Automatic Storage Management allows Oracle databases to use disk storage that is managed as an integrated cluster file system. It provides functions like striping, mirroring, and rebalancing of data across storage disks. The document outlines new features in Oracle Exadata and Automatic Storage Management including Flex ASM, which eliminates the requirement for an ASM instance on every server, and Flex Disk Groups, which provide file groups and enable quota management and redundancy changes for databases. It also discusses enhancements to disk offline and online operations and rebalancing.

1. Automatic Storage Management
Oracle Exadata Master Class
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2019 and Oracle undertakes no duty to update any statement in light of new information or future events.
Safe Harbor
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3. 3
Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
3

4. 4
Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
4

5. 5
ASM History 101
• Provides an integrated cluster volume manager and file system
• Stripes and mirrors files across disks in ASM Disk Groups
• Automatic rebalances after storage configuration changes
• Built on the Oracle instance architecture
• I/O operations DO NOT go through the ASM instance!
• Manages storage as a global cluster of shared Disk Groups
• ACFS extends the ASM management umbrella for non-
database data
• ASM along with ACFS define the Oracle Storage Stack
The Simple Idea for addressing the complexity of storage management
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

6. 6
Flex ASM
Introduced in Exadata in Oracle 12c Release 2
• Eliminates requirement for an ASM
instance on every server
Ø Database instances connect to local ASM
instance if available or a remote instance
otherwise
Ø Database instances can failover to a
secondary ASM instance
Ø Administrators specify the cardinality of
ASM instances (default is 3)
Ø Clusterware ensures ASM cardinality is
maintained
Ø Enables online patching of Grid
Infrastructure
Ø Always enabled starting Oracle 12c Release 2
Database Database Database
Database
Instance
Database
Instance
Database
Instance
Database
Instance
ASM Instance
1 2 3 4 5
Database
Instance
ASM Instance ASM Instance
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

7. 7
Database-Oriented Storage Management (19c)
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
• New Disk Group type: Flex Disk Groups
• Flex Disk Groups provide File Groups
• A File Group is the collection of files
belonging to individual databases or
PDBs
• A File Group’s name defaults to the
database or PDB name
Flex Disk Group Organization
Flex Disk Group
DB1
File 1
File 2
File 3
DB2
File 1
File 2
File 3
File 4
DB3
File 1
File 2
File 3
File Group File Group

8. 8
ASM File Group Flexibility and Availability
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
• Flex Disk Groups enable
ØQuota Management - limit the
space databases can allocate in a
Disk Group and thereby improve
the customers’ ability to
consolidate databases into fewer
Disk Groups
DB1
File 1
File 2
File 3
DB2
File 1
File 2
File 3
File 4
DB3
File 1
File 2
File 3
Quota Group B
Flex Disk Group
Quota Group A

9. 9
ASM File Group Flexibility and Availability
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
• Flex Disk Groups enable
ØQuota Management - limit the
space databases can allocate in a
Disk Group and thereby improve
the customers’ ability to
consolidate databases into fewer
Disk Groups
ØRedundancy Change – allows
altering redundancy after file
creation
DB1
File 1
File 2
File 3
DB2
File 1
File 2
File 3
File 4
DB3
File 1
File 2
File 3
Quota Group B
Flex Disk Group
Quota Group A

10. 10
ASM File Group Flexibility and Availability
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
• Flex Disk Groups enable
ØQuota Management - limit the
space databases can allocate in a
Disk Group and thereby improve
the customers’ ability to
consolidate databases into fewer
Disk Groups
ØRedundancy Change – allows
altering redundancy after file
creation
ØASM Database Clones to easily and
dynamically create database clones
for test/dev databases
DB1
File 1
File 2
File 3
DB2
File 1
File 2
File 3
File 4
DB3
File 1
File 2
File 3
Quota Group B
Flex Disk Group
Quota Group A
DB3a
File 1
File 2
File 3

11. 11
Flex Disk Groups: Parity Protected Files
ASM Parity protection
• New space-efficient protection option
• ASM provides parity protection for write-once files
Ø Archive log files
Ø Archive log backup piece
Ø Automatically generated control file backup
Ø Data file backup pieces
Ø Data file incremental backup pieces
Ø Cross-platform transportable data files backup
Ø Cross-platform transportable data files incremental backup
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

12. 12
Parity Protection
• Configured via the File Group redundancy
• Double Parity available in Oracle Database 19.5
• Set compatible.asm to 19.5 and the compatibility parameter of DB
to 19.5
ALTER DISKGROUP LOGFILE MODIFY FILEGROUP MCDB_CDB$ROOT
SET ‘ARCHIVELOG.REDUNDANCY’=‘PARITY’;
ALTER DISKGROUP LOGFILE MODIFY FILEGROUP MCDB_CDB$ROOT
SET ‘ARCHIVELOG.REDUNDANCY’=‘DOUBLE’;
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

