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
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A possessive noun is used
to show belonging or
possession. An apostrophe
’s or s’ is placed at the
last letter of a noun.

• A noun may appear at any part in a sentence.
It has many roles. It can act as
1 a subject
2 a direct object
3 an indirect object
4 a predicate noun
5 an object complement
6 an object of preposition
• Example 1
Ali plays football with his friends.
A NOUN HAS MANY ROLES
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1 5 6

• Example 2
Zara gives her mother a flower.
• Example 3
Hakim is at the field.
• Example 4
Halim is a small boy.
THE USES OF NOUNS
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1 2 3
1 6
1 4

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Determiners tell us
about the number or
amount of nouns. By
adding a determiner in
front of a noun, we can
know whether the noun
is singular or plural.
Articles and quantifiers
are determiners.
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THESE ARE DETERMINERS
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a boy
a shows one
four people
four shows many
a group of people
a group of shows
many but we refer it
as one

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Articles ‘a’, ‘an’, and
‘the’ are used to define
a noun as specific or
unspecific. They appear
in front of a noun or an
adjective.
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1. This is a boy.
2. The boy is eating an ice-cream.
3. This is the boy who I met yesterday.
4. There is a cat under my chair.
5. The cat is sleeping under the chair.
6. The chair is made of wood.
7. It is a wooden chair.
8. Zara has a cat.
9. The cat is white.
10. Ali puts a book on a desk.
WHERE ARE THE ARTICLES?
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• Article ‘a’ is used before a singular, countable
noun.
• The noun usually begins with a consonant
letter - b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, y, and z.
Example: a boy, a cat, a day, a market, etc.
• The rule doesn’t apply for ‘unit’, ‘uniform’,
and ‘university’. It is because the words do
not have vowel sounds when spoken.
• Be careful when using letters e, g, h, i, l, r, u,
w, and y as their spellings can represent both
vowel and consonant.
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ARTICLE ‘a’

• Article ‘an’ is used before a singular,
countable noun.
• The nouns usually begins with a vowel letter
- a, e, i, o, and u.
Example:
an eagle, an egg, an umbrella, an orange, etc.
• The rule however doesn’t apply for ‘hour’,
‘honest’, ‘F’, and ‘one-wheel’ . It is because
they do not have vowel sounds when spoken.
Example:
Ali was frustrated because he has an F in
Science.
ARTICLE ‘an’
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• In a sentence, ‘the’ is used before a singular,
plural, countable, or uncountable noun.
• We use ‘the’ to refer to:
1) specific person, thing, animal, or place.
Example:
- Zara is angry with the boys.
- The boy had stolen my money.
2) someone or something unique
(one and only one).
Example:
- The Prime Minister is giving a speech.
- The sun shines brightly.
ARTICLE ‘the’
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• We use ‘the’ when we refer to someone or
something for the second time.
Example:
Zara went to school. (First time)
The school is near her house (Second Time)
There lived an old man. (First time)
The old man is a fisherman (Second Time)
• ‘the’ is also used in front of a superlative
adjective. Example:
Elena is the prettiest girl in her class.
The biggest animal is whale.
ARTICLE ‘the’
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• We can’t use any articles before a specific
name of a person, diseases, meals, sports,
cities and some countries.
Example:
1) I saw Zara at the playground.
2) My uncle is studying in Australia.
3) He had finished his breakfast.
4) Hakim likes to play football.
5) Ammar celebrated Hari Raya with his
family and relatives.
6) Elena bought herself Cadbury.
7) His cousin has cancer.
ZERO ARTICLE
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• We can use ‘a’ and ‘an’ before some nouns
that are countable and uncountable.
Example: light, noise, time.
1) The room is dark.
I need some lights here.
I need a light.
3) The children make some noise.
4) Ali makes a noise outside my house.
• We can also use ‘some’ before a noun that is
countable or uncountable noun.
Example:
1) I want some rice.
2) I want some chocolates too.
SPECIAL CASE
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Quantifiers are used to
describe the quantity
of nouns. The words
‘many’, ‘some’, ‘several’,
‘a lot of’, ‘a little’, etc.
are quantifiers.
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• For countable noun, we can use the words like
many, a few, several, and more to express
quantity.
Example: There are many birds on the tree.
• For uncountable noun, we can use the words
like a little, much, and less to express quantity.
Example:
There isn’t much sugar left in the jar.
• For both, countable and uncountable nouns, we
can use words like some, a lot of, plenty, etc.
to express quantity.
Example:
Zara buys herself some chocolates.
QUANTIFIERS
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Pronouns are words that
replace nouns. There are
several types of pronouns:
Personal Pronouns, Reflexive
Pronouns, Relative Pronouns,
Possessive Pronouns,
Demonstrative Pronouns,
and Interrogative Pronouns
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• A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.
• Similar to Nouns, pronouns can play role, both
as a subject and an object. Example:
PRONOUNS
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Subject Verb Object -
Complement
Ali and his friends
They
played
play
football
it yesterday.
My family and I
We
are going
will go
to Cherating.
there by bus.
Zara
She
had
ate
breakfast.
it with her sister.

