SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Sources and fate of Ammonia (NH3)
 Sources of Ammonia
 Ammonia is produced in the body from:
 1-Deamination of Amino Acids 2
- Bacterial Action in intestine
 3- Catabolism of Amines 4
-Catabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines
Fate of ammonia
 Ammonia is used in the body to form :
 1-Urea by urea cycle in the liver
 2-Non-essential amino acids by transamination
 3-Amino sugars byTransamidation 4
-Purines and pyrimidines
Transport of ammonia from tissues
to the liver
 Ammonia transports between tissues and the liver mos
tly in the form of glutamine and alanine (non-toxic
transport) and not as free ammonia.
 1-Transport ammonia by glutamine
 This mechanism is used by most tissues in which ammon
ia binds with glutamic acids in presence of glutamine sy
nthetase and ATP to form glutamine , then glutamine is
transported in the blood to the liver where it is cleaved
to produce glutamic acid and free ammonia by glutami
nase
Transport of ammonia from tissues t
o the liver
 2-Transport ammonia by alanine
 This mechanism is used mainly by muscles by tra
nsamination of pyruvate to
 form alanine by alanine transaminase (ALT,GPT), t
hen alanine is transported by the blood to the live
r, where it is converted to pyruvate, by transamina
tion.
Urea cycle
 Also known as the ornithine cycle or Krebs-He
nseleit cycle,it is a cycle of biochemical reactions
occurring in liver, which produces urea (non-toxic)
from ammonia (toxic).The urea cycle consists of fiv
e reactions: two mitochondrial and three cytos
olic.The cycle converts two amino groups, one fro
m NH4
+ and one from Aspartic acid, and a carbon at
om from HCO3
−, to produce urea at the cost of fou
r ATP.
Steps of Urea cycle
 1-Formation of carbamoyl phosphate by cond
ensation of CO2, ammonia, and ATP by mitochondri
al carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.The enzy
me requires N-acetyl glutamate as allosteric activat
or.
Urea cycle
 2- Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are combin
ed together to form citrulline by ornithine transc
arbamoylase.This enzyme is present in mitochond
ria.
Urea cycle
 3-This reaction and the other reactions of urea cy
cle occurs in cytosol, citrulline formed in mitochond
ria enters cytosol through specific transporter pres
ent in inner mitochondrial membrane. Arginino su
ccinate synthetase present in cytosol catalyzes c
ondensation of citrulline and aspartate to for
m argininosuccinate in prescence of ATP.
Urea cycle
 4-Argininosuccinate is cleaved by Argininosuccina
se to arginine and fumarate.
Urea cycle
 5- Arginine is converted to urea and ornithine by
arginase.The ornithine which formed enters mitoc
hondria through transporter present in inner mitoc
hondrial membrane to start reactions of urea cycle
again.
Regulation of urea formation
 Formation of urea is regulated by activity of carba
moyl phosphate synthetase I, N-acetylglutamate
(an allosteric activator) regulates the activity of this
enzyme.
 High protein intake leads to form more N-acetylglut
amate. So high protein diet affects urea formation. In
starvation also urea synthesis is increased due to in
creased protein breakdown.
Metabolic disorders of urea cycle
 Urea formation is impaired in several inherited dise
ases.They are due to deficiency of enzymes of urea
cycle.All defects in urea synthesis result in ammonia
intoxication. Urea cycle disorders are characterized
by hyperammonemia, encephalopathy,vomiting,letha
rgy, and mental retardation.All metabolic disorders
of urea cycle are autosomal recessive disorders exc
ept hyperammonemia type II is X-linked disorders.
Metabolic disorders of urea cycle
 1- Hyper ammonemiaType I
 It is due to deficiency of carbamoyl phosphate s
ynthetase I. Mental etardation is the main sympto
m of this condition.
 2- Hyper ammonemiaType II
 It is due to deficiency of enzyme ornithine transc
arbamoylase.
