Non profit organisations
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Non-profit organizations exist to benefit their members rather than generate profits. They aim to provide facilities and services for members to use, and are formed for educational, religious, charitable, or social welfare purposes. Non-profits are governed by elected boards of directors and obtain funding through contributions, dues, programs, fundraising, grants, and investments rather than being owned by businesses seeking profits.
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Cooperatives
Co-operatives are organizations formed for the benefit of their members and local communities. They provide goods and services to members who are also customers, with profit-making not the main goal. Members buy shares and elect a board of management to govern activities. Co-operatives follow principles of open membership, democratic control, limited returns on shares and patronage refunds based on customer use. They also provide education and cooperate with other co-operatives.
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs outlines five levels of human needs:
1) Physiological needs like food and water.
2) Safety needs for security and stability.
3) Love and belonging through relationships with others.
4) Esteem through confidence and achievement.
5) Self-actualization in realizing one's full potential, which few people achieve due to focus on other needs like money and success.
70 640 Lesson04 Ppt 041009
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share and debentures
This document summarizes key concepts related to shares and debentures issued by companies to raise capital. It defines shares and share capital, describing the main types of shares as equity and preference shares. It also outlines debentures, their types, and examples of IPOs and FPOs conducted by companies to issue new shares. The summary provides high-level information on the purpose and structure of the document.
Recording of shares and debentures
The document discusses recording the issue of shares and debentures by companies. It explains that shares are issued to raise a company's capital, and can be ordinary shares or preference shares, each with different features. When shares are issued, the company debits cash and credits share capital accounts. If shares are issued above par value, share premium is also credited. Debentures are long-term loans to a company that pay a fixed rate of interest and are repaid on a specific date. To record debenture issuance, the company debits cash and credits the debentures account.
Budget and Budgetary Control
The document discusses various types of budgets used in budgetary control including: sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, R&D, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also discusses capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment proposals including payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return.
Features of limited liability companies
Limited liability companies have several key features:
1) Their capital is divided into shares or stocks that are sold to raise money from public or private investors.
2) Shareholders are only responsible for the amount they invested and not other debts of the company.
3) They have the words "Ltd", "Plc", or "LLC" after their names. Private limited companies have few shareholders and restricted share sales, while public companies freely trade shares on stock exchanges.
Elements of cost
The document discusses the elements needed to calculate the cost of production for Snickers bars using a manufacturing account. It identifies the key costs as raw materials, labor, and operating the factory. Raw materials are a direct cost, while direct costs also include direct wages and expenses. Indirect costs include indirect materials, wages, and expenses that are linked to manufacturing but not specific units. The goal is to understand the direct and indirect costs incurred in producing Snickers bars.
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Cooperatives
Co-operatives are organizations formed for the benefit of their members and local communities. They provide goods and services to members who are also customers, with profit-making not the main goal. Members buy shares and elect a board of management to govern activities. Co-operatives follow principles of open membership, democratic control, limited returns on shares and patronage refunds based on customer use. They also provide education and cooperate with other co-operatives.
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs outlines five levels of human needs:
1) Physiological needs like food and water.
2) Safety needs for security and stability.
3) Love and belonging through relationships with others.
4) Esteem through confidence and achievement.
5) Self-actualization in realizing one's full potential, which few people achieve due to focus on other needs like money and success.
70 640 Lesson04 Ppt 041009
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share and debentures
This document summarizes key concepts related to shares and debentures issued by companies to raise capital. It defines shares and share capital, describing the main types of shares as equity and preference shares. It also outlines debentures, their types, and examples of IPOs and FPOs conducted by companies to issue new shares. The summary provides high-level information on the purpose and structure of the document.
Recording of shares and debentures
The document discusses recording the issue of shares and debentures by companies. It explains that shares are issued to raise a company's capital, and can be ordinary shares or preference shares, each with different features. When shares are issued, the company debits cash and credits share capital accounts. If shares are issued above par value, share premium is also credited. Debentures are long-term loans to a company that pay a fixed rate of interest and are repaid on a specific date. To record debenture issuance, the company debits cash and credits the debentures account.
Budget and Budgetary Control
The document discusses various types of budgets used in budgetary control including: sales, production, cost of production, purchase, personnel, R&D, capital expenditure, cash, master, fixed, flexible, and zero-base budgets. It also discusses capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment proposals including payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return.
Features of limited liability companies
Limited liability companies have several key features:
1) Their capital is divided into shares or stocks that are sold to raise money from public or private investors.