• Personal pronoun are
words to replace nouns.
• Example:
1) Hakim has a cat.
He names it Puteh.
2) Zara ate breakfast.
She ate it in the dining room.
3) I am eight years old.
I live in Kampung Mesah.
4) Zara and Ammar are good friends.
They share the same hobby.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
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Subject
Pronouns and
Object Pronouns
are called
Personal
Pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUNS TABLE
Subject Noun Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun
I I me
You You You
Ali
Siti
Siti and I
Ali and Siti
The cat
An apple
Kuala Lumpur
Swimming
He
She
We
They
It
It
It
It
him
her
us
them
it
it
it
it
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EXAMPLE
Subject V+Prep. Object Complement
I
I
saw
saw
Mira
her
yesterday.
yesterday.
Subject V+Prep. Object Complement
Mira
She
will see
will see
Hakim
him
today.
today.
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• A possessive pronoun
shows belonging or
possession.
• It is used at the end
of a sentence, usually
after a verb phrase.
Example:
It is mine.
(possessive pronoun)
This is my pencil.
(possessive adjectives)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
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Possessive
Pronoun
Possessive
Adjective
mine
ours
yours
his
her
its
my
our
your
his
her
its

• A relative pronoun shows the subject and the
object of a verb is the same person.
• The words usually end with –self or –selves
such myself, yourself, yourselves, himself,
herself, themselves, ourselves, and itself.
Example:
1) He blamed himself for his failure.
2) Zara booked herself a hotel room.
• Intensive pronouns show emphasis to an action.
Example: I, myself is doing it.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
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• Relative pronouns are used to join sentences.
• They replace the nouns and the other
pronouns.
• Example:
That is the man who I met yesterday.
Ali is a boy who loves camping.
This is the cat which I wanted to own.
The man whom I talked to just now is my uncle.
This is the place where I called home.
That is the crocodile that ate a man.
The car which was stolen yesterday has been
found just now.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
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RELATIVE PRONOUNS
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who refer to someone.
whose refer to someone or something
whom refer to someone who receives an action.
which refer to something
that refer to something.
where refer to a specific place.
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• Demonstrative pronoun takes place of a noun
or noun phrase that has already been
mentioned.
• We use demonstrative pronoun to show how
near and how far the object of a sentence is.
Example:
- This is a cat. (singular object/ near)
- These are my cats. (plural objects/ near)
- That is my father. (singular object/ far)
- Those cats are mine. (plural objects/ far)
- These are my parents (plural objects/ near)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
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Adjectives are words to
describe people, things,
animals, plants, places, and
buildings. There are seven
types of adjectives :
Descriptive, Quantitative,
Qualitative, Possessive,
Interrogative, Distributive,
and Articles
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• Positive Adjectives, Comparative Adjectives, and
Superlative Adjectives are Descriptive
Adjectives.
• The descriptive adjectives describe nouns by
their appearances, qualities, quantities, sizes,
touches, tastes, or condition.
• Quantifiers like many, much, plenty, a lot of,
some, etc. are Quantitative Adjectives.
• A demonstrative adjective describes which
nouns or pronouns you are referring to. These
adjectives include words ‘this’, ‘that’, these’,
and ‘those’
ADJECTIVES
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COMMON POSITIVE ADJECTIVES
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Graphics: kids@page.com

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LIST OF ADJECTIVES (1)
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LIST OF ADJECTIVE (2)
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LIST OF ADJECTIVE (3)
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• A demonstrative adjective describes which
nouns or pronouns you are referring to. These
adjectives include words ‘this’, ‘that’, these’,
and ‘those’.
Examples:
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
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This This is a cat (singular noun/ close).
That That is a cat (singular noun/ far)
These These are two cats (plural noun/ close)
Those Those are two cats (plural noun/ far)

• Interrogating means asking for information. So,
interrogative adjectives are words used to ask
questions.
• These adjectives must be followed by a noun or
pronoun to form questions.
• Examples:
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
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Which Which place will you go during the
school holidays?
What What pet do you want to keep at
home?
Whose Whose child is this?

• Distributive adjectives describe specific
members out of a group.
• These adjectives are used to single out one or
more individual items or people.
Examples:
DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
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each I will give these books to each of you.
every Everyone is busy doing his job.
any It doesn’t matter. I will take any of
them.

• Adjectives take different forms when two or
more nouns are compared with one another.
• There are three degree of comparisons.
1. Positive (comparing two, equal nouns)
2. Comparative (comparing two, unequal nouns)
3. Superlative (comparing three or more nouns)
Example:
a. He is as big as a monster. (positive degree)
b. He is bigger than me. (comparative)
c. His watch is more expensive than Ali’s
(comparative)
d. The tallest mountain in the world is Mount
Everest (superlative)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
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Positive Comparative Superlative
as big as
as small as
as thin as
as fat as
as short as
as comfortable as
as expensive as
as good as
as bad as
as many as
bigger than
smaller than
thinner than
fatter than
shorter than
more comfortable than
more expensive than
better than
more than
worse than
the biggest
the smallest
the thinnest
the fattest
the shortest
the most comfortable
the most expensive
the most
the best
the worst

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Verbs are words that
express actions and
state-of-beings. There
are three types of
verbs : Action Verbs,
Helping Verbs, and
Linking Verbs.
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• Action verbs are verbs that express action
Example:
eat, give, walk, run, play, etc.
or possession
Example: have, own, belong, etc.
• Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
- Transitive means verb that has an object
(direct object/ indirect object/ both)
Example:
Elena raises her hands.
Elena gives her mother a flower.
_ Intransitive means verb that has no object.
Example : Elena walks slowly to school.
ACTION VERBS
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• Imagine what you can do with your body parts
(do means actions!)
COMMON VERBS
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My eyes can see, observe, watch, look, wake,
sleep, stare, describe, etc.
My mouth can eat, drink, talk, speak, tell, scold,
inform, report, shout, scream,
read, lick, sing, wish, blow, etc.
My hands can Take, touch, carry, hold, write,
fly, fish, put, water, grow, plant,
feed, do, draw, colour, steal,
borrow, lend, cook, stir, add,
wash, clean, trim, tidy, raise,

COMMON VERBS
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My hands can lift, brush, comb, grill, pitch,
decorate, catch, open, close,
begin, finish, complete, collect,
toss, play, spend, study, etc.
My head and my
heart can
think, calculate, count, solve,
decide, seem, like, feel, etc.
My legs can move, jump, hop, walk, run,
crawl, kick, stand, go, travel,
cycle, ride, start, end, compete,
take part, join, dance, come,
return, trip, fell, visit, stroll,
swim, sit, kneel, etc.

