The document discusses several semantic barriers to communication, including badly expressed messages that can be misinterpreted, words with multiple meanings, faulty translations, assumptions made by the sender, use of technical jargon, and misinterpreting body language and gestures. It then provides parameters for better communication such as pre-thinking, having a specific objective, being timely, concise, complete, correct, persuasive, concrete, and including feedback.
WCC COMM 101H connect check in + paper LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and deadlines for students taking an online course. It reminds students that chapters 1 of the LearnSmart reading and Connect quiz are due by the end of the day. It also lists the due dates for upcoming chapters and notes that the entire semester's assignments have been posted. Students are instructed to submit a 7-10 page research paper on how a mass media message or technology has significantly impacted culture and are given examples of potential topics to choose from.
WCC Connect check in + paper info (m) LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and potential topics for students writing a research paper on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. It lists various mass media channels and examples of impacts such as how movies, television, or specific media messages shaped culture. It also provides lists of suggested topics addressing different aspects of culture that may have been influenced by mass media/technology, such as body image, education, journalism, and more. Students are encouraged to choose a topic they are interested in and find at least three credible sources to support a 5-page research paper using MLA format.
WCC Connect check in + paper info LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and potential topics for students writing a research paper on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. It lists various mass media channels and examples of impacts such as how movies, television, or specific media messages like Star Wars have shaped culture. It also provides examples of past student paper topics and suggests additional topics related to areas like multitasking, addiction, education, body image, and more. Students are instructed to write a 5-page research paper on an approved topic using at least 3 credible sources.
WCC COMM 101 Connect check in (chapter #1) + paper LUTHERprofluther
The document provides an update on student progress on assignments in their online course. It states that 13 students have completed the reading for Chapter 1 but reminds students they must also complete the accompanying questions. It also says that 8 students have finished the Chapter 1 quiz and notes the policies for late quizzes. The document outlines potential topics for a research paper on how mass media or technology has significantly impacted culture and provides examples of past paper topics. It encourages students to pay attention to examples in the course and everyday life.
This document provides background context on public diplomacy and strategic communication. It then examines the challenges the U.S. government faced in managing its messaging in response to the anti-Islamic video and subsequent attacks on U.S. diplomatic facilities in Benghazi, Libya in September 2012. These challenges included dealing with inadequate information, competing priorities between government agencies, and communicating to diverse foreign and domestic audiences in a globalized media environment.
The document provides guidelines for a research paper assignment on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. Students must write a 7.5-8 page research paper on a mass media channel or message and how it shaped culture. They should use at least 3 credible sources and MLA formatting. Example topics are provided that analyze the impact of various media like movies, television, books, and the internet on culture.
COMM 106 elements of news-finding mmj examples LUTHERprofluther
This document provides an overview of the course COMM 106: Multimedia Journalism. It defines key terms like multimedia and journalism and discusses the basics of journalism practice. It then outlines the history of different mass media types from print to digital. The document focuses on defining multimedia journalism as the convergence of traditional broadcast media like television and radio with print, internet, and mobile technologies. It provides examples of how modern journalism utilizes multiple media platforms simultaneously to engage audiences.
WCC COMM 101H connect check in + paper LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and deadlines for students taking an online course. It reminds students that chapters 1 of the LearnSmart reading and Connect quiz are due by the end of the day. It also lists the due dates for upcoming chapters and notes that the entire semester's assignments have been posted. Students are instructed to submit a 7-10 page research paper on how a mass media message or technology has significantly impacted culture and are given examples of potential topics to choose from.
WCC Connect check in + paper info (m) LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and potential topics for students writing a research paper on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. It lists various mass media channels and examples of impacts such as how movies, television, or specific media messages shaped culture. It also provides lists of suggested topics addressing different aspects of culture that may have been influenced by mass media/technology, such as body image, education, journalism, and more. Students are encouraged to choose a topic they are interested in and find at least three credible sources to support a 5-page research paper using MLA format.
WCC Connect check in + paper info LUTHERprofluther
The document provides guidance and potential topics for students writing a research paper on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. It lists various mass media channels and examples of impacts such as how movies, television, or specific media messages like Star Wars have shaped culture. It also provides examples of past student paper topics and suggests additional topics related to areas like multitasking, addiction, education, body image, and more. Students are instructed to write a 5-page research paper on an approved topic using at least 3 credible sources.
WCC COMM 101 Connect check in (chapter #1) + paper LUTHERprofluther
The document provides an update on student progress on assignments in their online course. It states that 13 students have completed the reading for Chapter 1 but reminds students they must also complete the accompanying questions. It also says that 8 students have finished the Chapter 1 quiz and notes the policies for late quizzes. The document outlines potential topics for a research paper on how mass media or technology has significantly impacted culture and provides examples of past paper topics. It encourages students to pay attention to examples in the course and everyday life.
This document provides background context on public diplomacy and strategic communication. It then examines the challenges the U.S. government faced in managing its messaging in response to the anti-Islamic video and subsequent attacks on U.S. diplomatic facilities in Benghazi, Libya in September 2012. These challenges included dealing with inadequate information, competing priorities between government agencies, and communicating to diverse foreign and domestic audiences in a globalized media environment.
The document provides guidelines for a research paper assignment on how mass media or mass media technology has impacted culture in a significant way. Students must write a 7.5-8 page research paper on a mass media channel or message and how it shaped culture. They should use at least 3 credible sources and MLA formatting. Example topics are provided that analyze the impact of various media like movies, television, books, and the internet on culture.
COMM 106 elements of news-finding mmj examples LUTHERprofluther
This document provides an overview of the course COMM 106: Multimedia Journalism. It defines key terms like multimedia and journalism and discusses the basics of journalism practice. It then outlines the history of different mass media types from print to digital. The document focuses on defining multimedia journalism as the convergence of traditional broadcast media like television and radio with print, internet, and mobile technologies. It provides examples of how modern journalism utilizes multiple media platforms simultaneously to engage audiences.
The document discusses the relationship between media and various political institutions. It begins by describing the adversarial relationship between media and government, with media wanting to monitor government and government wanting to influence media. It then discusses how media interacts with and covers the executive branch, Congress, judicial system, state/local governments, criminal justice system, and foreign affairs. Key points include the rise of television increasing executive coverage, challenges of covering Congress as a large body, and Supreme Court usually receiving higher approval ratings than other branches.
The document discusses the topic of propaganda by defining what propaganda is, where it can be found, and some techniques commonly used. It notes that propaganda can appear in many forms, aims to influence people's attitudes and behaviors, and may use truths, half-truths, or lies. It also states that propaganda is often found in journalism, advertising, government, education, and entertainment. Some key techniques mentioned are activating strong emotions, attacking opponents, simplifying information and ideas, and responding to audience needs.