2) Shareholders are only responsible for the amount they invested and not other debts of the company.
3) They have the words "Ltd", "Plc", or "LLC" after their names. Private limited companies have few shareholders and restricted share sales, while public companies freely trade shares on stock exchanges.
Elements of cost
The document discusses the elements needed to calculate the cost of production for Snickers bars using a manufacturing account. It identifies the key costs as raw materials, labor, and operating the factory. Raw materials are a direct cost, while direct costs also include direct wages and expenses. Indirect costs include indirect materials, wages, and expenses that are linked to manufacturing but not specific units. The goal is to understand the direct and indirect costs incurred in producing Snickers bars.
Petty cash introduction
This document discusses petty cash, including:
- Petty cash refers to small, regular business expenses like stationery, cleaning supplies, and refreshments that are paid in cash.
- Petty cash payments are recorded in a petty cash book to track spending.
- A petty cash voucher is used to document each expense and must be attached to receipts.
- The imprest system provides an initial fixed amount (the "float") in the petty cash fund, which is replenished after expenses are deducted to restore the original amount.
Preparation of balance sheet of partners
The balance sheet of a partnership is similar to that of a sole proprietorship, except that the capital accounts and current accounts of each partner are listed separately. Current accounts with credit balances are listed as liabilities, while debit balances are listed as assets. The capital section can either show detailed capital account balances for each partner, with current account information in those accounts, or provide a summarized view of final capital and current account balances.
Current account of partners
The document discusses how to prepare current accounts for partners in a partnership. It explains that each partner has a separate current account to track their capital balance and share of profits or losses. The current account shows credits for the partner's profits, salary, interest on capital, and share of residual profits. Debits include drawings and interest on drawings. At the end of each period, the current account is balanced, with a debit balance meaning the partner owes money to the company and a credit balance meaning the company owes money to the partner.
Appropriation account for partnership
The document discusses how to prepare an appropriation account for a partnership. The appropriation account is an additional section in the partnership's profit and loss account that shows the distribution of profit or loss to each partner. It appropriates items like interest on capital invested, partners' salaries, interest charged on withdrawals (drawings), and the residual share of profit or loss to each partner according to the partnership agreement.
Methods to share profit or loss among partners
This document discusses various methods for sharing profits and losses among partners in a partnership. It outlines that the partnership agreement should state the basis for sharing net income or net loss, and provides examples such as using fixed ratios based on capital contributions, salaries, or interest paid on partners' capital. The objective is to equitably reflect partners' investments and contributions to the partnership. In the absence of an agreement, applicable partnership acts specify equal profit/loss sharing and restrictions on salaries or interest payments.
Journal entries for recording capital of partnerships
This document discusses journal and ledger entries for recording capital contributions in a partnership. It explains that each partner may contribute different amounts of cash or non-cash capital, which are recorded through journal entries that debit cash/assets and credit each partner's capital account. Partnerships can use either fixed capital/current accounts or fluctuating capital accounts to track each partner's balance over time as profits, drawings, and interest are allocated.
Partnership features
A partnership is a business organization owned by two or more persons called partners who come together voluntarily to combine their skills, experience, and resources to make a profit. The key features of a partnership are that it has voluntary association between partners, mutual agency where each partner can act on behalf of the business and bind the other partners, unlimited liability where each partner is personally responsible for the partnership's debts, limited life as it can end when a partner withdraws or dies, and co-ownership of property where assets are jointly owned and distributed based on capital accounts if the partnership dissolves.
Basic costing principles
Cost-based pricing and absorption cost pricing are two common strategies. Cost-based pricing involves adding up all variable costs and overhead to determine the minimum price, while absorption cost pricing accounts for both fixed and variable costs. For cost-based pricing, the formula is price equals cost plus a markup percentage of cost. Absorption cost pricing derives long-term prices to pay for all expenses by including a proportion of fixed costs and overhead in the price, along with variable costs and a markup. Understanding costs is crucial for setting appropriate prices under different strategies.
Methods of stock valuation
Methods of inventory valuation include first in first out (FIFO), last in first out (LIFO), and weighted average cost (AVCO). FIFO assumes the earliest goods purchased are sold first and values ending inventory at the latest prices. LIFO assumes the latest goods purchased are sold first and values ending inventory at older prices. AVCO makes no assumptions about inventory movement and values goods based on the weighted average unit cost. The method used affects ending inventory valuation and calculated profits.
