The document discusses NoSQL databases, including what NoSQL is, various data models like key-value, document, column-family and graph databases. It describes types of NoSQL databases and examples. Reasons for using NoSQL databases are provided, such as their ability to handle schema migrations easily, support multiple data formats, avoid impedance mismatch and automatically shard data across servers.

1. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
NoSQL Database
Sparsa Roychowdhury
IIEST,Shibpur
March 19, 2014
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

2. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Outline
1 What is NoSQL Database Management System
2 Various Data Models
3 Type of NoSQL DBMS
4 Why NoSQL DBMS?
5 Beyond NoSQL
6 Bibliography
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

3. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
What is NoSQL?
NoSQL
NoSQL encompasses a wide variety of different database
technologies and were developed in response to a rise in the volume
of data stored about users, objects and products, the frequency in
which this data is accessed, and performance and processing needs.
Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points:
1 non-relational
2 distributed
3 open-source
4 horizontally scalable
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

4. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Various Data Models I
Data Model
A data model is the model through which we perceive and
manipulate our data. For people using a database, the data model
describes how we interact with the data in the database.
Relational Data Model
The relational model takes the information that we want to store
and divides it into tuples.
Tuple being a limited Data Structure it captures a set of values
and can’t be nested. This gives Relational Model a space of
development.
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

5. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Various Data Models II
Aggregate Model
Aggregate is a term that comes from Domain-Driven Design, an
aggregate is a collection of related objects that we wish to treat as
a unit, it is a unit for data manipulation and management of
consistency.
1 Atomic property holds within an aggregate
2 Communication with data storage happens in unit of
aggregate
3 Dealing with aggregate is much more efficient in clusters
4 It is often easier for application programmers to work with
aggregates
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

6. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Type of NoSQL DBMS
There are mainly four types of NoSQL Database systems these are:
1 Key-value Stores
2 Document Databases
3 Wide Column Stores
4 Graph Stores
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

7. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Key-Value Databases
Key-value store
A key-value store is a simple hash table, primary used when all
access to the database is via primary key.
1 Key-value stores are the simplest NoSQL data stores to use
from an API perspective
2 The client can either get the value, put the value or delete a
key from the data store.
3 The value is just a blob that the data just stores
4 Application has the responsibility to understand what is stored
5 Have great performance and easily scaled
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

8. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: I
There are many available key-value stores available in the market
some of them are:
1 Riak
2 Redis
3 Memcached DB
4 Berkeley DB
5 Hamster DB (especially suited for embedded use)
6 Amazon Dynamo DB (not open source)
7 Project Voldemort (Open Source Implementation of Dynamo
DB)
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

9. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: II
The basic comparison between the terminology between Oracle
and Riak is given below.
Difference between the terminology of Oracle and Riak
Oracle Riak
Database instance Riak cluster
table bucket
row key-value
rowid key
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

10. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Document Databases
Document Stores
Documents are the main concept in document databases. The
database stores and retrieves documents, which can be XML,
JSON, BSON, and so on.
The documents stored are similar to each other but do not
have to be exactly the same.
Document databases store documents in the value parts of
the key
Document stores can be thought as key-value stores where
the value is examinable
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

11. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: I
There are many available Document Databases available in the
market some of them are:
1 MongoDB
2 CouchDB
3 Terrastore
4 OrientDB
5 RavenDB
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

12. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: II
The basic comparison between the terminology between Oracle
and MongoDB is given below.
Difference between the terminology of Oracle and MongoDB
Oracle MongoDB
Database instance MongoDB instance
Schema Database
table Collection
row Document
rowid id
Join DBref
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

13. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Column-family stores
Column-family stores
Column-family stores allow you to store data with keys mapped to
values and the values grouped into multiple column families, where
each column family being a map of data.
Column-family databases store data in column families as rows
They have many columns associated with a row key
Column families are groups of related data that is often
accessed together
The basic unit of storage in Column-family databases is a
column
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

14. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: I
There are many available Column-family Databases available in the
market some of them are:
1 Cassandra
2 HBase
3 Hypertable
4 Amazon Simple DB
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

15. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: II
The basic comparison between the terminology between RDBMS
and Cassandra is given below.
Difference between the terminology of RDBMS and Cassandra
RDBMS Cassandra
Database instance cluster
Database Keyspace
table Column Family
row row
Column (same for all rows) Column (can be different per row)
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

16. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Graph Stores
Graph Store Database
Graph databases are one style of NoSQL databases that uses a
distribution model similar to relational databases but offers a
different data model that makes it better at handling data with
complex relationships.
Entities are also known as nodes, which have properties
Nodes are organized by relationships which allows to find
interesting patterns between the nodes
The organization of the graph lets the data to be stored once
and then interpreted in different ways based on relationships
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

17. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: I
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

18. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Key-Value Databases
Document Databases
Column-family stores
Graph Stores
Example: II
There are many available graph Databases available in the market
some of them are:
1 Neo4J
2 Infinite Graph
3 OrientDB
4 FlockDB
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

19. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Schema Migrations
Polyglot Persistence
Impedance Mismatch
Auto Sharding
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Why NoSQL
When compared to relational databases, NoSQL databases are
more scalable and provide superior performance, and their data
model addresses several issues that the relational model is not
designed to address:
1 Schema Migrations
2 Polyglot Persistence
3 Impedance Mismatch
4 Auto Sharding architecture
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

20. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Schema Migrations
Polyglot Persistence
Impedance Mismatch
Auto Sharding
Schema Migration
Schemaless nature
The recent trend in discussing NoSQL databases is to highlight
their schemaless nature, it is a popular feature that allows
developers to concentrate on the domain design without worrying
about schema changes.
with NoSQL databases, in some cases the schema does not
have to be thought about beforehand
The claim that NoSQL databases are entirely schemaless is
misleading
they store the data without regard to the schema the data
adheres to, that schema has to be defined by the application
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

21. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Schema Migrations
Polyglot Persistence
Impedance Mismatch
Auto Sharding
Polyglot Persistence
The point of view of using different data stores in different
circumstances is known as Polyglot Persistence
Most organization has mix of storage technologies for different
circumstances
Using a single database engine for all of the requirements
usually leads to non- performant solutions
Storing transactional data, caching session information,
traversing graph of customers and the products their friends
bought are essentially different problems
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

22. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Schema Migrations
Polyglot Persistence
Impedance Mismatch
Auto Sharding
Impedance Mismatch
Impedance Mismatch
Impedance Mismatch means the difference between data model
and in memory data structures.
The impedance mismatch is a major source of frustration to
application developers
Many people believed that it would lead to relational
databases being replaced with databases that replicate the
in-memory data structures to disk
Object-Oriented Database failed to show the potential to
reduce the gap
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

23. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Schema Migrations
Polyglot Persistence
Impedance Mismatch
Auto Sharding
Auto Sharding
Auto Sharding
NoSQL databases usually support auto-sharding, meaning that
they natively and automatically spread data across an arbitrary
number of servers, without requiring the application to even be
aware of the composition of the server pool
Because of the way they are structured, relational databases
usually scale vertically
This gets expensive quickly, places limits on scale, and creates
a relatively small number of failure points for database
infrastructure
The solution is to scale horizontally, by adding servers instead
of concentrating more capacity in a single server.
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

24. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Beyond NoSQL
NoSQL databases we have discussed here is only part of the
picture of polyglot persistence.
Recent attention to clustered environments has seen a rise of
distributed file systems. Technologies like the Google File
System and Hadoop
We think of XML databases as document databases where the
documents are stored in a data model compatible with XML
NoSQL is just one set of data storage technologies, we should
consider other data storage technologies whether or not they
bear the NoSQL label.
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

25. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Bibliography
Pramod J. Sadalage, Martin Fowler NoSQL Distilled: A Brief
Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot Persistence Addison
Wesley, Massachusetts, 2013
http://www.mongodb.com/learn/nosql
http://www.wikipedia.org
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database

26. What is NoSQL Database Management System
Various Data Models
Type of NoSQL DBMS
Why NoSQL DBMS?
Beyond NoSQL
Bibliography
Thank You!
Sparsa Roychowdhury NoSQL Database