FINAL PRINT -Engagement in the Details - AN ANALYSIS OF READER INTERACTION AC...Nathan J Stone
This document is an introduction to a final project submitted by Nathan J. Stone for a master's degree. It discusses reader engagement with news across the New York Times and Facebook. It reviews literature on how people consume vast amounts of information through various sources like social media. It also discusses an experiment by NPR where they posted a fake news story to see how many people would comment without reading it. The introduction argues that for a democratic society, readers need to critically analyze and understand what they are reading rather than just scanning headlines. It will analyze reader comments on top stories from the New York Times and Facebook to examine the depth of engagement.
How Local People Learn about their Local CommunityGenaro Bardy
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey about how people learn about their local community. Some of the main points are:
- Americans use a variety of sources for local news, not just TV as commonly believed. Sources include newspapers, radio, internet, and word of mouth.
- Younger adults rely more on the internet while older adults still use more traditional sources like TV and newspapers.
- Newspapers play a bigger role than realized, ranking as the top source for information on 11 of 16 local topics like crime, government, and schools.
- The internet is increasingly important, especially for younger people, but no single source dominates as people pick sources based on topic.
Updating the discourse: practices of political news production and consumptio...cyborgology
The document analyzes political news production and consumption on Facebook during the 2012 US presidential elections. It finds that norms discourage direct political posting due to taboos around conflict and issues are discussed through cynicism and humor instead. The architecture allows bypassing of social norms by posting indirectly to audiences and linking to authoritative media sources, but ultimately practices reflected disengagement rather than revolutionizing political discourse due to cultural and environmental factors beyond the technology itself.
This document discusses key aspects of news gathering and reporting such as:
- The main categories of news including hard news, soft news, and investigative reports.
- Important news sources range from news agencies to social media.
- Key criteria that determine news worthiness are impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, novelty, conflict, drama, and human interest.
- The process of covering a news story involves information gathering, story boarding, editing, and package delivery to stations.
- News gatekeeping refers to the filtering of information to the public by media organizations and individuals at different stages of the news process.
This document discusses the impact of changing media on politics. It covers several topics:
1) The expansion of media choices from broadcast TV to cable and internet has increased fragmentation and polarization as people selectively expose themselves to ideologically-aligned content.
2) New media like blogs and social media have become important sources of political information and organizing, though traditional media still drive much of the content and agenda.
3) While new media enables greater engagement and mobilization, especially on issues of low-interest to most people, the overall impact on "digital democracy" has been more modest than initially hoped due to organizational advantages of traditional players.
COMM 101 project #1 recap fall '21 LUTHERprofluther
The document outlines an assignment for a class project on understanding mass media. Students are instructed to avoid all mass media channels for 24 hours and then report on the media they could not avoid, what they missed, substitute activities, and personal conclusions about their relationship with mass media. Mass media is defined as using technology to deliver the same message to many people at once who typically do not know each other. The assignment asks students to reflect on how mass media both allows bonding with others but can also be used to avoid introspection, and how mass media has become integral to participation in social, work and education life.
This document discusses different perspectives on mass communication, including the functional, empirical, and critical/cultural perspectives. It then focuses on two main critical perspectives: the dominance perspective and the liberal pluralist perspective. The dominance perspective views mass media as a tool used by ruling bodies to maintain control over audiences by promoting dominant ideologies. In contrast, the liberal pluralist perspective sees power as dispersed and media content as reflecting audience interests rather than the interests of media owners or any dominant class.
This document discusses the rise of "fake news" and its impact on media consumption and politics. It notes that fake websites are pushing political agendas while claiming journalistic standards, and are changing how people consume media. Some key points made include:
- Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are increasingly how people get their news, especially younger generations, but the reliability of news on these sites is questionable.
- The rise of "alternative facts" and celebrity gossip passing as news has blurred the lines between facts and falsehoods for many consumers.
- Younger generations in particular seem to prioritize entertainment over factual news in their media diets and do not carefully fact-check information on social media.
- This
The document discusses the phenomenon of anomie, or normlessness, in photos used in online journalism. It identifies several types of anomie seen in news photos, including photo fraud, eroticization, violence, and infringement on privacy and copyright. It then examines reasons for this anomie, such as advances in technology enabling easy photo sharing, psychology of editors and readers prioritizing attention-grabbing photos, and lack of oversight. Finally, it outlines influences of photo anomie, such as negatively impacting youth development, filtering important news, influencing morality unconsciously, and reducing credibility of online media.
Citizen journalism has risen with social media and allows ordinary citizens to play an active role in collecting and reporting news. It provides faster reporting and gives voice to uncensored perspectives but lacks professional standards. It influences mainstream journalism by challenging news monopolies and collaborating to provide diverse coverage. In China, it has empowered citizens and pressured governments but focuses more on entertainment than social issues due to censorship. Overall, it supplements professional journalism when used together through collaboration.
This document discusses credibility of social media in mainland China. It defines media credibility as a media's quality and ability to be believed and trusted by audiences. It then ranks different types of mainstream media according to credibility surveys, with television ranked highest and social media like Weibo ranked lower than traditional media like newspapers.
The document focuses on Weibo and analyzes the credibility of different types of accounts, finding traditional news media accounts to have the highest credibility. It notes that accounts of professionals have high influence but sometimes guide public opinion incorrectly. We media accounts that anyone can create have the lowest credibility as some spread false news for attention. The document concludes with discussions on how government policy and individual actions can help improve social media credibility.
This document provides an overview of mass media and communication theories. It discusses the following key points:
1. Communication is a social process that requires commonality and shared understanding between parties. Mass media plays an important role in shaping culture.
2. The communication process involves encoding an idea into a message, transmitting the message through a channel, receiving and decoding the message, and providing feedback. Noise can interfere with effective communication.
3. Mass media functions include informing, educating, entertaining, and transmitting cultural heritage while pursuing commercial interests. Theories of communication include the transmission model and dialogic models. Indian theories also emphasize shared understanding.
4. Mass culture refers to popular entertainment spread through mass media,
The document discusses several key aspects of the evolution of mass media technologies over different epochs, from face-to-face communication to modern digital media. It notes that each new medium shapes how people think and communicate. Specifically, it analyzes Marshall McLuhan's theories about hot and cool media and how the dominant medium of an era determines the senses used and ways of interacting. It then summarizes the technological changes that defined several major epochs in mass communication.
Informed Citizen Akron #1: Improving Candidate-Focused Media Coverage in the ...Jefferson Center
This the first out of three reports in the Informed Citizen Akron project. A demographically-balanced panel of eighteen Akron-area residents met at the University of Akron Student Center to participate in the Informed Citizen Akron project, and were given the charge to learn from media experts, to deliberate, and to generate recommendations for how local and Ohio-based media partners can improve issue-based coverage during the 2016 presidential election.