Metabolic disorders of urea cycle
 3- Citrullinemia
 This condition is due to the deficiency of arginino
succinate synthetase. Citrulline accumulates in bl
ood and excreted in urine.
 4- Argininosuccinicaciduria
 This condition is due to deficiency of Argininosuc
cinase.So, argininosuccinate accumulates in blood a
nd excreted in urine.
Metabolic disorders of urea cycle
 5- Hyperargininemia
 This condition is due to deficiency of arginase H
ence, arginine accumulates and excreted in urine.
 6- N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency
 It is a rare disorder, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase i
s needed in formation of N-acetyl glutamate fro
m acetyl-CoA and glutamate. Since carbamoyl gluta
mate is an analog of acetyl glutamate administration
of carbamoyl glutamate can lower symptoms of this
case.
Treatment of hyperammonemia
 Treatment centers on limiting intake of ammonia and increa
sing its excretion.
 1-Dietary protein (a source of ammonium) is restricted.
 2- Intravenous sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate
are used to treat hyperammonemia in patients with urea c
ycle enzyme deficiencies. Phenylacetate conjugates with glut
amine to form phenylacetylglutamine, which is excreted by
the kidneys. Sodium benzoate conjugating with glycine to f
orm hippuric acid, which is rapidly excreted by the kidneys.
Treatment of hyperammonemia
 3- Acidification of the intestinal lumen using lactulos
e can decrease ammonia (NH3 is diffusible) levels by
addition of H+ to ammonia to form ammonium (
NH4 is not diffusible) and trapping it in the stool.Th
is is a treatment for hepatic encephalopathy.
Mechanism of ammonia toxicity
 Mechanism of toxic effect of ammonia on brain is not clearl
y understood but ammonia can cause brain toxicity by four
ways:
 1-Elevated levels of glutamine, formed from NH4
+ and gluta
mate , produce osmotic effects that lead directly to brain s
welling.
 2-The entry of ammonia into brain leads to formation of gl
utamate by the reversal of glutamate dehydrogenase reacti
on.This depletes available α-keto glutarate in the brain, whi
ch lead to inhibit citric acid cycle and ATP production dimi
nishes,which leads to brain cell dysfunction.
Mechanism of ammonia toxicity
 3-Brain is rich in glutamine synthetase ,and the amm
onia which enters brain is used for glutamine synthe
sis, which leads to depletion of cellular ATP and cell
dysfunction.
 4- Glutamate is considered as neurotransmitter the
toxice effect of ammonia may be due to over stimul
ation of nerve cells by glutamate formed from amm
onia and α-ketoglutarate by the action of glutamate
dehydrogenase.
Fate of urea
 Following synthesis in the liver, urea is carried in the blood
to the kidney, where it is readily filtered from the plasma by
the glomerulus. Most of the urea in the glomerular filtrate i
s excreted in the urine, and some urea is reabsorbed by pas
sive diffusion during passage of the filtrate through the rena
l tubules.The concentration of urea in the plasma is determ
ined by renal function and perfusion, the protein content of
the diet, and the rate of protein catabolism.
 The normal range of blood urea is ≤ 50 mg/dl.An elevated
concentration of urea in the blood is called uremia.
Increased urea levels occur in the fol
lowing conditions:
 A-Prerenal causes
 1-Congestive heart failure (due to decreased blood flow to
the kidneys, decreased renal excretion, and accumulation i
n circulating blood)
 2-Excessive protein ingestion (due to increased protein me
tabolism)
 3-Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (Excessive blood protein in
the GI tract and increased protein metabolism)
 4-Shock (due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, decr
eased renal excreation)
 5-Dehydration
B-Renal causes
 1-Renal failure ( due to decreased renal excretion)
 2-Glomerulonephritis
C-Postrenal causes
 1-Urinary tract obstruction