Which body part does these actions?
shake, wave, buy, pay, choose, select, get,
sweep, clear, help, assist, find, stop,
approach, gather, win, loose, regret, thank,
pass, lock, leave, meet, etc.
COMMON VERBS
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My ears can hear, listen, etc.
My neck can bow, respect, etc.

Zara gets up at 6.00 a.m. She switches on
the lamp and turns off the fan. Later, she pulls
the curtains and opens the windows.
After that, Zara goes to the bathroom. Just
before that, she took her towel and took off her
pyjama. She threw her pyjama into the basket. Her
mother reminds her to make her bed before
shower. In the bathroom, Zara brushes her teeth.
Then, she has a bath. She shampoos her hair and
rubs her body. She applies some soap and cleans
her face. After shower, she dries herself up. She
gets out the toilet and walks towards the closet.
She selects her favourite blouse and skirt.
EVERY DAY VERBS
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She pulls the drawer. She chooses her favourite
talcum. Then, she sprays herself her favourite
perfume. Zara looks for her watch. She searches it
high and low. Finally, Zara notices it under her bed.
She tries to reach the watch but she can’t. She
crawls under her bed and she gets it.
More regular and irregular verbs
from the List of Action Verbs.
EVERY DAY VERBS
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• Verbs can regular or irregular. Regular verbs
form their past and past participle forms by
adding –d, or –ed to the action verbs.
• Example:
walk-walked, dance-danced
• Irregular verbs form their past tense and past
participle tense forms in different ways.
1) Present = Past = Participle
Example : cut-cut-cut
2) Present ≠ Past = Participle
Example: play-played-played
3) Present ≠ Past ≠ Participle
Example: drink-drank-drunken
REGULAR VS. IRREGULAR VERBS
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refer
List of
Action
Verbs

LIST OF REGULAR VERBS
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Root Verb Past Participle
Accept Accepted Accepted
Act Acted Acted
Achieve Achieved Achieved
Admire Admired Admired
Advise Advised Advised
Affect Affected Affected
Agree Agreed Agreed
Amaze Amazed Amazed
Amuse Amused Amused
Answer Answered Answered

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Arrange Arranged Arranged
Arrive Arrived Arrived
Ask Asked Asked
Attack Attacked Attacked
Bake Baked Baked
Behave Behaved Behaved
Believe Believed Believed
Belong Belonged Belonged
Blame Blamed Blamed
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed

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Carry Carried Carried
Cause Caused Caused
Celebrate Celebrated Celebrated
Clean Cleaned Cleaned
Clear Cleared Cleared
Climb Climbed Climbed
Close Closed Closed
Compare Compared Compared
Compete Competed Competed
Contain Contained Contained

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Cause Caused Caused
Close Closed Closed

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Cause Caused Caused
Close Closed Closed

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
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arise arose arisen
awake awoke awakened
be was, were been
bear bore born
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid (farewell) bid / bade bidden
bid (bid amount) bid bid

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bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcasted broadcast
build built built
bind bound bound

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deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelled dwelt
eat ate eaten

• A linking verb connects the subject of a
sentence to a noun or adjective.
Example:
- Tun Dr Mahathir is our Prime Minister.
- Zara became successful.
- Ammar feels dizzy.
• These words are common linking verbs: appear,
feel, look, remain, stay, taste, continue, grow,
prove, sound, smell, turn, is, am, was, are, and
were
• The structure of a sentence that contains
linking verb is Subject – LV – Noun or Adj.
LINKING VERBS
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• Helping verbs (or auxiliary verbs) are used
before action verbs and linking verbs.
• Helping verbs give additional information about
the actions such as they show the ability,
possibility, etc. (can, will, etc.) or time (be,
have, do).
• Modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall,
should, will, would, ought to) always function as
helping verbs.
• Verb to-be (am, is, are, was, were, being,
been); Verb-to-have (has, have, had); and
Verb-to-do (does, do, did) can function as
helping verbs or linking verbs.
HELPING VERBS
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• Verb-to-be (VTB) is used to tell something
about someone or something.
Example:
1) I am going to school now.
2) She is buying a book.
3) He is doing his homework.
4) They are visiting their grandparents.
5) We are going for a camping.
6) The monkey is eating the banana.
7) While he was cycling, Ali saw a cat.
• VTB + Action Verb-ing = Present Continuous
Tense and Past Continuous Tense.
VERB-TO-BE (VTB)
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• As the main verb, to have implies the meaning
of possession.
Example:
1) I have a cat.
2) I have my breakfast.
3) I have a shower every day.
• As a helping verb, VTH creates the Present
Perfect Tense or Past Perfect Tense.
Example:
Present : I have been eating now.
Past : I had been eating just now.
Perfect : I have told you about her.
VERBS-TO-HAVE
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• As a helping verb, VTD can be used to form a
question in the Simple Present Tense or Simple
Past Tense.
Example:
Do you like cats?
As a intransitive, it replaces the main verb.
Example:
You should know about that more than I do.
(Do = know)
• As a helping verb, VTD can be used to form a
question tag.
Example:
You did well, didn’t you?
VERB-TO-DO (VTD)
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• As a transitive verb, VTD shows an action.
Example:
He always do his homework by himself.
• As a question, VTD indicates the tense to be
used to answer the question.
Example:
(Q) Where did you go?
(A) I went to Langkawi.
(Q) How did you come here?
(A) I took a bus.
Note:
Do/ does/ did refer to an action
VERB-TO-DO
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SirplzCollections
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Verb tenses show the time of
actions. There are 12 forms of
Verb Tenses: the Simple
Present Tense, the Simple Past
Tense, the Simple Future Tense,
Present Continuous Tense, Past
Continuous Tense, Present
Perfect Tense, Past Perfect
Tense ……. what else?
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VERB TENSES TABLE
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Tense Past Present Future
Simple ate eat
eats will eat
Continuous was eating am eating will be
eating
Perfect had eaten have eaten will have
eaten
Perfect
Continuous
had been
eating
have been
eating
will have
been eating

DEFINITION OF THE VERB TENSES?
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Simple
Present
Tense
Describe actions that happen right now
or actions that are continuous.
Simple
Past Tense
Describe actions that have already
happened.
Simple
Future
Tense
Describe actions that have yet to
happen.
Present
Continuous
Tense
Describe actions that are and that are
not happening now, temporarily,
repeatedly, or happening in the near
future.