Lecture 2: Perspectives of Mass CommmunicationsPhilip Gan
The document summarizes a lecture on introductory mass communication. It discusses two main perspectives on studying mass communication - the functional approach and critical/cultural approach.
The functional approach examines how media fulfills certain roles or functions for society, such as surveillance, interpretation, and entertainment. It also looks at uses and gratifications theory, which analyzes how individuals use media to fulfill needs.
The critical/cultural approach developed from Marxist and feminist theories. It examines concepts like ideology, hegemony, and culture. It views media as reinforcing existing power structures and promoting dominant values. Both approaches provide useful ways to analyze media but come to different conclusions.
Getting to know your relevant media outlets and contacts is a critical step to take before disaster strikes. In this presentation, you'll learn how mainstream media is evolving (and how that affects your business), which
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and media including:
1) How communications media spread information and values globally, creating a "global village".
2) The power of media and its limits, as changing technologies allow people more choice in content.
3) How mass media reflects and shapes cultural values and interests on a global scale through agenda setting and the spread of popular music and culture across borders.
Media has a significant influence on society through its ability to shape attitudes, behaviors, opinions and thinking. It can have both positive and negative impacts. Positively, media keeps people informed and helps form judgments on issues. However, it can also promote unrealistic standards of beauty, enable cyberbullying, and weaken important real-world relationships by over-focusing on casual online connections. Different media theories like cultivation theory and agenda setting theory explain various ways media impacts society.
The document discusses the relationship between media and various political institutions. It begins by describing the adversarial relationship between media and government, with media wanting to monitor government and government wanting to influence media. It then discusses how media interacts with and covers the executive branch, Congress, judicial system, state/local governments, criminal justice system, and foreign affairs. Key points include the rise of television increasing executive coverage, challenges of covering Congress as a large body, and Supreme Court usually receiving higher approval ratings than other branches.
The document discusses the topic of propaganda by defining what propaganda is, where it can be found, and some techniques commonly used. It notes that propaganda can appear in many forms, aims to influence people's attitudes and behaviors, and may use truths, half-truths, or lies. It also states that propaganda is often found in journalism, advertising, government, education, and entertainment. Some key techniques mentioned are activating strong emotions, attacking opponents, simplifying information and ideas, and responding to audience needs.
FINAL PRINT -Engagement in the Details - AN ANALYSIS OF READER INTERACTION AC...Nathan J Stone
This document is an introduction to a final project submitted by Nathan J. Stone for a master's degree. It discusses reader engagement with news across the New York Times and Facebook. It reviews literature on how people consume vast amounts of information through various sources like social media. It also discusses an experiment by NPR where they posted a fake news story to see how many people would comment without reading it. The introduction argues that for a democratic society, readers need to critically analyze and understand what they are reading rather than just scanning headlines. It will analyze reader comments on top stories from the New York Times and Facebook to examine the depth of engagement.
How Local People Learn about their Local CommunityGenaro Bardy
This document summarizes the key findings of a survey about how people learn about their local community. Some of the main points are:
- Americans use a variety of sources for local news, not just TV as commonly believed. Sources include newspapers, radio, internet, and word of mouth.
- Younger adults rely more on the internet while older adults still use more traditional sources like TV and newspapers.
- Newspapers play a bigger role than realized, ranking as the top source for information on 11 of 16 local topics like crime, government, and schools.
- The internet is increasingly important, especially for younger people, but no single source dominates as people pick sources based on topic.
Updating the discourse: practices of political news production and consumptio...cyborgology
The document analyzes political news production and consumption on Facebook during the 2012 US presidential elections. It finds that norms discourage direct political posting due to taboos around conflict and issues are discussed through cynicism and humor instead. The architecture allows bypassing of social norms by posting indirectly to audiences and linking to authoritative media sources, but ultimately practices reflected disengagement rather than revolutionizing political discourse due to cultural and environmental factors beyond the technology itself.
This document discusses key aspects of news gathering and reporting such as:
- The main categories of news including hard news, soft news, and investigative reports.
- Important news sources range from news agencies to social media.
- Key criteria that determine news worthiness are impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, novelty, conflict, drama, and human interest.
- The process of covering a news story involves information gathering, story boarding, editing, and package delivery to stations.
- News gatekeeping refers to the filtering of information to the public by media organizations and individuals at different stages of the news process.
This document discusses the impact of changing media on politics. It covers several topics:
1) The expansion of media choices from broadcast TV to cable and internet has increased fragmentation and polarization as people selectively expose themselves to ideologically-aligned content.
2) New media like blogs and social media have become important sources of political information and organizing, though traditional media still drive much of the content and agenda.
3) While new media enables greater engagement and mobilization, especially on issues of low-interest to most people, the overall impact on "digital democracy" has been more modest than initially hoped due to organizational advantages of traditional players.
COMM 101 project #1 recap fall '21 LUTHERprofluther
The document outlines an assignment for a class project on understanding mass media. Students are instructed to avoid all mass media channels for 24 hours and then report on the media they could not avoid, what they missed, substitute activities, and personal conclusions about their relationship with mass media. Mass media is defined as using technology to deliver the same message to many people at once who typically do not know each other. The assignment asks students to reflect on how mass media both allows bonding with others but can also be used to avoid introspection, and how mass media has become integral to participation in social, work and education life.
This document discusses different perspectives on mass communication, including the functional, empirical, and critical/cultural perspectives. It then focuses on two main critical perspectives: the dominance perspective and the liberal pluralist perspective. The dominance perspective views mass media as a tool used by ruling bodies to maintain control over audiences by promoting dominant ideologies. In contrast, the liberal pluralist perspective sees power as dispersed and media content as reflecting audience interests rather than the interests of media owners or any dominant class.
This document discusses the rise of "fake news" and its impact on media consumption and politics. It notes that fake websites are pushing political agendas while claiming journalistic standards, and are changing how people consume media. Some key points made include:
- Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are increasingly how people get their news, especially younger generations, but the reliability of news on these sites is questionable.
- The rise of "alternative facts" and celebrity gossip passing as news has blurred the lines between facts and falsehoods for many consumers.
- Younger generations in particular seem to prioritize entertainment over factual news in their media diets and do not carefully fact-check information on social media.
- This
The document discusses the phenomenon of anomie, or normlessness, in photos used in online journalism. It identifies several types of anomie seen in news photos, including photo fraud, eroticization, violence, and infringement on privacy and copyright. It then examines reasons for this anomie, such as advances in technology enabling easy photo sharing, psychology of editors and readers prioritizing attention-grabbing photos, and lack of oversight. Finally, it outlines influences of photo anomie, such as negatively impacting youth development, filtering important news, influencing morality unconsciously, and reducing credibility of online media.