More Related Content

Similar to Nitrogen Balance.pdf

UREA CYCLE
UREA CYCLEUREA CYCLE
UREA CYCLE
Rabia Khan Baber
 
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated DisordersFormation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
Rahul SIR
 
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptxBCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
VIVIEN63
 
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal (Urea cycle )
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal  (Urea cycle )AAM-3: Ammonia disposal  (Urea cycle )
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal (Urea cycle )
Dr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Urea
UreaUrea
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbsProtein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
FarhanMohammed53
 
8-protein metabolism.pptx
8-protein metabolism.pptx8-protein metabolism.pptx
8-protein metabolism.pptx
Marwaaly15
 
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammoniaUrea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
Grishma Kasle
 
Metabolism of protein
Metabolism of protein Metabolism of protein
Metabolism of protein
Fearoz Khan
 
Urea cycle
Urea cycleUrea cycle
Urea cycle
MAULIK PATEL
 
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acidsAAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
Dr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Lec 3 level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
Lec 3  level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)Lec 3  level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
Lec 3 level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
dream10f
 
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human Excretory system
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human  Excretory systemUrea cycle, Biochemistry, Human  Excretory system
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human Excretory system
RAJNI GODARA
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
Dr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptxAmino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
ChevallaMaheshwari
 
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptxAmino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
ChevallaMaheshwari
 
Ammonia metabolism
Ammonia metabolismAmmonia metabolism
Ammonia metabolism
BiochemistrySGRDIMSAR
 
Urea cycle disorder
Urea cycle disorderUrea cycle disorder
Urea cycle disorder
Mohammad Reza Abdullahi
 
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemia
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemiaUrea cycle defect hyperammonemia
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemia
Ayetenew Abita Desa
 
Urea cycle and its disorders
Urea cycle and its disordersUrea cycle and its disorders
Urea cycle and its disorders
Ramesh Gupta
 

Similar to Nitrogen Balance.pdf (20)

UREA CYCLE
UREA CYCLEUREA CYCLE
UREA CYCLE
 
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated DisordersFormation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
Formation & Transport of Ammonia and its Associated Disorders
 
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptxBCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
BCH 228-UREA CYCLE.pptx
 
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal (Urea cycle )
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal  (Urea cycle )AAM-3: Ammonia disposal  (Urea cycle )
AAM-3: Ammonia disposal (Urea cycle )
 
Urea
UreaUrea
Urea
 
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbsProtein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
Protein metabolism for biochemistry mbbs
 
8-protein metabolism.pptx
8-protein metabolism.pptx8-protein metabolism.pptx
8-protein metabolism.pptx
 
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammoniaUrea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
Urea cycle:Metabolism of ammonia
 
Metabolism of protein
Metabolism of protein Metabolism of protein
Metabolism of protein
 
Urea cycle
Urea cycleUrea cycle
Urea cycle
 
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acidsAAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
AAM-2- General reactions of amino acids
 
Lec 3 level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
Lec 3  level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)Lec 3  level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
Lec 3 level 3-de(protein metabolism &urea cycle)
 
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human Excretory system
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human  Excretory systemUrea cycle, Biochemistry, Human  Excretory system
Urea cycle, Biochemistry, Human Excretory system
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptxAmino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by bulet sir.pptx
 
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptxAmino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
Amino_acid_metabolisnm_3rd_unit[1] by BKG sir.pptx
 
Ammonia metabolism
Ammonia metabolismAmmonia metabolism
Ammonia metabolism
 
Urea cycle disorder
Urea cycle disorderUrea cycle disorder
Urea cycle disorder
 
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemia
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemiaUrea cycle defect hyperammonemia
Urea cycle defect hyperammonemia
 
Urea cycle and its disorders
Urea cycle and its disordersUrea cycle and its disorders
Urea cycle and its disorders
 

