This document discusses social norms, mores, folkways, sanctions, laws, and values, outlining their definitions, functions, and societal roles. Social norms guide behavior and are classified into folkways, which are informal social habits, and mores, which hold moral significance and have stricter consequences for violations. Additionally, it examines social sanctions as mechanisms to enforce norms and laws as formalized rules that maintain order and define criminal behavior.

1. Norms and Values

2. Social Norms
• Social norms refers to the group shared expectations (Young and
Mack).
• Social norms are the guiding principles of human behavior which are
used by the people for the achievement of their purpose (Ogburn and
Nimkoff).
• Established standards of behavior maintained by a society.
• Expected pattern of behavior in a particular situation.

3. Types of social norms
• Folkways
• Mores
• Sanctions
• Law

4. Folkways
• Folkways are accepted ways of behavior.
• According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior pattern of every
day life which unconsciously arises within a group.
• According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are common
to a society or a group that are handed down from generation to the next.
• According to Merill folkways are social habits or group expectations that
have raised in the daily life of the group.
• Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character, unplanned in origin,
informal enforcement, varied in nature and subjected to change.

5. Functions of folkways
• It creates the group solidarity.
• It force the people to obey the customs.
• It protects the social values.
• Fulfil the human needs.

6. Nature of folkways
• Folkways deals with small scale values
• Violation of folkways is there, but no serious punishment is given from
the society or the group. Sometimes group members may feel angry
from violating it.
• Violation of folkways is also violating the normative order in society.
Examples of the folkways are eating pattern, habits, communication,
dressing walking, working and greeting.

7. Mores
• Mores are the customs and group routines which are thought by members of
society to be necessary to the groups continued existence (Gillen and Gillen)
• Standard of behavior that influences the moral conduct of people conformity
to mass is called as mores.
• According to MacIver & CH Page when folkways have added to group welfare
and high standards that are converted into mores.
• Mores determine our conception of right or wrong and proper and improper.
• Mores differ from group to group and from society to society.
• Mores are dynamic, they keep on changing according to changing need of
society.

8. Functions of Mores
• Maintains the social control.
• Protection to the social values.
• Increase social integration.
• Minimize the social evils and crime.

9. Nature of mores
• The mores deal with the higher rank than folkways in terms of its
punishment.
• The violation of mores is more serious than folkways because such
violations can creates social disturbance.
• Punishment depends upon the nature violations and may be in the
form of slap, abusive attitude and breakups etc..
Examples: Respect to the parents, elders, holy places, truth, honesty
etc..

10. Social sanctions
• A social sanction is a social reaction of approval or disapproval in response to
someone’s actions.
• Social sanctions enforce a standard of behavior that is deemed socially acceptable
and this is essential for society to regulate itself and maintain order.
• In society, social cohesion and cooperation depend on social sanctions and they
are essential for organizations, social groups and society to work together
effectively.
• A sanction is any reaction from others to the behavior of an individual or group.
Types of social sanctions
• Informal sanctions
• Formal sanctions

11. • Informal sanctions are enacted by individuals or groups upon other
individuals or groups without the use of formal systems.
• There is a very wide array of different types of informal sanctions and
they are the workhorse for the creation and maintenance of social
norms.
• Formal sanctions are imposed through formal means by an institution
(or representative) upon an individual or group.
• They are normally clearly defined and can include fines for deviation
or rewards for compliance. They are often documented in policy, rules
or regulations.

12. Examples of social sanctions
• Positive sanctions can include celebration, congratulation, praise,
social recognition, social promotion, and approval, as well as formal
sanctions such as awards, bonuses, prizes, and titles.
• Negative sanctions can include embarrassment, shame, ridicule,
sarcasm, criticism, disapproval, social discrimination, and exclusion as
well as more formal sanctions such as penalties and fines.

13. Laws
• Law refers to the written code of conduct that is enforced by the
institutions and agencies (Shankar Rao).
• According to Green law is more or less systematic body of generalized
rules, balanced between the fiction of performance and fact of change
governing specifically defined relationship and situations and
employing force or the threat of force in defined and limited ways.
• Law is an engine of social control. Those who violates the law is called
criminals.
• Laws applies equally to all members of the society.
• Laws are definite, clear and precise.

14. Functions of law
• Maintain the social control
• Protection of the human rights
• Determine the strict distinction between right and wrong.
• Maintain the social protection and stability.

15. Nature and punishment
• Laws are strict in nature.
• Used to maintain the higher level of control in society.
• Violation of law is considered as crime and the person who violates
the law is called criminal.
• Punishment depends upon the nature of violation. Some violations
are sever and painful, such as death plenty, life imprisonment.

16. Values
• Values are general standard and maybe regarded as higher order of norms (Johanson).
• Values are assumption, largely unconscious, of what is right and important (Young and
Mack).
• Values are general a
• Values are general conceptions of “the good”, ideas about the kind of ends that people
should pursue throughout their lives and throughout the many different activities in
which they engage abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong, good or bad,
desirable or undesirable (Peter Worsley).
• In other words values often come in pairs of positive and negative terms.
• Values define general moral qualities of behavior expected from members of society such
as honesty, patriotism or commitment to freedom
• Examples: Faith in Islam, generosity, modesty of women, honour to national flag

17. Functions of social values
• Values provide for stabilities and uniformities in group interaction.
• Values provide goals or ends for the members to aim for.
• Values bring legitimacy to the rules that govern specific activities.
• Values help to bring about some kind of adjustment between
different sets of rules