Citizen journalism has risen with social media and allows ordinary citizens to play an active role in collecting and reporting news. It provides faster reporting and gives voice to uncensored perspectives but lacks professional standards. It influences mainstream journalism by challenging news monopolies and collaborating to provide diverse coverage. In China, it has empowered citizens and pressured governments but focuses more on entertainment than social issues due to censorship. Overall, it supplements professional journalism when used together through collaboration.
This document discusses credibility of social media in mainland China. It defines media credibility as a media's quality and ability to be believed and trusted by audiences. It then ranks different types of mainstream media according to credibility surveys, with television ranked highest and social media like Weibo ranked lower than traditional media like newspapers.
The document focuses on Weibo and analyzes the credibility of different types of accounts, finding traditional news media accounts to have the highest credibility. It notes that accounts of professionals have high influence but sometimes guide public opinion incorrectly. We media accounts that anyone can create have the lowest credibility as some spread false news for attention. The document concludes with discussions on how government policy and individual actions can help improve social media credibility.
This document provides an overview of mass media and communication theories. It discusses the following key points:
1. Communication is a social process that requires commonality and shared understanding between parties. Mass media plays an important role in shaping culture.
2. The communication process involves encoding an idea into a message, transmitting the message through a channel, receiving and decoding the message, and providing feedback. Noise can interfere with effective communication.
3. Mass media functions include informing, educating, entertaining, and transmitting cultural heritage while pursuing commercial interests. Theories of communication include the transmission model and dialogic models. Indian theories also emphasize shared understanding.
4. Mass culture refers to popular entertainment spread through mass media,
The document discusses several key aspects of the evolution of mass media technologies over different epochs, from face-to-face communication to modern digital media. It notes that each new medium shapes how people think and communicate. Specifically, it analyzes Marshall McLuhan's theories about hot and cool media and how the dominant medium of an era determines the senses used and ways of interacting. It then summarizes the technological changes that defined several major epochs in mass communication.
Informed Citizen Akron #1: Improving Candidate-Focused Media Coverage in the ...Jefferson Center
This the first out of three reports in the Informed Citizen Akron project. A demographically-balanced panel of eighteen Akron-area residents met at the University of Akron Student Center to participate in the Informed Citizen Akron project, and were given the charge to learn from media experts, to deliberate, and to generate recommendations for how local and Ohio-based media partners can improve issue-based coverage during the 2016 presidential election.
Lecture 2: Perspectives of Mass CommmunicationsPhilip Gan
The document summarizes a lecture on introductory mass communication. It discusses two main perspectives on studying mass communication - the functional approach and critical/cultural approach.
The functional approach examines how media fulfills certain roles or functions for society, such as surveillance, interpretation, and entertainment. It also looks at uses and gratifications theory, which analyzes how individuals use media to fulfill needs.
The critical/cultural approach developed from Marxist and feminist theories. It examines concepts like ideology, hegemony, and culture. It views media as reinforcing existing power structures and promoting dominant values. Both approaches provide useful ways to analyze media but come to different conclusions.
Getting to know your relevant media outlets and contacts is a critical step to take before disaster strikes. In this presentation, you'll learn how mainstream media is evolving (and how that affects your business), which
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and media including:
1) How communications media spread information and values globally, creating a "global village".
2) The power of media and its limits, as changing technologies allow people more choice in content.
3) How mass media reflects and shapes cultural values and interests on a global scale through agenda setting and the spread of popular music and culture across borders.
Media has a significant influence on society through its ability to shape attitudes, behaviors, opinions and thinking. It can have both positive and negative impacts. Positively, media keeps people informed and helps form judgments on issues. However, it can also promote unrealistic standards of beauty, enable cyberbullying, and weaken important real-world relationships by over-focusing on casual online connections. Different media theories like cultivation theory and agenda setting theory explain various ways media impacts society.
Istiak Ahmed presented on the role of press in nation building. He began by introducing himself and his topic. He defined press/media as the link between people that propagates information through various electronic and print means. A nation was defined as a community sharing a common territory, government, and often language and history. The presentation discussed the various types of media and how media can change knowledge, behavior, attitudes, and emotions. It described the important role of media in spreading information, exposing talents, educating children, and allowing public participation. The presentation emphasized that media should be positive, creative, informative, motivating, and entertaining in order to play a constructive role in society.
10 Power-Packed Insights: The Impact of TV and Mass Media on Modern Society |...TheEntrepreneurRevie
The question is Can today's society exist without TV and mass media? Let’s find out: 1. Information Dissemination: 2. Entertainment and Escapism: 3. Education and Awareness: 4. Social and Cultural Reflection: 5. Advertising and Consumerism:
Uses and gratifications theory seeks to understand why people choose certain media and what needs they fulfill. It posits that individuals actively select media to meet needs like entertainment, relaxation, or social connection, rather than being passive consumers. People may use media for diversion from problems, to enhance relationships, learn about their identity, or gain useful information (surveillance). Newspapers specifically provide gratification through surveillance of relevant events, as well as enabling social interactions and conveying societal morals. Our own newspaper work should aim to gratify readers through diversion, aiding relationships, shaping identity, and supplying surveillance.
The document discusses the role and impact of media. It notes that media can have both positive and negative effects. Positively, media can spread awareness, give a platform for sharing opinions, and reduce corruption. However, it can also spread rumors, hype situations, and endanger lives by broadcasting sensitive information. The document concludes that while media plays an important role, it needs regulations to ensure it remains ethical and considers its impact.
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The document discusses the influence of mass media on people's perceptions and understandings. It notes that while people may receive the same message from mass media, they can interpret and understand it differently based on their own experiences and knowledge. Mass media cannot totally control people's decisions and opinions due to these individual differences in comprehension. The document argues that relying too heavily on mass media alone could be dangerous, as people need to think critically about the messages they receive.
Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, fake news and librariesDr Trivedi
The document discusses misinformation, fake news, and the role of libraries in combating them. It covers topics like the types of misinformation and fake news, how they spread, challenges they present, and strategies for identifying and addressing them, including media and information literacy. The document advocates for libraries to promote these literacy strategies to help people distinguish misinformation from credible information online.
Mass communication involves a single source transmitting information to a large audience through mass media like newspapers, television, and the internet. Some problems facing mass communication include television violence negatively influencing children's behavior, the objectification of women in media, and factual errors in news stories. Additionally, media often chases sensational stories and overdramatizes news for profit rather than providing important information. Promising approaches to address these issues involve improved education and training of journalists, using methods like interviews, focus groups, and content analysis to better understand media impacts and inaccuracies.