13. 13
Double Parity
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
2 + 2 double parity 2 data extents + 2 parity extents
Disk 0
Cp1
Bp1
A1
Disk 1
Cp2
B1
A2
Disk 2
C1
B2
Ap1
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
Disk 3
C2
Bp2
Ap2

14. 14
Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
14

15. 15
ASM Disk Group Configuration
• Best practice suggests basic Disk Groups: DATA, RECO
Ø DATA Disk Group for data files, SPFILEs, and online redo logs
Ø Separating files into DATA and RECO allows the database to survive the loss of either
Ø RECO Disk Group for backups, archive logs, and online redo logs
• Special case for High Redundancy Disk Groups with only 3 cells
Ø Need to provide quorum failure group
Ø Make sure the iscsi quorum disks are online via v$asm_disk_stat
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

16. 16
Exadata Disk Groups Configuration
• For Exadata, High Redundancy is the best practice
recommendation for Disk Groups.
• Any individual Disk Group should have disks of similar capacity
and performance
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

17. 17
Number of Disk Groups - Continued
• Separate disk groups for different storage tiers, e.g. hard disk or flash
• A system has disks of varying capacity and performance. Because
different drive types cannot be mixed in the same disk group and
separate disk groups are required
• To isolate specific databases due to operational considerations such
as E-Business Suite data and Siebel data
Reasons for More Than the Recommended Minimum Number of Disk
Groups
1

18. 18
Methods of Configuring Exadata grid disks
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Distinct Storage Servers
Shared Storage Servers

19. 19
Best Practices for Creating Disk Groups
• Use the shared storage server approach. This provides the best
overall system performance
• Consider using fewer Disk Groups and using IORM to manage
workload
• Keep in mind that the number of concurrent rebalance
operations are limited to the number of ASM instances. With
many Disk Groups, some Disk Group rebalance operations may
have to queue.
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

20. 20
How to Create New Disk Groups with no
Unallocated Space
• Option 1: Free up space from an existing disk group
• Delete or move some files from disk group, if necessary and possible
• Resize all ASM disks to a smaller size
• Resize the respective grid disks to a smaller size
• Use the newly available space to create new grid disks
• Create a new disk group using new grid disks
• Option 2: Obtain additional storage cells
20

21. 21
Provision Additional Storage Cells to
Existing Disk Group
21
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

22. 22
Provision Additional Storage Cells to
Existing Disk Group
22
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6

23. 23
Provision Additional Storage Cells to
Existing Disk Group
23
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Reco1 Reco1 Reco1

24. 24
Provision Additional Storage Cells to
Existing Disk Group
24
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Reco1 Reco1 Reco1
Data1 Data1 Data1

25. 25
Provision Additional Storage Cells to
Existing Disk Group
25
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Data1
Reco1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6
Reco1 Reco1 Reco1
Data1 Data1 Data1
Reco2 Reco2 Reco2

26. 27
ASM Disk Group Reconfiguration
• Power determines the number of concurrent I/O operations
Ø Highly configuration dependent, but values greater than 64 often have
declining benefit with respect to rebalance performance
Ø Can be dynamically changed to manage performance impact
Ø Use ALTER DISKGROUP REBALANCE MODIFY POWER to change rebalance
power setting without restarting rebalance operation (12.2)
Ø Engineered systems cannot set asm_power_limit to 0 starting 18c
• Power setting can be used for disk resync (disk online) starting 12c
• Administrators can now use REPLACE DISK as a fast and efficient
operation
Ø Disk group reorganization is not required
Ø Replacement disk is populated with copies of ASM extents from online disks
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
ASM Power

27. 28
ASM Disk Group Attributes
• appliance.mode set to TRUE
• Fixed partnering: When disks are dropped due to failure, no
partnership change; reduces data movement when restoring
redundancy and improves availability
• All disks must be the same type (SSD or HDD)
• Disks must be in consecutive slot numbers to avoid missing hardware
• compatible.asm set to current Grid Infrastructure (GI) version
• Provides access to latest features on availability and performance
• All disks have the same size (12.1.0.2+)
• All failure groups have the same number of disks (12.2)
• Improved availability when encountering disk failures (12.2, 18)
• Faster disk online and resync (18)
• compatible.rdbms >= 12.1.0.2
• Resync checkpoint: retain resync progress after interruption (12.1.0.2+)
• Reduction of the use of large extents and its fragmentation (11.2.0.4+)
2

28. 29
Disk Failure
• Disk and Failure Group repair timers
Ø disk_repair_time default value is 12 hours (18c)
Ø failgroup_repair_time provides extra opportunity to avoid unnecessary
rebalance – default value is 24 hours
Ø ALTER DISKGROUP <NAME> SET ATTRIBUTE 'DISK_REPAIR_TIME' =
‘24H';
Ø DROP AFTER clause of "OFFLINE DISK"|"OFFLINE DISKS IN
FAILGROUP“ can be used to reset active timer
Ø Timer runs only while Disk Group mounted
Ø REPAIR_TIMER column in V$ASM_DISK reflects remaining time
Ø When timer expires and the disk is force dropped, you cannot use
ONLINE DISK or REPLACE DISK
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Repair Times When Mirroring