More from MujahedAldhabyani

MUSCLE.ppt
MUSCLE.pptMUSCLE.ppt
MUSCLE.ppt
MujahedAldhabyani
 
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
MujahedAldhabyani
 
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdfhumansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
UGT.pdf
UGT.pdfUGT.pdf
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdfHistology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
BirthDefects(0).pdf
BirthDefects(0).pdfBirthDefects(0).pdf
BirthDefects(0).pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdfHyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
renal 1.pdf
renal 1.pdfrenal 1.pdf
renal 1.pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
2nd 2Week (1) (1).pdf
2nd   2Week (1) (1).pdf2nd   2Week (1) (1).pdf
2nd 2Week (1) (1).pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdfمحاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
MujahedAldhabyani
 

More from MujahedAldhabyani (11)

MUSCLE.ppt
MUSCLE.pptMUSCLE.ppt
MUSCLE.ppt
 
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
compress_developmentofthemalereproductivesystem-170422070219 (1)_202301050308...
 
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdfhumansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
humansystemsystemofreproductive-female-090914سمناار005925-phpapp02.pdf
 
UGT.pdf
UGT.pdfUGT.pdf
UGT.pdf
 
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT(4).pdf
 
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdfHistology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
Histology of Pancreas, adrenal.pdf
 
BirthDefects(0).pdf
BirthDefects(0).pdfBirthDefects(0).pdf
BirthDefects(0).pdf
 
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdfHyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
 
renal 1.pdf
renal 1.pdfrenal 1.pdf
renal 1.pdf
 
2nd 2Week (1) (1).pdf
2nd   2Week (1) (1).pdf2nd   2Week (1) (1).pdf
2nd 2Week (1) (1).pdf
 
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdfمحاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
محاضره_الفيميل_د_وليد_الذاهبي_بلك_البولي_التناسلي_دفعة_رابعة_.pdf
 

Recently uploaded

Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query PerformanceUsing Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Grant Fritchey
 
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsArtificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Octavian Nadolu
 
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
ToXSL Technologies
 
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
What is Master Data Management by PiLog GroupWhat is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
aymanquadri279
 
Fundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
Fundamentals of Programming and Language ProcessorsFundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
Fundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
Rakesh Kumar R
 
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional SafetyRequirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Ayan Halder
 
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
Julian Hyde
 
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, FactsALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
Green Software Development
 
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptxOracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Remote DBA Services
 
Empowering Growth with Best Software Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Empowering Growth with Best Software  Development Company in Noida - DeugloEmpowering Growth with Best Software  Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Empowering Growth with Best Software Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Deuglo Infosystem Pvt Ltd
 
SQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
SQL Accounting Software Brochure MalaysiaSQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
SQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
GohKiangHock
 
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative AnalysisOdoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
Envertis Software Solutions
 
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workMicroservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Sven Peters
 
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
Neo4j
 
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTransform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
TheSMSPoint
 
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesAtelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Neo4j
 
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptxLecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
TaghreedAltamimi
 
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
Crescat
 
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdfVitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
Vitthal Shirke
 
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdfUnveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
brainerhub1
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query PerformanceUsing Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
 
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsArtificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
 
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?
 
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
What is Master Data Management by PiLog GroupWhat is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
 
Fundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
Fundamentals of Programming and Language ProcessorsFundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
Fundamentals of Programming and Language Processors
 
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional SafetyRequirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
 
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
 
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, FactsALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
 
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptxOracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
 
Empowering Growth with Best Software Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Empowering Growth with Best Software  Development Company in Noida - DeugloEmpowering Growth with Best Software  Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Empowering Growth with Best Software Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
 
SQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
SQL Accounting Software Brochure MalaysiaSQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
SQL Accounting Software Brochure Malaysia
 
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative AnalysisOdoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
Odoo ERP Vs. Traditional ERP Systems – A Comparative Analysis
 
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workMicroservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
 
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit Paris
 
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTransform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
 
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesAtelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
 
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptxLecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
Lecture 2 - software testing SE 412.pptx
 
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...
 