Media Influence on Social Perceptions and Attitudes: A Closer LookbluetroyvictorVinay
In today’s digital age, media plays a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the world. From television and movies to social media and news outlets, the media has the power to influence our social perceptions and attitudes significantly. This article takes a closer look at the ways in which media can impact our views, beliefs, and behaviors.
The document discusses several negative impacts that commercialization and sensationalism in media have led to, including the proliferation of misinformation, the idolization of celebrities over important issues, and a reduction in credibility of news outlets. The drive for viewership and profits has incentivized exaggerating and distorting stories in pursuit of attention-grabbing headlines, often citing incorrect information. This misinforms the public and can increase tensions in society. As the internet grows, clickbait articles online are as guilty of sensationalism as other media.
Week 7: Uncontrolled Communication (the media)Kane Hopkins
The document discusses mass media and public relations practices. It notes that mass media includes technological channels used to maintain audiences. In New Zealand, media ownership is limited and newsrooms are shrinking. Five major media trends are identified, including new digital-only news organizations, social and mobile changes impacting the process of reporting, and local television experiencing changes. The document also discusses best practices for communicating with the media, such as using media releases, advisories, and social media; and pitching story ideas to journalists.
This document discusses key concepts related to mass communication including definitions, components, and functions. It defines mass communication as using mass media to send messages to large audiences to inform, entertain, or persuade. The key components it identifies are mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication, and mass audiences. It describes mass communicators as those who produce messages for mass media like journalists and advertisers. Mass messages are the content like news, movies, songs, etc. Mass media are the vehicles that carry these messages like newspapers, TV, radio, etc. It also discusses the size and diversity of mass audiences. Finally, it outlines several functions of mass communication including providing information, reflecting cultural values, entertainment, and mobilizing
I was recently asked to put together a presentation on the fake news phenomenon for discussions with leading journalists and media institutions in a developing country, with extremely poor media literacy but strong growth around social media use, on how to both identify misleading content and also stem its flow, reach and influence.
Download the full presentation as a PowerPoint (with embedded videos) or as an Apple Keynote file, here - https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxbk4wYolphwcVk4bV85aEFtYXc
'The Media' is one of the 12 subject areas to be discussed in TRINITY ISE III.
The Conversation task is a meaningful and authentic exchange of information, ideas and opinions. It is not a formal ‘question and answer’ interview. In this task, the examiner selects one subject area for discussion with the candidate.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
1. Semantic Barriers
There isalwaysa possibilityof misunderstandingthe feelingsof the senderof the message orgettinga
wrongmeaningof it.The words,signs,andfiguresusedinthe communicationare explainedbythe
receiverinthe lightof hisexperience whichcreates doubtful situations.Thishappensbecause the
informationisnotsentinsimple language.
The main language-relatedbarriersare asunder:
(i) BadlyExpressedMessage:
Because of the obscurityof language there isalwaysa possibilityof wronginterpretationof the
messages.Thisbarrieriscreatedbecause of the wrongchoice of words,incivil words,the wrong
sequence of sentencesandfrequentrepetitions.Thismaybe calledlinguisticchaos.
(ii) SymbolsorWordswithDifferentMeanings:
A symbol ora wordcan have differentmeanings.If the receivermisunderstandsthe communication,it
becomesmeaningless.Forexample,the word‘value’canhave differentmeaningsinthe following
sentences:
(a) What is the value of computereducationthese days?
(b) What isthe value of thismobile set?
(c) Value ourfriendship.
(iii) FaultyTranslation:
A managerreceivesmuchinformationfromhissuperiorsandsubordinatesandhe translatesitforall
the employeesaccordingtotheirlevel of understanding.Hence,the informationhastobe moulded
accordingto the understandingorenvironmentof the receiver.If there isalittle carelessnessinthis
process,the faultytranslationcanbe a barrierin the communication.
(iv) Un clarifiedAssumptions:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
It has beenobservedthatsometimesasendertakesitforgrantedthat the receiverknowssome basic
thingsand,therefore,itisenoughtotell himaboutthe majorsubjectmatter.Thispointof view of the
senderiscorrect to some extentwithreference tothe dailycommunication,butitisabsolutelywrongin
case of some special message,
(v) Technical Jargon:
Generally,ithasbeenseenthatthe people workinginanenterpriseare connectedwithsome special
technical groupwhohave theirseparate technical language.
2. Theircommunicationisnotsosimple asto be understoodbyeverybody.Hence,technical languagecan
be a barrierincommunication.Thistechnical groupincludesindustrial engineers,production
developmentmanager,qualitycontroller,etc.
(vi) BodyLanguage andGesture Decoding:
Whenthe communicationispassedonwiththe helpof bodylanguage andgestures,its
misunderstandinghindersthe properunderstandingof the message.Forexample,movingone’sneckto
replytoa questiondoesnotindicate properlywhetherthe meaningis‘Yes’or‘No’.
Parameter for Better communication
Followingfactorsshouldbe consideredforbettercommunication:
Pre-thinking
Pre-thinkingaboutthe message isanimportantqualityof effective communication.Pre-thinkingenables
the sendertodevelopacreative message andtotransmititefficiently.
• SpecificObjective
Communicationoccurswithspecificobjectives.Therefore,the communicatormustknow the
objective of communicationandmustarrange the message accordingly.
• Timeliness
Usefulnessof anymessage dependsonitstimelytransmission.If the message isnottransmittedin
appropriate time,itsutilityislost.Sothe communicatorshouldconsiderthe time of communication.
• Conciseness
Anotherimportantqualityof effective communicationisthatthe message shouldbe concise.The
concise message isone thatcontainsonlyrelevantandnecessaryfacts,avoidsrepetitionand
organizesproperly.
• Completeness
Effective communicationtransmitsacomplete messagesothatthe receivercanunderstandthe full
meaningof the message.The sendershouldnotsacrificecompletenesstoattainconciseness.
3. • Correctness
The effective communicationcontainsonlythe correctmessages.False,manipulated,and
exaggeratedinformationirritatesthe receiverandmakesthe communicationineffective.
• Persuasiveness
Persuasivenessisanimportantqualityof Effective communication.Ithelpstodevelopapositive
attitude of thyreceivertowardsthe message.
• Concreteness
Businesscommunicationbecomeseffective- whenitexcludesirrelevantfacts.Concretenessis
essential toexpressthe communicator’sview tothe receiverunambiguously.
• Feedback
Effective communicationalwayskeepsthe provisionof feedback.Feedbackensuresthatthe
message hasreachedto the intendedreceiver.