Methods of raising capital for llc and co operatives
LLCs and cooperatives can raise capital through several methods including issuing shares to private investors for LLCs and members for cooperatives, securing debt through loans or debentures, and retaining annual earnings. Shares may be preferred shares that provide priority on dividends and bankruptcy, or ordinary shares that offer voting rights. Cooperatives also generate capital through member purchases, annual fees, and interest on loans to members. Both types of organizations can tap into reserves set aside from prior earnings.
Final accounts of llc and cooperatives
The document discusses the final accounts that limited liability companies (LLCs) and cooperatives must prepare at the end of each financial period. Both entities prepare an income and expenditure account, appropriation account, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. Cooperatives also prepare a receipts and payments account and trading account. The document provides details on the purpose and components of each final account.
Appropriation of profits
The document discusses the appropriation of profits process for a limited liability company. It explains that net profits are transferred to an appropriation account rather than share capital accounts. The appropriation account is used to allocate profits between dividends, reserves, and retained earnings. It contains key items like the profit/loss for the year, retained profits brought forward, proposed dividends, transfers to reserves, and retained profits carried forward. The document also distinguishes between capital reserves, which are not used for dividends, and revenue reserves, which can be used for dividends. An example appropriation account is provided.
Internal and external users of financial information
This document discusses the internal and external users of accounting information. External users such as creditors, stockholders, vendors, and government agencies rely on accounting information to make important financial decisions but have limited access to it. Internal users directly involved in running the business use the information to improve performance and profitability. The needs of internal users include employees, purchasing managers, and production managers who use it to monitor costs and ensure quality.
Preparation of trading, profit and loss of a manufacturer
The document discusses how to prepare the final accounts, including the trading and profit & loss account and balance sheet, for a manufacturer. The trading account shows the cost of goods manufactured, sales, purchases, and opening and closing stock. The profit & loss account determines the overall net profit or loss by transferring the gross profit from the trading account and deducting administrative, selling, distribution, and financial expenses. The balance sheet resembles those of other businesses but shows three inventory figures - closing stock of raw materials, finished goods, and work in progress.
Books of oe recording transactions
This document discusses the source documents used to record transactions in books of original entry, including purchase invoices, sales invoices, credit notes, cash receipts, bank statements, and petty cash vouchers. It provides templates for the purchases journal, sales journal, returns inwards journal, returns outwards journal, cash book, and petty cash book. The purpose of books of original entry is to record business transactions in chronological order from source documents before posting to the general ledger.
Manufacturing accounts
The document discusses preparing manufacturing accounts to calculate the unit cost of items produced. It provides:
1) A manufacturing account calculates the cost of producing completed goods by tracking raw material costs, direct wages, factory overheads and work-in-progress.
2) Key areas of the manufacturing process like raw material consumption, prime costs, factory overheads and cost of goods manufactured are calculated.
3) The complete manufacturing account format should show these key areas and the unit cost of production is calculated by dividing total cost of goods manufactured by the number of units sold.
Cash discounts
Settlement cash discounts provide a percentage discount to customers or suppliers for paying their accounts early. These discounts are recorded in discount allowed and discount received columns in a three column cash book. Discount allowed is given to customers and credited to their accounts, with the total recorded as an expense. Discount received is from suppliers and debited to their accounts, with the total recorded as revenue.
Cash and credit transactions
There are two types of transactions: cash transactions and credit transactions. Cash transactions involve immediate payment using cash, checks, or debit cards. Credit transactions involve payment at a later date. Cash transactions are recorded in books like the cash book or petty cash book. Credit transactions are recorded in books like the purchases journal, sales journal, or general journal.
Simple balance sheet
The document discusses how to prepare a classified balance sheet. It explains that assets and liabilities should be classified and arranged in order of either permanence or liquidity. Current assets are those expected to be converted to cash within one year, while non-current assets will provide long-term benefits. Similarly, current liabilities are due within one year and non-current liabilities are long-term debts. The document provides examples of common asset and liability line items and demonstrates how they would be arranged in the two styles of a classified balance sheet.
Assets and liabilities
The document defines assets and liabilities according to a business's balance sheet. Assets are resources owned by the business, such as cash, equipment, inventory, and property. Liabilities are amounts owed, including loans, overdrafts, and unpaid expenses. The accounting equation shows that assets equal liabilities plus equity/capital invested in the business. Examples are given of common assets and liabilities to consider when starting a barber shop or beauty salon business.
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Petty cash introduction
This document discusses petty cash, including:
- Petty cash refers to small, regular business expenses like stationery, cleaning supplies, and refreshments that are paid in cash.
- Petty cash payments are recorded in a petty cash book to track spending.
- A petty cash voucher is used to document each expense and must be attached to receipts.
- The imprest system provides an initial fixed amount (the "float") in the petty cash fund, which is replenished after expenses are deducted to restore the original amount.
Preparation of balance sheet of partners
The balance sheet of a partnership is similar to that of a sole proprietorship, except that the capital accounts and current accounts of each partner are listed separately. Current accounts with credit balances are listed as liabilities, while debit balances are listed as assets. The capital section can either show detailed capital account balances for each partner, with current account information in those accounts, or provide a summarized view of final capital and current account balances.
Current account of partners
The document discusses how to prepare current accounts for partners in a partnership. It explains that each partner has a separate current account to track their capital balance and share of profits or losses. The current account shows credits for the partner's profits, salary, interest on capital, and share of residual profits. Debits include drawings and interest on drawings. At the end of each period, the current account is balanced, with a debit balance meaning the partner owes money to the company and a credit balance meaning the company owes money to the partner.
Appropriation account for partnership
The document discusses how to prepare an appropriation account for a partnership. The appropriation account is an additional section in the partnership's profit and loss account that shows the distribution of profit or loss to each partner. It appropriates items like interest on capital invested, partners' salaries, interest charged on withdrawals (drawings), and the residual share of profit or loss to each partner according to the partnership agreement.
Methods to share profit or loss among partners
This document discusses various methods for sharing profits and losses among partners in a partnership. It outlines that the partnership agreement should state the basis for sharing net income or net loss, and provides examples such as using fixed ratios based on capital contributions, salaries, or interest paid on partners' capital. The objective is to equitably reflect partners' investments and contributions to the partnership. In the absence of an agreement, applicable partnership acts specify equal profit/loss sharing and restrictions on salaries or interest payments.
Journal entries for recording capital of partnerships
This document discusses journal and ledger entries for recording capital contributions in a partnership. It explains that each partner may contribute different amounts of cash or non-cash capital, which are recorded through journal entries that debit cash/assets and credit each partner's capital account. Partnerships can use either fixed capital/current accounts or fluctuating capital accounts to track each partner's balance over time as profits, drawings, and interest are allocated.
Partnership features
A partnership is a business organization owned by two or more persons called partners who come together voluntarily to combine their skills, experience, and resources to make a profit. The key features of a partnership are that it has voluntary association between partners, mutual agency where each partner can act on behalf of the business and bind the other partners, unlimited liability where each partner is personally responsible for the partnership's debts, limited life as it can end when a partner withdraws or dies, and co-ownership of property where assets are jointly owned and distributed based on capital accounts if the partnership dissolves.
Basic costing principles
Cost-based pricing and absorption cost pricing are two common strategies. Cost-based pricing involves adding up all variable costs and overhead to determine the minimum price, while absorption cost pricing accounts for both fixed and variable costs. For cost-based pricing, the formula is price equals cost plus a markup percentage of cost. Absorption cost pricing derives long-term prices to pay for all expenses by including a proportion of fixed costs and overhead in the price, along with variable costs and a markup. Understanding costs is crucial for setting appropriate prices under different strategies.
Methods of stock valuation
Methods of inventory valuation include first in first out (FIFO), last in first out (LIFO), and weighted average cost (AVCO). FIFO assumes the earliest goods purchased are sold first and values ending inventory at the latest prices. LIFO assumes the latest goods purchased are sold first and values ending inventory at older prices. AVCO makes no assumptions about inventory movement and values goods based on the weighted average unit cost. The method used affects ending inventory valuation and calculated profits.
Methods of raising capital for llc and co operatives
LLCs and cooperatives can raise capital through several methods including issuing shares to private investors for LLCs and members for cooperatives, securing debt through loans or debentures, and retaining annual earnings. Shares may be preferred shares that provide priority on dividends and bankruptcy, or ordinary shares that offer voting rights. Cooperatives also generate capital through member purchases, annual fees, and interest on loans to members. Both types of organizations can tap into reserves set aside from prior earnings.
Final accounts of llc and cooperatives
The document discusses the final accounts that limited liability companies (LLCs) and cooperatives must prepare at the end of each financial period. Both entities prepare an income and expenditure account, appropriation account, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. Cooperatives also prepare a receipts and payments account and trading account. The document provides details on the purpose and components of each final account.