DEFINITION OF VERB TENSES
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Past
Continuous
Tense
Describe actions that were happening
at some point in the past.
Present
Perfect
Tense
Describe the past event that has
been completed, the unfinished
actions, multiple actions at different
times, or asking about life experience.
Past
Perfect
Tense
Describe the past event that has
been completed before something
else happened.

• The Simple Present Tense is used to talk about
habitual actions, fact, future plans, or in
questions.
• Habitual Actions
Example:
1) I go to school by bus.
2) Zara often goes to school by bus.
3) I ride my bike every day.
4) On Saturdays, Elena goes swimming
• Facts
Example:
1) The sun rises in the east.
2) Jupiter is the biggest planet.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
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• Action happen at the time of speaking
Example:
1) Elena visits her friends in Ipoh.
2) I live in Kampung Mesah.
• Future Plans
Example:
1) The event starts at 9.00 p.m.
2) I will stay home if it rains tomorrow.
• Questions
Example:
1) Do you like tea or coffee?
2) Are you going to school?
3) What colour is an apple?
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Subject Verb
Singular Noun
Pronouns
3rd speaker, singular
Verb+s
Verb+es
(refer to SV
agreement
rules)
Plural Noun
Pronouns
1st speaker, singular
2nd speaker, singular
1st, 2nd , 3rd speaker,
plural
Root Verb
When we use
the Simple
Present
Tense, we
must
determine
quantity of
the subject in
a sentence.
Subject and
Verb must
always agree.

• My father works at SK Tembila.
Note: Facts
• Zara washes her shoes every weekend.
Note : Habitual Actions
• I eat an apple every day.
Note : Habitual Actions
• Do you like cats?
Note : Question
• Ali sleeps now.
Note: Action at the time of speaking
• He leaves for Kuala Lumpur tomorrow
Note: Future Plans
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• The Simple Past Tense is used for actions that
took place in the past or the actions that have
been finished or completed.
Example:
1) I went to a clinic yesterday.
2) Zara took part in the drawing competition
last weekend.
3) Ammar broke his arm in an accident.
4) Elena studied in her room last night.
5) The Prime Minister visited us yesterday.
6) Fatimah wrote her a letter.
7) He himself blew the birthday candles.
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
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THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
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Subject Verb
Singular
Noun
Plural
Noun
Pronoun
Regular
Verb
or
Irregular
Verb
When we use the Simple Past Tense, we must define
the action verbs. Action verbs can be regular or
irregular. • Regular Verbs are verbs
that end with –d or –ed.
Usually, the past tense
form follow the past
participle form.
• Irregular Verbs are verbs
that are usually different
from the regular verbs.
Usually the past tense of
irregular verb is different
to past participle form.

• The Present Continuous Tense is used to talk
about actions that are happening at the time
of speaking.
• We also use it to talk about future plans and
to show habits.
Example:
1) He is playing football.
2) The boys are watching television.
3) She is going for Kuching next week.
4) Zara is leaving tomorrow.
5) She is always borrowing my pencils.
6) Elena and Zara are always quarrelling.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
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• The Present Continuous Tense is used to talk
about actions that was ongoing in the past.
Example:
1) Hakim was playing at the playground.
2) The sun was shining brightly in the sky.
• We also use it to talk about two activities that
were happening at the same time.
Example:
1) While Ammar was sleeping, his mother was
cooking.
2) Zara was studying while her sister, Elena
was reading.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
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• We can also use it to talk about an action
happened while something else was going on.
Example:
1) The telephone rang while I was reading.
2) Zara and Ammar were talking to each other
while Elena fell down.
• We may use it to express a habit that
happened in the past.
Example:
1) Elena was always making trouble.
2) Elena’s mother was always scolding her.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
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• The Simple Future Tense is used to tell about a
future action.
Example:
1) Zara will come to visit me.
2) We shall visit you next week.
Remember :
- Use ‘shall’ with I and We only.
- Use ‘will’ with other nouns or pronouns.
• Another way to show the future action is using
‘going to’. The phrasal verb is used to talk
about a planned action.
Example:
SK Mesah is going to hold Teacher’s Day.
THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
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• We can also use it to talk about something that
is certain to happen.
Example:
1) It is going to rain tomorrow.
2) My cousin is going to the United States
next month.
THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
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• The Present Perfect Tense is used to tell about
an action that has happened but the time is not
mentioned.
Example:
1) Elena has slept.
2) Hakim and Ammar have gone home.
• We can use it to show an action that began in
the past but continues to the present. Usually,
we use ‘since’, ‘for’, ‘ever’, and ‘never’.
Example:
1) We have been staying here since 2005.
2) I have never seen you here before.
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
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• The Past Perfect Tense is used to tell about an
action that has happened or was completed
before another action took place.
Example:
1) After have had her breakfast, Elena went out.
2) Ammar watched television when he had
completed his homework.
• Words like ‘when’ are ‘after’ commonly used in
the past perfect tense form.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
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SIGNAL WORDS
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Tense Signal Words
Present
always, every, never, normally, now
and then, occasionally, often, rarely,
seldom, sometimes, usually, etc.
Past Yesterday, last month, when, ago, in
2015, this morning, once, one day
Future Will, shall be, will be
Continuous At the moment, now, just now, right
now, this morning
Perfect since, for, already, yet, just, ever, and
never.

MODAL VERBS
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Modal verbs are used
with action verbs to
express ability, obligation,
possibility or other
functions such as making
request, giving permission,
asking for permission,
making offer, etc. Words
‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’,
‘might’, ‘will’, ‘would’,
‘must’, ‘ought to’ and
‘should’ show modality.

THE USES OF MODAL VERBS
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Modal Function Example
can To express ability I can speak English.
can To offer help Can I help you?
can To ask for permission Can I go out now?
may To express possibility I may visit you.
may To ask for permission May I go out now?
must To express obligation I must go to school.
should To give advice You should read.

THE USES OF MODAL VERBS
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Modal Function Example
would To ask about
preference
Would you like tea
or coffee?
would To show necessity I would like to help
you.
would To make suggestion If I were you, I
would go to school.
ought To express uncertain The police might
catch the thief.
could To express ability (in
the past tense)
I could help you
with your English.

• Linking verb is a verb that describe subject by
connecting it to the predicate adjective or
predicate noun.
• Words ‘is’, ‘feel’, ‘become’, ‘appear’, ‘look’,
‘am’, ‘are’, ‘come’, ‘fell’, ‘stay’, ‘seem’, ‘taste’,
‘remain’, etc. are linking verbs.
• Example
1) feel : Hakim feels dizzy.
2) is : Hakim’s parents are teachers.
3) become : He becomes a successful person.
4) appear: He appears thin.
5) look : He looks skinny.
6) am : I am seven years old.
LINKING VERBS
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•
7) stay: His cats has dead but he stayed calm.
8) fell : Elena fell asleep.
9) come: He was acquitted from the charges.
Now, he came clean.
10) seem: The food seems tasty.
11) taste: The coffee tastes bitter.
12) remain: Hakim was accused of stealing but
he remained silent.
LINKING VERBS
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SirplzCollections
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Adverbs are words to
describe how something
happens. They modify the
verbs, adjectives, and the
other adverbs. There are
three types of adverbs:
Adverbs of time, adverbs
of manner, and adverbs of
frequency.

• Adverbs perform a wide of functions. However,
it is easy to spot an adverb in a sentence. For
example: word end with –ly.
• To help you fully understand with adverbs, ask
yourself with these questions.
1) When? She arrives home late.
Type of adverbs : Adverb of Time
2) How? She always arrives home late.
Type of adverbs : Adverb of Frequency
3) In what way? She walks slowly
Type of adverbs : Adverb of Manner
4) To what extent: She walks very slowly
Type of adverbs : Adverb of Manner.
TYPES OF ADVERBS
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• Adverb of manner tells us how the action is
done. It is formed by adding –ly to the
adjectives. Example:
1) My mother talks to me softly.
2) We walked to school quickly.
3) He asked something politely.
4) She danced on the stage gracefully.
5) Hakim ran fast.
6) The birds flew swiftly.
7) The durian are abundantly here.
8) Mira sang to her friends sweetly.
9) Hakim walks to school slowly.
ADVERBS OF MANNER
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• Adverb of frequency tells us how often the
action is done.
Example:
1) We often go fishing on Sunday.
2) He usually comes here in the morning.
3) Sara always win the drawing contest.
4) Yusof seldom reads comics.
5) Elena had never came here before.
6) Zara likes to make joke but sometimes, she
goes too far.
7) He used to live here before.
8) Adeera won the singing contest once.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
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• Adverb of time tells us something happen,
something is going to happen, or something had
happened.
Example:
1) I ate my breakfast when she arrived.
2) Hakim will sleep after 10.00 p.m.
3) Before sleeping, Zara hugs her mother.
4) After 10.00 p.m., the pupils return home.
5) She washes her dishes after eating.
6) While he was walking, he saw a dog.
7) As he arrived at the beach, they found
themselves a perfect spot.
8) He cried when he found his cat dead.
ADVERBS OF TIME
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LIST OF ADVERBS
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abnormally badly calmly daily
accidentally beautifully carelessly dearly
acidly bitterly cautiously deceivingly
actually bleakly certainly delightfully
adventurously blindly cheerfully deeply
afterwards blissfully clearly defiantly
almost boastfully cleverly deliberately
always boldly closely delightfully
angrily bravely carefully diligently

