The document discusses Japan's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. It provides details about Shinmoedake volcano's 2011 eruption in Japan, which caused evacuations and damaged farmland. The key lessons are that communities must understand their region's volcanic history, prepare evacuation plans, implement early warning systems, and apply lessons learned to strengthen disaster resilience against future eruptions.

1. ERUPTION OF SHINMOEDAKE

2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
JAPAN
PART 3: VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S
COMMUNITIES AT RISK
COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE TYPHOONS
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT FLOODS
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
BENEFIT/COST FOR LANDSLIDES
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

4. REGIONAL MAP

5. 542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”

6. Japan lies along the Pacific
Ring of Fire, a narrow zone
around the Pacific Ocean
where most of Earth's
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur.

7. VOLCANOES
VOLCANOES ERUPT EVERY YEAR IN
JAPAN AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS OF THE PACIFIC,
PHILIPPINE, EURASIAN, AND NORTH
AMERICAN PLATES

9. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Of the 1,500 active
volcanoes in the world,
Japan has 108 of them.

10. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Japan experiences an
average of 10 volcanic
eruptions per year.

11. CAUSES OF
CAUSES OF
RISK
RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
VOLCANIC VOLCANIC ASH
ERUPTIONS
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES LAVA FLOWS
CASE HISTORIES
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES

12. VOLCANO RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
• VOLCANO HAZARDS
•
RISK
PEOPLE & BLDGS.
• VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
• LOCATION
GOAL: VOLCANO
JAPAN’S DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
• PREPAREDNESS
HAZARDS: • PROTECTION
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE • EARLY WARNING
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE
DEFORMATION • RECOVERY and
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS RECONSTRUCTION

13. VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect
jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS

14. VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)

15. ERUPTION OF SHINMOEDAKE

16. JAPAN’S MOST NOTABLE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
MOUNT UNZEN--MAY 21, 1792

17. MT. UNZEN
• Mt. Unzen’s eruption on May 21,
1792, was one of the worst in
Japan’s long history of volcanic
eruptions.
• Mount Unzen is located near the
city of Shimabara in Nagasaki
Prefecture on the island of Kyushu

18. MT UNZEN: 1792

19. REMEMBERING THE MAY 21,
1792’S DISASTER
• About 1 month after the lava from Mt
Unzen’s eruption stopped flowing, a
massive landslide on the flank of
nearby Mount Mayuyama swept
through ancient Shimabara City,
entered the sea, and generated a
tsunami.
• More than 15,000 people were killed by
the landslide and tsunami

20. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS
• Mt. Unzen and Mt. Sakurajima are
considered to be two of the most
dangerous volcanoes in the world
because of their potential for a violent
eruption that would have devastating
impacts on the surrounding high-
density population centers..

21. SOME OF JAPAN’S CURRENTLY
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• Mount Meakan
Mount Usu
Mount Asama
Torishima
Sakurajima
Suwanosejima
Oyama

22. SHINMOEDAKE ERUPTS IN
JAPAN
eruption began at 7:30 AM
Although called a minor eruption, it
was the largest eruption since 1959
JANUARY 26-31, 2011

23. SHINMOEDAKE; JANUARY
26-31, 2011

24. JAPAN HAS 104 ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
The 1,421-m (4,662-ft) Mount
Shinmoedake is a part of the
Kirishima volcano complex
comprised of 20 active volcanoes

25. Mount Shinmoedake is
located on the border of the
Miyazaki and Kagoshima
prefectures

26. In the previous four months,
Miyazaki prefecture had also
suffered from an epidemic of the
H5N1 bird flu, and a foot-and-
mouth epidemic that was
expected to cause ~ $ 2 billion in
economic losses for the local
livestock industry.

27. The inflation of the
Shinmoedake volcano that
eventually culminated in an
eruption had been underway
since December 2009

28. May 10, 2010 to January 26, 2011:
~6 million m3 (0.006 km3) of
magma in a reservoir at 6 km depth
~10 km west-nw from Shinmoedake
and another 1 million m3 (0.001 km3)
of magma at 3 km depth under the
Shinmoedake cone itself.

29. The eruption produced lava
fountains, andesitic lava flows,
lightning, and ash emissions
that reached a height of nearly
5 miles (7.5 km)

30. ERUPTION OF SHINMOEDAKE

31. IMPACTS

32. Approximately 13,000
hectares of farm land were
damaged by the falling ash
deposits.

33. Flights in the region were
canceled and 1,100 people in
the vicinity were evacuated
to gymnasiums and other
facilities in the town of
Takaharu, seven miles east
of Kirishima.

34. ERUPTION VIEWED FROM
TAKAHARU

35. TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
VOLCANIC
VOLCANIC EXPECTED POLICY
ERUPTIONS EXPECTED POLICY
ERUPTIONS • EVENT LOSS
LOSS ADOPTION
ADOPTION
• BENEFIT
POLICY •CONSEQUENCES
ASSESSMENT

36. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

37. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE
A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.

38. AIR AND LAND MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.