Advantages and Disadvantagesof Mass Media
Mass media enjoys a very prominent role in our lives. It is the only medium that keeps us
informed and connected to the outside world. However, a medium this large is sure to
influence society at large. The influences can be either positive or negative depending on
several factors.
Mass media can be categorized into broadcast media, print media, outdoor media, and digital
media. Broadcast media comprises radio, television, recorded music, and films, and transmits
information in electronic forms. Print media, as the name suggests, is a formof printed physical
media which includes newspapers, books, magazines, pamphlets, and comics. The third
one―outdoor media―consists of signs, billboards, and placards used in several places to
spread a common message. Digital media includes Internet services like blogs, emails, websites,
etc. It also includes mobile phone technology.
Pros of Mass Media:
4. • The wide reach offered by mass media is phenomenal and has the ability to cover a global
audience.
• Print and broadcast media are more focused in order to reach a specified target group.
Besides, these forms are easily accessible. For example, the daily newspaper lands on one's
doorstep, or one can receive the latest news via a television set.
• Certain types of media have a loyal fan following. This provides related advertisers,
publications, or television channels with a ready audience.
• Today, any kind of information is readily available on the Internet. One can use the Internet
for social networking, obtaining specific or general information, sending and receiving emails,
publishing content, and more. This makes the Internet one of the largest forms of mass media.
• Radio, television, music, Internet, books, are also very good sources of entertainment. One can
spend time watching a movie, or listening to music, reading a novel, etc.
• Mass media in all forms is also used to educate people about the happenings of the world.
Additionally, they also help increase awareness about different governmental policies,
provisions, politics, sports, business, etc.
Cons of Mass Media:
• When it comes to the authenticity of the information provided, it might not be genuine or
completely authentic from every perspective. This could lead to a certain degree of
misinterpretation on part of the general audience.
• There are a number of instances that involve the manipulation of news in order to gain
political benefit. This misleads the audience, thus leading to deception or lack of authenticity.
For example, a particular political party may manipulate reports in their favor, thus influencing
the audience in a favorable way.
• Biases can also occur on a very basic or personal level. As the information providing sources
are ultimately humans, they might tend to favor a certain news in competition to another.
5. • A particular event or a celebrity may receive undue importance, and set wrong ideals before
different sections of society, mostly youth. For example, a movie showing a very popular actor
or celebrity engaging in a narcotic addiction may divert his/her young fans and followers
towards a wrong path.
• Unnecessary sensationalismof an issue may project it in a wrong way. This would again lead
to misinterpretation or unnecessary exaggeration of the information on part of the general
public.
• Wrong interpretation of news may even blow things out of proportion and cause societal
imbalance. For instance, religious or ethnically sensitive information if interpreted in a wrong
way could lead to riots.
• At times, a certain piece of news or information may receive too much attention simply
because of lack of important news. This would mislead the audience into overemphasizing a
silly or less important piece of information.
• Although mass media poses more disadvantages than advantages, it is the only medi When it
comes to the authenticity of the information provided, it might not be genuine or completely
authentic from every perspective. This could lead to a certain degree of misinterpretation on
part of the general audience.
• There are a number of instances that involve the manipulation of news in order to gain
political benefit. This misleads the audience, thus leading to deception or lack of authenticity.
For example, a particular political party may manipulate reports in their favor, thus influencing
the audience in a favorable way.
• Biases can also occur on a very basic or personal level. As the information providing sources
are ultimately humans, they might tend to favor a certain news in competition to another.
• A particular event or a celebrity may receive undue importance, and set wrong ideals before
different sections of society, mostly youth. For example, a movie showing a very popular actor
or celebrity engaging in a narcotic addiction may divert his/her young fans and followers
towards a wrong path.
6. • Unnecessary sensationalismof an issue may project it in a wrong way. This would again lead
to misinterpretation or unnecessary exaggeration of the information on part of the general
public.
• Wrong interpretation of news may even blow things out of proportion and cause societal
imbalance. For instance, religious or ethnically sensitive information if interpreted in a wrong
way could lead to riots.
• At times, a certain piece of news or information may receive too much attention simply
because of lack of important news. This would mislead the audience into overemphasizing a
silly or less important piece of information.
Although mass media poses more disadvantages than advantages, it is the only medium that
helps us to stay updated and visualize the big picture of what's happening around the world.
Communication Models and their Functions
A model can be defined as a visual presentation that identifies, classifies and describes various
parts of a process. In the communication process, sender, message, media and receiver are
associated. Communication process starts with the transmission of message by communicator
and end with receiver’s feedback. When this communication process is represented through a
line or picture, it is called communication model. In other words, pictorial presentation of
communication process is known as communication model.
The simple model of communication consists of a sender, message and receiver. However, this
simple model ignores many other parts of communication process. So by incorporating all parts
of communication process, a comprehensive communication model is presented below:
In communication model, various parts of communication process are depicted in a sequential
and rational way.
7. In fine, it can be summed up that communication model is a diagrammatical presentation of
communication process. It is the logical settings of the elements of communication process.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION MODEL
Communication model refers to the visual representation of communication process.
Communication model performs certain function in developing communication skills and
efficiency. Some important functions of communications model are mentioned below:
• Teaching the elements of communication process: Communication model represents
various elements involved in sending and receiving message. So from communication
model, one can learn various aspects of communication process. For this reason, it is said
that communication model teaches communication process.
• Conducting research: The second important function of communication model is to help
in conducting research in the field of communication. Communication model presents
various aspects of communication logically that help the researchers are in understanding
the pattern of communication. So with the help of communication models, the
researchers can undertake communication research programmers and perform those
efficiently.
• Predicting the success or failure of communication process: Another function of
communication model is to predict or forecast the success or failure of a particular
communication process. Through this model, one can ascertain the causes of success or
failure of communication.
IMPORTANCE OR OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION MODEL
Communication model has evolved to understand the communication process. It helps to
understand the important aspects of communication. Some points highlighting the importance
or objectives of communication model are given below:
8. • Easy understanding of communication process: Communication model helps to
understand the communication process easily and logically.
• Showing information flow: Communication model shows how information flows form
one person to another in the organization.
• Introducing the parts of communication process: Communication model is also helpful
to orient the various parts of communication process to its readers.
• Easy presentation of communication process: Communication process is a complex
issue. Through a model, this complex issue can be presented easily.
• Understanding the communication complexities: Complex issues of commutation
process cannot be show in the communication model. Comparing these complexities with
the model, one can measure the degree of complexities in a given communication issue.
•
De Fleur Model of Communication
De Fleur Model of Communication consists of a two way communication process where the
receiver becomes the sender by providing feedback and by receiving the feedback, the sender
becomes the receiver.
The model is named after American scholar Melvin Lawrence DeFleur. He was a professor of
communications and social psychology with a PhD in Social Psychology.
This model is an expansion of Shannon and Weaver model of communication, which describes a
one way communication with feedback mechanism.
It is also based on the Westley and Maclean model of communication which proposed a circular
process of communication and feedback. Basically, De Fleur model is the combination of these
two models.
So, we suggest you make yourself familiar with the two models first before diving into De Fleur
model of communication.
9. De Fleur model of communication describes of a mass media device in the communication
process, which is circular in nature and is the first one to constitute a two way feedback
process.
As any other model, the communication originates at a source. Then it is sent to
a transmitterthat operates signal, after which a channel transfers it to a receiver. Once the
message reaches its destination, the receiver sends feedback. The feedback allows the sender
to determine if proper communication has taken place.
Here, the receiver assumes the role of a sender by sending feedback while the sender becomes
receiver by receiving feedback. Noise can occur at any stage in this model.
A feedback device is an important characteristic of this model. The feedback is given by a target
audience, which is different from receivers, whether the message has been received or not.
10. Feedback System
The observation of the receiver’s response is called feedback. In other words, the part of the
receiver’s response communicated back to the sender is called feedback. Actually it is the
amount of response of the receiver that reaches to the sender. It enables the sender to
evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Some definitions on feedback are given below-
According to Bartol & Martin, “Feedback is the receiver’s basic response to the interpreted
message”.
In the opinion of Bovee & Others, “Feedback is a response from the receiver that informs the
sender how the communication is being received in general”.
What is Feedback
From the discussion, we can say that feedback is a systemwhere the reaction or response of
the receiver reaches to the sender after he has interpreted the message. Feedback is inevitably
essential to make two way communication effective. In fact, without feedback in
communication remains incomplete.
CollectionofInformation:Feedbackisthe onlywayto collectinformationfromthe receiver,if the
receiverdoesn’tsendmessage of information(Feedback) tothe sender,there isnowayto collect
informationfromhim.So,feedbackhelpsthe organization(Sender) tocollectinformationfromdifferent
people (Receivers).
Completion of Entire Communication Process: Feedback is the last and important step of
communication process. Through feedback, the sender can learn the reaction or response of
the receiver. It is an essential step of communication without which communication process is
incomplete. So, in two-way communication feedback is mandatory.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Communication: Feedback is the only way to get the response
or reaction of the receiver. From it, the sender knows how well his message is understood and
how it will be used by the receiver. By analyzing the reaction, positive or negative, the sender of
the message can measure to what extent communication is effective and what are the
limitations with it. So, in two-way communication feedback is the only way to assess the
success of communication.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Media: We use different type of media to transmit messages.
The receiver gets the message by the media and understands its meaning. If receiver sends his
feedback to the sender, it means that the media are appropriate. Improper media cannot reach
11. the message to the receiver and thus fails to produce any Feedback. So, Feedback can be used
as a criterion of Effectiveness of Media.
Taking proper Decision: Feedback helps the sender to take proper decision. If the receiver does
not send his reaction or response on certain issue, the sender cannot decide on it. For example,
sometimes manager sends plans and decision or policies to the subordinates for their appraisal.
If the subordinates send their options, suggestion, complaints, reaction to the managers, they
can take better decisions. So, Feedback helps the managers to take proper and quality
decisions.
Problem Solving: Different types of problems may arise in an organization that must be solved
duly and timely. Two Way Communication helps to address the problem and provide solution
to the problem. For Example, if employees of an organization call for strike from the day after
tomorrow it their due salary is not paid by tomorrow. After receiving the message,
management of the organization decides to meet their demand but doesn’t inform the
employees. Problem will decide to meet their demand but doesn’t inform the employees.
Problem will remain, as the feedback of the management could not reach to the employees.
Coordination among Various Departments: There are many departments working in an
organization to achieve the super-ordinate goals of the organization. For the smooth
functioning of the activities, these departments must coordinate and cooperate with each
other. For coordination, each department must contact with other and send back response to
any query of other departments. So, Feedback is essentially required for bringing coordination
among departments.
Getting the Reactions of Receiver: Through feedback the sender can get the responses or
reactions of the receiver of his message. From the response, the sender responses, the sender
can assess how well the receiver has understood his message and if there is any clarification to
be made.
From the above discussion, we can say that feedback plays an important role in two way
business communication. It is essential for the completion of whole communication system. In
real sense, it is the essence of two way communication. So, What is Feedback? Feedback is
inevitable for successful communication. Its importance can never be ignored or undermined.
Television Program Categories
Category 1 News
12. Newscasts, newsbreaks, and headlines. Programs reporting on local, regional, national, and
international events. Such programs may include weather reports, sportscasts, community
news, and other related features or segments contained within "News Programs."
Category 2a) Analysis and Interpretation
Programs on various topics that include analysis or discussion, for example, talk or panel shows,
consumer affairs or reviews, newsmagazines and documentaries that do not fall under
category 2b). This category excludes programs presenting information primarily for
entertainment value.
The Commission notes that "Docutainment" programs, gossip or entertainment talk shows fall
more appropriately under category 11. Lifestyle magazine shows generally fall under
category 5b.
Category 2 b) Long-form documentary
Original works of non-fiction, primarily designed to inform but may also educate and entertain,
providing an in-depth critical analysis of a specific subject or point of view over the course of at
least 22 minutes. These programs shall not be used as commercial vehicles. Further, programs
that fall under the category 11(b) Reality television do not qualify as 2(b) programming.
Category 3 Reporting & Actualities
Programs focusing on the coverage of conferences, political conventions, opening/closing of
events (including awards dinners) and political debates, as well as programs of a non-
entertainment nature intended to raise funds.
Category 4 Religion
Programs dealing primarily with (i.e. more that 50%) religion and religious teachings, as well as
discussions of the human spiritual condition.
Category 5a) Formal Education & Pre-school
Programs presenting detailed information related to a wide variety of topics and used by the
viewer primarily to acquire knowledge. The programs can be related to established curricula. All
programs targeted at pre-schoolers (ages 2-5) except those that are primarily comprised of
drama.
Category 5b) Informal Education/Recreation & Leisure
13. Programs presenting information on recreation, hobby and skill development, recreational
sports and outdoor activities, travel and leisure, employment opportunities, and talk shows of
an informative ("how-to") nature.
Category 6 Sports
Programs of live or live-to-tape sports events and competitions including coverage of
professional and amateur tournaments. The category also includes programs reviewing and
analysing professional or amateur competitive sports events/teams (i.e. pre- and post-game
shows, magazine shows, scripted sports, call-in and talk shows, etc.). This category includes the
following sub-categories:
Category 6(a) Professional sports
Category 6(b) Amateur sports
Documentaries on sports-related topics fall under category 2. Programs on leisure and
recreational sports fall under category 5b).