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A preposition links
something to something
else. In a sentence, it is
used before a noun or
pronoun.
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• There are five types of prepositions.
1) Preposition of Location or Place
Example: Zara is studying in her room.
2) Preposition of Direction
Example: Zara goes to school.
3) Preposition of Time
Example: The class begins at 8.00 a.m.
4) Preposition of Accompaniment
Example: Zara plays netball with Elena.
5) Preposition of Purpose
Example 1: Elena went to a park for a jog.
Example 2 : Elena went to a park to jog.
TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS
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• Preposition of directions shows where
someone is going or coming from.
Example:
1) Hakim is climbing up the stairs.
2) Zara is walking down the stair.
3) The bird flew through the window.
4) The dog jumped over the fence.
5) Zara strolled along the beach yesterday.
6) Elena goes to school.
7) My father went past the school.
8) My uncle took off his T-shirt.
9) Farid is swimming across the river.
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION
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• A preposition of location is used to refer to a
place or someone or something is located.
Sometimes, it is called preposition of position.
Example:
1. The bird is on the tree.
2. The bird is perching on the branch.
3. The bird is flying in the sky.
4. The mouse is under the tree.
5. The butterflies flutter above the flowers.
6. The boys are playing near the tree.
7. Elena is laying a mat under a shady tree.
8. Her mother sits on the mat.
9. My father works at HSNZ.
PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION
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• Preposition of Time is used to indicate the
time of an action is taken place. Words ‘in’,
‘on’, ‘at’, and ‘during’ show preposition of time.
Example:
1) I was born in 2005.
2) My father celebrates his birthday in July.
3) During the school holidays, Hakim and his
family went to see his grandparents.
4) Halim gets up at 6.00 o’clock.
5) On Saturdays, I play football.
6) I play football on Saturday.
7) We will go to the cinema at night.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
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• Preposition of accompaniment describes
accompaniment. The sentence usually has word
‘with’
Example:
1. Zara goes for a walk with me.
2. Hakim sleeps on the bed with his brother
3. Elena is playing with Zara.
PREPOSITIONS OF ACCOMPANIMENT
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• Preposition of purpose describes the purpose
of an action. The sentence usually has word
‘for’, ‘to’, ‘by’, and ‘in order to’
Example:
1) Zara goes to Cherating for a picnic.
2) Maryam went for a walk.
3) Elena uses a pole to pluck some rambutans.
4) Ali used a sickle to trim the hedges.
5) Hakim goes to school by bus.
6) Encik Ali had to go to the sea in order to
earn a living with his family.
7) We must study hard in order to succeed.
PREPOSITIONS OF PURPOSE
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WHERE IS THE MAN?
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Complete the sentences.
A. The man is standing _________ the ball.
B. The man is standing _____________ the ball.
C. The man is standing ______________ the table.
A B C

WHERE IS THE MAN?
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A B C
A. The man is laying _________ the ball.
B. The man is standing _____________ the drum.
C. The man is standing ______________ the flower trees.

WHERE IS THE MAN?
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A. The man is sitting _________ the box.
B. The man is standing _____________ the chair.
C. The man is standing ______________ from the chair.
A B C

WHERE IS THE MAN?
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A B C
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A. The cloud is _____________ the man.
B. The man is _____________ the cloud.
C. The man is standing ______________ the trees.

WHERE IS THE BIRD?
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A B C
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A. The bird is _________ the man.
B. The bird is flying _____________ the man.
C. The bird is flying ______________ the box.

WHERE IS THE BIRD?
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A B C
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A. The man is sitting _________ the box.
B. The man is standing _____________ the chair.
C. The man is standing ______________ from the chair.

WHERE IS THE BIRD?
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A B C
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A. The bird is flying _________ the box.
B. The bird is flying _____________ the stairs.
C. The bird is flying ______________ the stairs.

WHERE IS THE BIRD?
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A B C
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A. The bird is flying around _________ the bird house.
B. The bird is flying _____________ the bird house.
C. The bird is flying ______________ the bird house.

WHERE ARE THEY?
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A B C
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A. The ball is rolling _________ the road.
B. The ball is rolling _____________ the road.
C. The is flying ______________ the hole.

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A conjunction
joins two words,
phrases, clauses,
and sentences
together.
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3 types of conjunctions
CONJUNCTIONS
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Coordinating Conjunctions
Connect two main clauses.
Connectors : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Subordinating Conjunctions
Connect subordinate to the main clause.
Connectors : because, since, as, although, though,
while, whereas, until, after
Correlative Conjunctions
A pair of conjunctions that works together.
Connectors : either-or, neither-nor, etc.

Read the passage.
Siti Nurhaliza is my favourite singer.
I love her, for she can sing sweetly. My family and
friends also like her. Siti Nurhaliza hasn’t taken
singing lessons, nor she does need it to. She is
popular but humble. While she is performing, she
can fill me with joy, or she can bring me to tears.
Other singers have tried to imitate her, yet they
have not succeeded. Siti Nurhaliza is gifted with her
strong and sultry voice, so she will attract her fans
for many years to come.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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THE FANBOYS
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Type Clauses Combine
F or 1) Hakim studies
hard.
2) Hakim has an
examination.
Hakim studies hard,
for he has an
examination.
A nd 1) Zara plays toys.
2) Elena plays toys.
Zara and Elena play
toys.
N or 1) Hakim did not
speak English.
2) Hakim did not do
well in the test.
Hakim did not speak
English, nor he did
well in the test.

THE FANBOYS
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B ut 1) Yusof is not
feeling well.
2) He is going to
school.
Yusof is not feeling
well but he is going
to school.
O r 1) Do you like tea?
2) Do you like
coffee?
Do you like tea or
coffee?
Y et 1) Yusof was sick.
2) Yusof did not see
the doctor.
Yusof was sick yet
he did not see the
doctor.

THE FANBOYS
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S o 1) Yusof is sick
2) He is going to the
clinic.
Yusof is sick so he
is going to the clinic.
F
A
N
B
O
Y
S
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
so
Reason
Addition
Disconjunction
contrast
Option
Non-caused effect
Cause - effect

• Subordinating conjunctions are words that join
the dependent clause to the independent
clause.
• Dependent clause is a sentence that has
subject, verb, and object but it can’t stand
alone to form a complete thought.
Example: Because she saw a ghost,
• Independent clause is a sentence that has a
subject, verb, and object to form a complete
thought.
Example: Elena ran fast.
• Complete thought: Because she saw a ghost,
Elena ran fast.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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• A subordinating conjunctions show cause-effect
relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of
relationship between the two clauses.
Example 1
DC : Since Zara came here.
IDC : she has more friends.
Combine : Since Zara came here, she has more
friends.
Example 2
DC : Adeera waits.
IDC : Adeera’s family comes to fetch her.
Combine : Adeera waits until her family comes
to fetch her.
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• Correlative conjunctions are used to join two
main clauses together. They work in pair, for
example ‘either____or’, ‘neither____nor’, or ‘not
only____but also’.
Example 1
MC1 : SKSB won the action song competition.
MC2 : The school won the best costumes.
Combine:
Not only SKSB won the action song
competition, but also, the school won the
costumes.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
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SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating
Conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Subordinating
Conjunctions
after, although, as, as if, as long
as, as much as, as soon as,
because, before, by the time,
even though, if, once, only, only if,
provided that, since, so, that,
though, unless, until, when,
whereas, while
Correlative
Conjunctions
either/or, neither/nor, not
only/but, whether/or
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MATCH THE SENTENCES TO THE
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Neither Hakim nor Zara
likes vegetables.
Ali was frustrated, for
he failed his examination.
As Hani blew out the
candles, she caught her
hair on fire.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Correlative
Conjunctions