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdfVitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
Vitthal Shirke Java Microservices Resume.pdf
 
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdfUnveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
 

Nitrogen Balance.pdf

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Sources and fate of Ammonia (NH3)  Sources of Ammonia  Ammonia is produced in the body from:  1-Deamination of Amino Acids 2 - Bacterial Action in intestine  3- Catabolism of Amines 4 -Catabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines
  • 24. Fate of ammonia  Ammonia is used in the body to form :  1-Urea by urea cycle in the liver  2-Non-essential amino acids by transamination  3-Amino sugars byTransamidation 4 -Purines and pyrimidines
  • 25. Transport of ammonia from tissues to the liver  Ammonia transports between tissues and the liver mos tly in the form of glutamine and alanine (non-toxic transport) and not as free ammonia.  1-Transport ammonia by glutamine  This mechanism is used by most tissues in which ammon ia binds with glutamic acids in presence of glutamine sy nthetase and ATP to form glutamine , then glutamine is transported in the blood to the liver where it is cleaved to produce glutamic acid and free ammonia by glutami nase
  • 26. Transport of ammonia from tissues t o the liver  2-Transport ammonia by alanine  This mechanism is used mainly by muscles by tra nsamination of pyruvate to  form alanine by alanine transaminase (ALT,GPT), t hen alanine is transported by the blood to the live r, where it is converted to pyruvate, by transamina tion.
  • 27. Urea cycle  Also known as the ornithine cycle or Krebs-He nseleit cycle,it is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in liver, which produces urea (non-toxic) from ammonia (toxic).The urea cycle consists of fiv e reactions: two mitochondrial and three cytos olic.The cycle converts two amino groups, one fro m NH4 + and one from Aspartic acid, and a carbon at om from HCO3 −, to produce urea at the cost of fou r ATP.
  • 28. Steps of Urea cycle  1-Formation of carbamoyl phosphate by cond ensation of CO2, ammonia, and ATP by mitochondri al carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I.The enzy me requires N-acetyl glutamate as allosteric activat or.
  • 29.
  • 30. Urea cycle  2- Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are combin ed together to form citrulline by ornithine transc arbamoylase.This enzyme is present in mitochond ria.
  • 31.
  • 32. Urea cycle  3-This reaction and the other reactions of urea cy cle occurs in cytosol, citrulline formed in mitochond ria enters cytosol through specific transporter pres ent in inner mitochondrial membrane. Arginino su ccinate synthetase present in cytosol catalyzes c ondensation of citrulline and aspartate to for m argininosuccinate in prescence of ATP.
  • 33.
  • 34. Urea cycle  4-Argininosuccinate is cleaved by Argininosuccina se to arginine and fumarate.
  • 35.
  • 36. Urea cycle  5- Arginine is converted to urea and ornithine by arginase.The ornithine which formed enters mitoc hondria through transporter present in inner mitoc hondrial membrane to start reactions of urea cycle again.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39. Regulation of urea formation  Formation of urea is regulated by activity of carba moyl phosphate synthetase I, N-acetylglutamate (an allosteric activator) regulates the activity of this enzyme.  High protein intake leads to form more N-acetylglut amate. So high protein diet affects urea formation. In starvation also urea synthesis is increased due to in creased protein breakdown.
  • 40. Metabolic disorders of urea cycle  Urea formation is impaired in several inherited dise ases.They are due to deficiency of enzymes of urea cycle.All defects in urea synthesis result in ammonia intoxication. Urea cycle disorders are characterized by hyperammonemia, encephalopathy,vomiting,letha rgy, and mental retardation.All metabolic disorders of urea cycle are autosomal recessive disorders exc ept hyperammonemia type II is X-linked disorders.