Music and Entertainment
Category 7 Drama and Comedy
Entertainment productions of a fictional nature, including dramatisations of real events. They
must be comprised primarily of (i.e. more than 50%) dramatic performances. Category 7
includes the following subcategories:
a) On-going dramatic series
b) On-going comedy series (sitcoms);
c) Specials, mini-series, and made-for-TV feature films;
d) Theatrical feature films aired on television;
e) Animated television programs and films (excludes computer graphic productions without
story lines);
f) Programs of comedy sketches, improvisations, unscripted works, stand-up comedy; and
g) Other drama, including, but not limited to, readings, narratives, improvisations, tapes/films
of live theatre not developed specifically for television, experimental shorts, video clips,
continuous action animation (e.g. puppet shows).
Category 8a) Music and dance
14. Programs comprised primarily (i.e. more than 50%) of live or pre-recorded performances of
music and/or dance, including opera, operetta, ballet, and musicals. The performance portion
excludes videoclips, voice-overs or musical performances used as background.
Category 8b) Music video clips
Short filmor videotape productions or concert excerpts (clips) not produced primarily for the
particular program in which they are presented, which normally contain one musical selection
with visual material.
Category 8c) Music video programs
Programs consisting primarily (i.e. more than 50%) of music videos and in some cases including
a host and other programming elements.
Category 9 Variety
Programs containing primarily (i.e. more than 50%) performances of mixed character (e.g. not
exclusively music or comedy performances) consisting of a number of individual acts such as
singing, dancing, acrobatic exhibitions, comedy sketches, monologues, magic, etc.
Category 10 Game shows
Programs featuring games of skill and chance as well as quizzes.
Category 11(a) General entertainment and human interest
Programs primarily about the world of entertainment and its people. These programs include
celebrity profiles that may use promotional footage, talk or interview shows, award shows,
galas and tributes. They also include entertainment-oriented magazine shows; fund-raising
shows which include entertainers (i.e. telethons); human interest programs consisting of live or
live-to-tape footage without significant portions devoted to in-depth analysis or interpretation;
and coverage of community events such as carnivals, festivals, parades and fashion shows.
Programs consisting primarily (i.e. more than 50%) of performances fall under categories 7, 8 or
9.
Category 11(b) Reality television
Programs that present unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events
and typically feature ordinary people instead of professional actors. This type of programming
involves passively following individuals as they go about their daily personal and professional
activities.
Though unscripted, this programming may be directed and may resemble a soap opera – hence
15. the popular references to “docusoaps” and “docudramas.”
Though this type of programming may be factual, it lacks or has very minimal amounts of in-
depth critical analysis of a specific subject or point of view that is the key defining element of
category 2(b) Long-form documentary programming.
Other
Category 12 Interstitials
Programs with a running time of less than 5 minutes, exclusive of advertising and other
interstitial material, consisting of material that can be described under categories 2 to 11.
Category 13 Public service announcements
Messages of less than 5 minutes duration intended to educate the audience about issues of
public concern, encourage public support and awareness of a worthy cause, or promote the
work of a non-profit group or organization dedicated to enhancing the quality of life in local
communities or in society or the world at large. These include community billboards. These
messages are not intended to sell or promote goods or commercial services. No payment is
exchanged between broadcasters and producers for the broadcast of these messages.
When public service announcements are logged, the start and end times must be entered, the
program class must be "PSA" and two components of the key figure must be recorded: "Origin"
and "Category" (130). No other components should be entered.
Category 14 Infomercials, promotional and corporate videos
Programming exceeding 12 minutes in length that combines information and/or entertainment
with the sale or promotion of goods or services into a virtually indistinguishable whole. This
category includes videos and films of any length produced by individuals, groups and businesses
for public relations, recruitment, etc.
When this material is logged, the start and end times must be entered, the program class must
be "PGI", and the category 140. No other components of the key figure should be entered.
Category 15 Filler programming
Programming, in no case longer than 30 minutes in duration, the purpose of which is to fill in
the time between the presentation of the major programs broadcast by the licensed pay
services and those specialty services authorized to distribute filler programming, and includes
material that promotes the programs or services provided by the licensee.
Cable Television Network in Pakistan
16. In Pakistan, the cable television network was quietly introduced at a small scale in
Karachi in the early 80’s in the absence of any regulatory law. It started from the city’s
apartment buildings and worked without any large-scale equipment because of the close
proximity of the apartments. Main attraction for subscribers was Indian and English
movies and Ptv dramas which the operators would obtain on rent from nearby video
centres. Operation rooms were usually set up in the basements of the buildings, giving
connections to each apartment from there. Each household was paying a small monthly
fee to the operator for the service. (Zia, 2003)
In 1982, according to Director Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), the
availability of satellite channels in Pakistan brought about a major change in the cable
network operations. Cable operators who were relying on the video cassettes until now
felt the need for installing satellite-receiving dishes to provide a variety of programmes to
their subscribers through CNN, Star TV and various Indian channels. Thus the large scale
cable network emerged out of the already established cable system. Cable system started
to expand by a stringing of wires from one rooftop to another and so on. The system in
Karachi gradually flourished and many people entered in this business.
During early 1990’s satellite television became an irresistible phenomenon in
Pakistan, particularly in Punjab. But in 1998, all major channels were transferred to
decoders, which were a lot more expensive and the annual subscription was also beyond
the reach of a common man. A man once setup this satellite systemfor his own personal
use and then started providing this service to neighbouring areas against a small fee.
Thus, this gave way to the business of cable television networking which established and
flourished in a short period.
The government took notice of this illegal operation in the late 1998. The Nawaz
17. Sharif headed government came to conclusion that cable operation be made legal in
Pakistan. But before any action could be taken, the Nawaz Sharif government was
toppled and the armed forces took command of the nation’s destiny and started
considering legalization of the cable television. The army regime headed by General
Musharraf legalized cable television operations in January 2000.
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) started the procedure of
issuing licenses to the cable operators in January 2000. The following is the data for the
number of issued application forms and responses received till June 2000. PTA chairman
Mian Muhammad Javed explained that cable television had now emerged as one of the
most inexpensive means of entertainment in the country which government wanted to
make more popular among users and viewers by framing policies and proper rules and
regulations to ensure transmission of good programmes through their channels.
The legalization process of cable television networks started in November 1998
and completed in 2000. Therefore, in June 2000, cable television networks started
functioning legally which initiated a new era of electronic media in Pakistan. This raised
a number of new queries and gave an opportunity to people to discuss this new systemof
communication in Pakistan.