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A question word is used
to ask a question about
someone or something.
We always use words
such as who, what,
where, when, which,
whose, whom, why and
how to interrogate.
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QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
Who Ask about someone
Example:
1) Who is your favourite teacher?
2) Who are your best friends?
3) Who is sitting next to you?
What Ask about specific information?
Example:
1) What is your name?
2) What time is the bus coming?
3) What size are your shoes?
4) What is the day today?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
Where Ask about a place
Example:
1) Where is Elena?
2) Where are you from?
3) Where is the library?
When Ask about time/ occasion
Example:
1) When do schools open?
2) When is your birthday?
3) When is the National Day?
4) When will you come here?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
Which Ask about choice or preference
Example:
1) Which book did you borrow?
2) Which day do your prefer?
3) Which is better? This one or that one?
Why Ask for the reason/ explanation
Example:
1) Why is the boy crying?
2) Why are you always late?
3) Why did he do that?
4) Why did you scold her?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
How Ask about manner / something is done
Example:
1) How do you make a kite?
2) How does you know him?
3) How can I learn English quickly?
How
old
many
much
Ask about quantity
Example:
1) How old are you?
2) How many days are there in a week?
3) How many pencils do you have?
4) How much money do you have?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
How
often
Ask about frequency
Example:
1) How often you visit your grandparents?
2) How often are you sick?
3) How often do you eat?
How
many
How
much
Ask about quantity
Example:
1) How old are you?
2) How many days are there in a week?
3) How many pencils do you have?
4) How much money you have in the bank?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
How far Ask about the distance
Example:
1) How far is Marang from here?
2) How far is your school from here?
3) How far is the Sun from the Earth?
How long Ask about the duration/ length
Example:
1) How long have you know your friend?
2) How long will you take to complete
the task?
3) How long is Pahang River?

QUESTION WORDS
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Word Functions
Whose Ask about possession
Example:
1) Whose book is this?
2) Whose cat is purring outside?
3) Whose phone keeps ringing?
Whom Ask about object pronoun
Example:
1) Whom are you going to invite?
2) Whom did you speak to?
3) Whom do you want to play with?

QUESTION WORDS
141
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Word Functions
Whose Ask about possession
Example:
1) Whose book is this?
2) Whose cat is purring outside?
3) Whose phone keeps ringing?
4) Whose son went missing?
Whom Ask about object pronoun
Example:
1) Whom are you going to invite?
2) Whom did you speak to?
3) Whom do you want to play with?

YES / NO QUESTIONS
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Word Functions
Are Are you coming tomorrow?
Is Is he coming tomorrow?
Am Am I going to do this?
Do Do you like cats?
Does Does he like cats?
Did Did he come yesterday?
Has Has he came here?
Have Have you got a cat?

YES / NO QUESTIONS
143
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Word Functions
Are Are you coming tomorrow?
Is Is he coming tomorrow?
Am Am I going to do this?
Do Do you like cats?
Does Does he like cats?
Did Did he come yesterday?
Has Has he came home?
Have Have you got a cat?

YES / NO QUESTIONS
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Word Functions
Had Had you ever seen him before?
Have got Have you got blue eyes?
Has got Has she got black hair?
Is there Is there a cat in the house?
Are there Are there three snakes in the zoo?
Can Can you borrow me your books?
Could Could you please help me?
Will Will you come to my house?

YES / NO QUESTIONS
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Word Functions
Would Would you like, tea or coffee?
Should Should I tell him earlier?
Shall Shall we go now?
Must Must I help him?
Sentence Structure for WH Question
QW – Helping Words – Subject – Verb – Object
When is he coming to school?
Sentence Structure for Yes/No Question
Modal – Subject – Verb – Object
Did you go to school?

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Question tags is used
when you want
someone to agree or
disagree
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QUESTION TAGS
• Forms of questions tags are as follows:
Positive Statement – Question Tag Negative
Example:
1) You are okay, aren’t you?
2) You came here yesterday, didn’t you?
3) Hakim is a boy, isn’t he?
4) You have got blue eyes, haven’t you?
5) They play football on Sundays, don’t they?
6) He can cook, can’t he?
7) You should win, shouldn’t you?
8) She isn’t sick, is she?
9) Elena hasn’t won the contest, has she?
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Subject – Verb Agreement
is a requirement that a
subject and verb of a
clause or sentence must
match in person or
number, whether singular
or plural.
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RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
• Rule 1 : Subject and verb must agree in number.
Example: SS-SV
The dog growls.
• Rule 2 : The word that comes between subject
and verb do not affect agreement.
Example: SS – SV
Elena always wins the competition.
• Rule 3 : Prepositional phrases do not affect
the agreement
Example: PS - PV
The colours of the rainbow are beautiful.
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• Rule 4 : Subject don’t always come before
verb.
Example: What day is it today?
• Rule 5 : TiTa
Example: There is a boy.
Example: There are two boys.
• Rule 6 : Two subjects are joined by ‘and’, they
become plural
Example: Anif and Aniq are playing football at
the field.
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• Rule 7 : Uncountable noun is regarded as a
single subject.
Example: Rice is my favourite dish.
• Rule 8 : Words ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘any’, ‘no that
come before a subject, verb is singular.
Example: Each of you is accepted into our
school team.
• Rule 9 : The correlative conjunctions
‘either__or’ and ‘neither__no’, the verb is
singular
Example: Either Hanif or Azman wins the race.
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• Rule 12 : Indefinite Pronoun – everybody,
somebody, someone, something acts as
singular noun, verb is singular
Example: SS-SV
Everybody is doing okay here.
• Rule 13: ‘Few’, ‘many’, ‘several’, ‘both’, ‘all’ and
‘some’ acts as plural subject, the verb remains
a root verb.
Example: SS-SV
Many people attend Pak Ali’s son’s wedding.
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• Rule 14 : Gerunds take singular subject, the
verb takes singular verb
Example: SS-SV
Swimming is my hobby
• Rule 15: Title of the books, movies, novels, act
as singular subject, the verb is plural verb.
Example: SS-SV
Harry Potter is Hakim’s favourite book.
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Punctuations are
used to create sense,
clarity, and stress in
a sentence. Common
punctuations are the
period, question
mark, coma, and
exclamation mark.
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PUNCTUATIONS GUIDE
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Symbol Function
. The period ends the sentence.
Example: Elena sits on the floor.
,
Comma separates the grammar
components in a sentence.
Example:
My mother bought me an eraser, a pencil,
a ruler, and a book.
? A question marks end direct questions.
Example: Do you have cats?