Appropriation of profits
The document discusses the appropriation of profits process for a limited liability company. It explains that net profits are transferred to an appropriation account rather than share capital accounts. The appropriation account is used to allocate profits between dividends, reserves, and retained earnings. It contains key items like the profit/loss for the year, retained profits brought forward, proposed dividends, transfers to reserves, and retained profits carried forward. The document also distinguishes between capital reserves, which are not used for dividends, and revenue reserves, which can be used for dividends. An example appropriation account is provided.
Internal and external users of financial information
This document discusses the internal and external users of accounting information. External users such as creditors, stockholders, vendors, and government agencies rely on accounting information to make important financial decisions but have limited access to it. Internal users directly involved in running the business use the information to improve performance and profitability. The needs of internal users include employees, purchasing managers, and production managers who use it to monitor costs and ensure quality.
Preparation of trading, profit and loss of a manufacturer
The document discusses how to prepare the final accounts, including the trading and profit & loss account and balance sheet, for a manufacturer. The trading account shows the cost of goods manufactured, sales, purchases, and opening and closing stock. The profit & loss account determines the overall net profit or loss by transferring the gross profit from the trading account and deducting administrative, selling, distribution, and financial expenses. The balance sheet resembles those of other businesses but shows three inventory figures - closing stock of raw materials, finished goods, and work in progress.
Books of oe recording transactions
This document discusses the source documents used to record transactions in books of original entry, including purchase invoices, sales invoices, credit notes, cash receipts, bank statements, and petty cash vouchers. It provides templates for the purchases journal, sales journal, returns inwards journal, returns outwards journal, cash book, and petty cash book. The purpose of books of original entry is to record business transactions in chronological order from source documents before posting to the general ledger.
Manufacturing accounts
The document discusses preparing manufacturing accounts to calculate the unit cost of items produced. It provides:
1) A manufacturing account calculates the cost of producing completed goods by tracking raw material costs, direct wages, factory overheads and work-in-progress.
2) Key areas of the manufacturing process like raw material consumption, prime costs, factory overheads and cost of goods manufactured are calculated.
3) The complete manufacturing account format should show these key areas and the unit cost of production is calculated by dividing total cost of goods manufactured by the number of units sold.
Cash discounts
Settlement cash discounts provide a percentage discount to customers or suppliers for paying their accounts early. These discounts are recorded in discount allowed and discount received columns in a three column cash book. Discount allowed is given to customers and credited to their accounts, with the total recorded as an expense. Discount received is from suppliers and debited to their accounts, with the total recorded as revenue.
Cash and credit transactions
There are two types of transactions: cash transactions and credit transactions. Cash transactions involve immediate payment using cash, checks, or debit cards. Credit transactions involve payment at a later date. Cash transactions are recorded in books like the cash book or petty cash book. Credit transactions are recorded in books like the purchases journal, sales journal, or general journal.
Simple balance sheet
The document discusses how to prepare a classified balance sheet. It explains that assets and liabilities should be classified and arranged in order of either permanence or liquidity. Current assets are those expected to be converted to cash within one year, while non-current assets will provide long-term benefits. Similarly, current liabilities are due within one year and non-current liabilities are long-term debts. The document provides examples of common asset and liability line items and demonstrates how they would be arranged in the two styles of a classified balance sheet.
Assets and liabilities
The document defines assets and liabilities according to a business's balance sheet. Assets are resources owned by the business, such as cash, equipment, inventory, and property. Liabilities are amounts owed, including loans, overdrafts, and unpaid expenses. The accounting equation shows that assets equal liabilities plus equity/capital invested in the business. Examples are given of common assets and liabilities to consider when starting a barber shop or beauty salon business.
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Journal entries for recording capital of partnerships
Journal entries for recording capital of partnerships
Methods of raising capital for llc and co operatives
Methods of raising capital for llc and co operatives
Internal and external users of financial information
Internal and external users of financial information
Preparation of trading, profit and loss of a manufacturer
Preparation of trading, profit and loss of a manufacturer
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Non profit organisations
- 1. Features and Principles of Non-profit Organisations
- 3. Non-profit organisations Features • Exist for the benefit of its members and not for making profits • Aim is to provide facilities for their members to use and enjoy • They are formed for idealistic purposes which may be educational, religious, charitable or social welfare of the people at large. • Non profit organisations daily operations are conducted by an elected board of directors
- 4. Non-profit organisations Principles – Non profit are not owned by businesses – they obtain funds from contributions, membership dues, program revenues, fundraising events, public and private grants, and investment income