  • 41. Metabolic disorders of urea cycle  1- Hyper ammonemiaType I  It is due to deficiency of carbamoyl phosphate s ynthetase I. Mental etardation is the main sympto m of this condition.  2- Hyper ammonemiaType II  It is due to deficiency of enzyme ornithine transc arbamoylase.
  • 42. Metabolic disorders of urea cycle  3- Citrullinemia  This condition is due to the deficiency of arginino succinate synthetase. Citrulline accumulates in bl ood and excreted in urine.  4- Argininosuccinicaciduria  This condition is due to deficiency of Argininosuc cinase.So, argininosuccinate accumulates in blood a nd excreted in urine.
  • 43. Metabolic disorders of urea cycle  5- Hyperargininemia  This condition is due to deficiency of arginase H ence, arginine accumulates and excreted in urine.  6- N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency  It is a rare disorder, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase i s needed in formation of N-acetyl glutamate fro m acetyl-CoA and glutamate. Since carbamoyl gluta mate is an analog of acetyl glutamate administration of carbamoyl glutamate can lower symptoms of this case.
  • 44. Treatment of hyperammonemia  Treatment centers on limiting intake of ammonia and increa sing its excretion.  1-Dietary protein (a source of ammonium) is restricted.  2- Intravenous sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate are used to treat hyperammonemia in patients with urea c ycle enzyme deficiencies. Phenylacetate conjugates with glut amine to form phenylacetylglutamine, which is excreted by the kidneys. Sodium benzoate conjugating with glycine to f orm hippuric acid, which is rapidly excreted by the kidneys.
  • 45. Treatment of hyperammonemia  3- Acidification of the intestinal lumen using lactulos e can decrease ammonia (NH3 is diffusible) levels by addition of H+ to ammonia to form ammonium ( NH4 is not diffusible) and trapping it in the stool.Th is is a treatment for hepatic encephalopathy.
  • 46. Mechanism of ammonia toxicity  Mechanism of toxic effect of ammonia on brain is not clearl y understood but ammonia can cause brain toxicity by four ways:  1-Elevated levels of glutamine, formed from NH4 + and gluta mate , produce osmotic effects that lead directly to brain s welling.  2-The entry of ammonia into brain leads to formation of gl utamate by the reversal of glutamate dehydrogenase reacti on.This depletes available α-keto glutarate in the brain, whi ch lead to inhibit citric acid cycle and ATP production dimi nishes,which leads to brain cell dysfunction.
  • 47. Mechanism of ammonia toxicity  3-Brain is rich in glutamine synthetase ,and the amm onia which enters brain is used for glutamine synthe sis, which leads to depletion of cellular ATP and cell dysfunction.  4- Glutamate is considered as neurotransmitter the toxice effect of ammonia may be due to over stimul ation of nerve cells by glutamate formed from amm onia and α-ketoglutarate by the action of glutamate dehydrogenase.
  • 48. Fate of urea  Following synthesis in the liver, urea is carried in the blood to the kidney, where it is readily filtered from the plasma by the glomerulus. Most of the urea in the glomerular filtrate i s excreted in the urine, and some urea is reabsorbed by pas sive diffusion during passage of the filtrate through the rena l tubules.The concentration of urea in the plasma is determ ined by renal function and perfusion, the protein content of the diet, and the rate of protein catabolism.  The normal range of blood urea is ≤ 50 mg/dl.An elevated concentration of urea in the blood is called uremia.
  • 49. Increased urea levels occur in the fol lowing conditions:  A-Prerenal causes  1-Congestive heart failure (due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, decreased renal excretion, and accumulation i n circulating blood)  2-Excessive protein ingestion (due to increased protein me tabolism)  3-Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (Excessive blood protein in the GI tract and increased protein metabolism)  4-Shock (due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, decr eased renal excreation)  5-Dehydration
  • 50. B-Renal causes  1-Renal failure ( due to decreased renal excretion)  2-Glomerulonephritis
  • 51. C-Postrenal causes  1-Urinary tract obstruction