PUNCTUATIONS GUIDE
156
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Symbol Function
!
The exclamation marks is used to express
exasperation, astonishment or surprise.
Example: Help! Help! The house in on fire.
-
A hyphen join two or more words
together to form a single word.
Example: up-to-date, son-in-law
’
An apostrophe is used to show
possession.
Example: Ali’s house.

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Simile is derived from
the word “similar”. It
is used to compare
someone or something
with another. In a
sentence, the words
as-as and like are
similes.
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COMMON SIMILES
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As big as an elephant
As black as coal
As blind as a bat
As bold as brass
As brave as a lion
As bright as a button
As busy as a bee
As cheap as dirt
As clean as a whistle
As clear as mud
As clear as crystal
As cold as ice
As cool as a cucumber
As cunning as a fox
As cute as a bug's ear
As dead as a doornail
As deaf as a post
As dry as a bone
More similes
FIGURATIVE SPEECH BOOKLET

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Idioms are a groups
of words that have a
particular meaning
that is different from
the meaning of each
individual word.

COMMON IDIOMS
160
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Proverbs are
simple, concrete,
traditional
sayings that
express truths
based on common
senses or
experiences.
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COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
Absence makes the
heart grow fonder.
When you are away from
someone you love, you love
them even more.
Accidents will
happen.
Some unfortunate events
must be accepted as
inevitable.
Actions speak louder
than words.
What a person actually does
is more important that what
they say they will do.

COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
All good things come
to those who wait. Patience brings rewards.
All that glitters is
not gold.
Appearances can be
deceptive.
All's well that ends
well
There is a solution to
everything even though
there are doubts.
An apple a day
keeps the doctor
away.
A small preventive
treatment wards off
serious problems.

COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
An ounce of
prevention is worth
a pound of cure.
It is easier to prevent
something from happening
than to repair the damage
or cure the disease later.
April showers bring
May flowers.
Something bad or unpleasant
today may bring good things
in the future.
A bad tree does not
yield good apples.
A bad parent does not raise
good children.

COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
A cat has nine lives.
Cats can survive many
accidents because they land
on their feet without injury.
A flower blooms
more than once.
If you miss an occasion, you
can avail of it at another
time.
A friend in need is a
friend indeed.
Someone who helps you
when you are in trouble is a
real friend.
A friend's eye is a
good mirror.
A real friend will tell you the
truth.

COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
A good beginning
makes a good end.
If a task is carefully
planned, there's a better
chance that it will be done
well.
A rolling stone
gathers no moss.
If a person keeps moving
from place to place, they
gain neither friends or
possessions.
A rotten apple spoils
the barrel.
A dishonest or immoral
person can have a bad
influence on a group.

COMMON PROVERBS
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Proverbs Meaning
A stitch in time
saves nine.
It's better to deal with a
problem at an early stage, to
prevent it from getting
worse.
A tree is known by
its fruit.
A man is judged by his
actions.
As you sow, so shall
you reap
You have to accept the
consequences of your
actions.
More proverbs:

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Phrasal verbs are
idiomatic phrases
containing of a verb
and another element:
either adverb or
preposition or a
combination of both.
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COMMON PHRASAL VERBS
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get - come to have
Get in - arrive
Get away - escape
Get up - wake up
Get out - dispel
Get over - recover from
More phrasal verb :

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Synonyms are
words or phrases
that mean exactly
or nearly the
same as another
words or phrases
in the same
language.
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SYNONYMS
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Instead of Use Instead of Use
clever smart run dash
good excellent hide conceal
stupid dumb do execute
bad inferior walk plod
awful horrible have own
interesting fascinating use utilize
come reach get obtain
More synonyms : WITCH WORDS

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Antonyms are
words or phrases
that are opposite in
meaning to another
words and phrases
in the same
language.
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OPPOSITES
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Word Opposite Word Opposite
new old push pull
modern ancient open close
big small switch on switch off
rich poor go return
old young borrow lend
man woman hot cold
boy girl beautiful ugly
More antonyms : LIST OF OPPOSITES

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Graphics
thekidzpage@com
Dictionary & Thesaurus
The Oxford English Grammar
The Oxford English Dictionaries 2013
https://www.oxforddictionaries.com
Merriem-Webster
https://www.merriem-Webster.com
Fonts
Kimberly Geswein Fonts
Online Grammar Check
GrammarBook.com
Graphics
Whimsy Clips
https://t.me/sirplz

GRAMMAR NOTE.pdf

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GRAMMAR NOTE.pdf