29. 30
Checking for Corruption
• Silent data corruption is a fact of life in today’s storage world
• The database checks for corruption when reading data
Ø If physical corruption is detected then automatic recovery can be
performed using the ASM mirror copies
Ø For seldom accessed data, over time all mirror copies of data could be
corrupted
• ASM data can be proactively scrubbed:
Ø Scrubbing occurs automatically during rebalance operations
Ø Scrubbing of a Disk Group, individual files, or individual disks
Ø Check alert log for results
Ø ALTER DISKGROUP <NAME> SCRUB [REPAIR];
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.

30. 31
Free Space Recommendation – Exadata
• Best practice for free space to tolerate one disk failure (Normal or
High Redundancy):
• Although not a best practice recommendation, if a customer wants
to keep enough space to tolerate two disk failures in High
Redundancy:
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Grid Infrastructure Version Number of Failgroups Required % free
12.1 any 15
12.2 or later less than 5 15
12.2 or later 5 or more 9
Grid Infrastructure Version Number of Failgroups Required % free
12.2 or later less than 5 29
12.2 or later 5 or more 15

31. 32
Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
32

32. 33
Faster Online
• Virtually Address Metadata (VAM)
• Formerly, ASM disk metadata was physically addressed on a disk and was not
mirrored on any other disk
• Now, ASM disk metadata is virtually addressed and is mirrored
• Compatible.asm >= 18.1
• Online improvements because of VAM:
• No longer need to reconstruct physically addressed metadata as part of
online. This operation was costly because it involved scanning all the file
metadata
• Reduce metadata full scan to an amount proportional to stale data
• Checkpointing: allow resync to resume progress if interrupted
3

33. 34
I/O Latency Capping
• Cell-side Hair-Trigger I/O Latency Capping
• When a disk fails to return any I/O after a timeout, pending I/Os will be
cancelled
• Reads will be returned back to ASM, which will read from a mirror
• Writes will be cached in the flash cache and acknowledged
• Compute-node I/O Latency Capping
• When a storage cell stops responding, I/Os to that cell will be cancelled
• Disconnect from the problem cell
• Reads will be redirected to the a mirror on another storage cell
• Writes will be written to remaining mirrors and will be acknowledged
once ASM offlines all disks in the storage cell that failed to respond
3

34. 35
Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
35

35. 36
Rebalance Phases
1. RESYNC
2. RESILVER
3. REBUILD – new in 12.2
4. BALANCE
5. PREPARE – new in 12.2
6. COMPACT
Oracle Confidential
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REDUNDANCY
RESTORE

36. 37
WITH / WITHOUT Rebalance SQL
• Specify the list of phases to run
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITH RESTORE POWER 10
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITH RESTORE COMPACT
• RESTORE = RESYNC + RESILVER + REBUILD
• Specify the list of phases to defer
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITHOUT COMPACT
• No phase specified = Run all phases
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP <dg> REBALANCE
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37. 39
Online Change in Rebalance Power
• MODIFY rebalance power (only change is power)
• Must specify same phases as the on-going rebalance
• On-going rebalance
• SQL> alter diskgroup data rebalance modify power 10
• New rebalance
• SQL> alter diskgroup data rebalance modify power 20
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38. 40
Pause/Resume/Restart Rebalance
• Greater control on rebalance
• Use MODIFY keyword with power 0 to pause rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE modify power 0
• Use MODIFY keyword non-zero power to resume rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE modify power 4
• Skip the MODIFY keyword to restart rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE power 2
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39. 41
Rebalance Estimates
• Estimates for each phase computed in parallel
• Faster rebalance
• ARB-0 Process – rebalance work
• ARB-A Process (estimate slave) – rebalance estimates
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40. 42
HARD Check During Rebalance
• Prevents physical corruptions from spreading from disk to disk
• What happens if HARD check fails?
• ORA-00600 [kfk_iodone_invalid_buffer] (12.1.0.2DBBP, 12.2RU)
• Results in ORA-59035: HARDCHECK error during I/O (18.3 or later)
• Rebalance tries to continue until a number of failures occur, then ORA-
59035 (18.3 or later)
• Checks limited to major file types like datafile, online redo log,
archive log, backup files, etc. File types like temp files are
excluded from these checks.
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41. 43
Content.check – 19.2 ASM Feature
• Scrubs relocating extents during rebalance for physical
corruptions just like HARD check
• If a corruption is found and there is a good mirror side,
automatically repair from mirror side
• Throws ORA-00700:
[KFFSCRUBDUMPEXTENTSET_ONSUSPICIOUSBLKS] for root
cause analysis
• Rebalance will continue after the repair
Oracle Confidential
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42. Thank You
The ASM Team

43. 45
Copyright © 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates.