Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.

1. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
APLUS NDT COIMBATORE

2. Nondestructive testing (NDT)
• Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or
evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or
differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or
system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can
still be used.
• In contrast to NDT, other tests are destructive in nature and are therefore done
on a limited number of samples ("lot sampling"), rather than on the materials,
components or assemblies actually being put into service.
• These destructive tests are often used to determine the physical properties of
materials such as impact resistance, ductility, yield, and ultimate tensile strength,
fracture toughness and fatigue strength, but discontinuities and differences in
material characteristics are more effectively found by NDT.

3. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Series 1, Category 1, 4.3
Series 1, Category 2, 2.5
Series 1, Category 3, 3.5
Series 1, Category 4, 4.5
Series 2, Category 1, 2.4
Series 2, Category 2, 4.4
Series 2, Category 3, 1.8
Series 2, Category 4, 2.8
Series 3, Category 1, 2 Series 3, Category 2, 2
Series 3, Category 3, 3
Series 3, Category 4, 5
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

4. TYPES OF NDT
• Radiographic Testing (RT)
• Ultra Sonic Testing(UT)
• Liquid Penetrant Inspection(LPT)
• Magnetic Particle Testing(MPT)
• Eddy Current Testing(ECT)

5. Radiographic Testing (RT)
•(RT) is a nondestructive examination (NDE) technique that
involves the use of either x-rays or gamma rays to view the
internal structure of a component. In the petrochemical
industry, RT is often used to inspect machinery, such as
pressure vessels and valves, to detect for flaws. RT is also used
to inspect weld repairs.
•Compared to other NDE techniques, radiography has several
advantages. It is highly reproducible, can be used on a variety
of materials, and the data gathered can be stored for later
analysis. Radiography is an effective tool that requires very
little surface preparation. Moreover, many radiographic
systems are portable, which allows for use in the field and at
elevated positions.

6. Ultra Sonic Testing(UT)
• It is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method in which beams of
high frequency sound waves that are introduced into the material
being tested are used to detect surface and sub-surface flaws. The
sound waves travel through the materials with some attenuation of
energy and are reflected at interfaces. The reflected beam is
detected and analyzed to define the presence and location of flaws.
•Cracks, laminations, shrinkage, cavities, bursts, flakes, pores,
bonding faults and other discontinuities can be easily detected.
Inclusions and other in homogeneities in the metal being inspected
can also detected by causing partial reflection or scattering of the
ultrasonic waves, or by producing some other detectable effect on
the ultrasonic waves.
• Ultra-high frequency sound is introduced into the part being
inspected and if the sound hits a material with different acoustic
impedance (density and acoustic velocity), some of the sound will
reflect back to the sending unit and can be presented on a visual
display.

7. • By knowing the speed of the sound through the part (the acoustic velocity) and the time required for the
sound to return to the sending unit, the distance to the reflector (the indication with the different
acoustic impedance) can be determined.
• The most common sound frequencies used in UT are between 1.0 and 10.0 MHz, which are too high to be
heard and do not travel through air. The lower frequencies have greater penetrating power but less
sensitivity (the ability to "see" small indications), while the higher frequencies don't penetrate as deeply
but can detect smaller indications (the ability to "see" small indications), while the higher frequencies
don't penetrate as deeply but can detect smaller indications.

8. Liquid Penetrant Inspection(LPT)
•The basic principle of Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI) is that
when a liquid with low viscosity – called a penetrant, is applied to
the surface of a part, it will penetrate into fissures and open to the
surface.
•Once the excess penetrant is removed, the penetrant trapped in
those voids will creep back out through capillary action, creating an
indication.
•Penetrant testing can be performed on magnetic and non-
magnetic materials, but it doesn’t work well on porous materials.
Penetrants may be “visible”, meaning they can be seen in ambient
light, or fluorescent, requiring the use of a “black” light.

9. • After applying the penetrant, it sits on the surface for a specified period of time, coined as the “penetrant
dwell time”, then the part is carefully cleaned to remove excess penetrant from the surface. A light coating
of developer is then applied to the surface and given time to allow the penetrant from any voids or
fissures to seep up into the developer, creating a visible indication.
• Following the developer dwell time, the part is inspected visually, with the aid of a black light when using
fluorescent penetrants. Most developers are fine-grained, white talcum-like powders that provide a color
contrast to the penetrant being used.

10. Eddy Current Testing(ECT)
•Eddy currents are created through a process called
electromagnetic induction. When alternating current is applied
to the conductor, such as copper wire, a magnetic field
develops in and around the conductor. This magnetic field
expands as the alternating current rises to maximum and
collapses as the current is reduced to zero.
•If another electrical conductor is brought into the close
proximity to this changing magnetic field, current will be
induced in this second conductor. Eddy currents are induced
electrical currents that flow in a circular path.
•They get their name from “eddies” that are formed when a
liquid or gas flows in a circular path around obstacles when
conditions are right. One of the major advantages of eddy
current as an NDT tool is the variety of inspections and
measurements that can be performed.

11. In the proper circumstances, eddy currents can be used for
• Crack detection Material thickness measurements
• Coating thickness measurements
Conductivity measurements for
• Material identification
• Heat damage detection
• Case depth determination
• Heat treatment monitoring

12. THANK YOU
APLUS NDT COIMBATORE