NISAR
Oil, Gas, and Water Underground Reservoirs
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NISAR
Oil, Gas, and Water Underground Reservoirs
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
We are a passionate family of creative people with rich knowledge of news and politics. Purpose of the website: The reason for creating this website is to provide true and accurate knowledge to visitors. We love to share our knowledge with the world and enjoy the good life. Visit our website and explore the information about trending news and education. We provide you with the latest updates on politics, Social media and trending news.
Earthquake and its predictions. by engr. ghulam yasin taunsviShan Khan
Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults.
California lies on one of the most active faults in the world, the San Andreas Fault.
Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none of them being 100% accurate.
Predictions are generally given for a time frame instead of an exact date
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
This report contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Page | 331
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
13.10 sTudenT resPonses
1. For Carrier, Oklahoma, what is the approximate time of the arrival of the first
P-wave?
a. 10 seconds b. 15 seconds c. 21 seconds d. 30 seconds
2. For Marlow, Oklahoma, what is the approximate time of the arrival of the first
S-wave?
a. 19 seconds b. 22 seconds c. 35 seconds d. 42 seconds
3. For Bolivar, Missouri, what is the difference between the P and S wave arrival
times?
a. 10 seconds b. 20 seconds c. 40 seconds d. 55 seconds
4. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Carrier, Oklahoma?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
5. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Marlow, Oklahoma?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
6. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Bolivar, Missouri?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
7. Look at the location that you determined was the earthquake epicenter.
Compare its location to Oklahoma City. Which direction is the epicenter located
from Oklahoma City?
a. southeast b. northwest c. northeast d. southwest
8. Examine the before and after image of the National Cathedral. Based on the
changes seen within the structure, decide where this earthquake would most
likely fall on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Based off this image, the
most likely intensity of this earthquake would be:
a. <IV b. V-VI c. VII d. VIII or greater
Page | 332
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
9. Residents in Port-au-Prince complained of extreme shaking during the
earthquake, while residents of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican
Republic that sits 150 miles east of Port-au-Prince, assumed the shaking was
caused by the passing of a large truck. Based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale, the residents of Port-au-Prince mostly like experienced an intensity of
___, while the residents of Santo Domingo experienced an intensity of ___.
a. VII, II b. VIII, III c. X, III d. X, IV
10. A significant earthquake hits San Mateo, California while you are there. During
the shaking you are caught indoors. Would you rather be at the US Social
Security Administration Building (located at South Claremont Street, San
Mateo) or with the San Mateo Park Rangers (located at J Hart Clinton Drive,
San Mateo)?
a. the US Social Security Administration Building b. the San Mateo Park Rangers
11. While visiting California, you become violently ill and must visit a hospital.
Based off of your fears of a possible earthquake occurring, would you rather go
to Highland Hospital in Oakland or Alameda Hospital in Alameda?
a. Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA b. Alameda Hospital, Alameda, CA
12. After what year does the number of magnitude 3 or greater earthquakes begin
to rise significantly?
a. 2007 b. 2009 c. 2011 d. 2015
13. After what year does the number of fracking wells begin to rise significantly?
a. 2007 b. 2009 c. 2011 d. 2015
14. Based on the graph that you constructed, do .
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to the people around and destroy whole cities.
Upsc important geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic...Gautam Kumar
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
NASA Overcoming the 50-Year Ban History of the Ban on Commercial Supersonic F...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Overcoming the 50-Year Ban
History of the Ban on Commercial Supersonic Flight Over Land
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
We are a passionate family of creative people with rich knowledge of news and politics. Purpose of the website: The reason for creating this website is to provide true and accurate knowledge to visitors. We love to share our knowledge with the world and enjoy the good life. Visit our website and explore the information about trending news and education. We provide you with the latest updates on politics, Social media and trending news.
Earthquake and its predictions. by engr. ghulam yasin taunsviShan Khan
Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults.
California lies on one of the most active faults in the world, the San Andreas Fault.
Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none of them being 100% accurate.
Predictions are generally given for a time frame instead of an exact date
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
This report contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Page | 331
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
13.10 sTudenT resPonses
1. For Carrier, Oklahoma, what is the approximate time of the arrival of the first
P-wave?
a. 10 seconds b. 15 seconds c. 21 seconds d. 30 seconds
2. For Marlow, Oklahoma, what is the approximate time of the arrival of the first
S-wave?
a. 19 seconds b. 22 seconds c. 35 seconds d. 42 seconds
3. For Bolivar, Missouri, what is the difference between the P and S wave arrival
times?
a. 10 seconds b. 20 seconds c. 40 seconds d. 55 seconds
4. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Carrier, Oklahoma?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
5. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Marlow, Oklahoma?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
6. What is the approximate distance to the epicenter from Bolivar, Missouri?
a. 70 km b. 130 km c. 240 km d. 390 km
7. Look at the location that you determined was the earthquake epicenter.
Compare its location to Oklahoma City. Which direction is the epicenter located
from Oklahoma City?
a. southeast b. northwest c. northeast d. southwest
8. Examine the before and after image of the National Cathedral. Based on the
changes seen within the structure, decide where this earthquake would most
likely fall on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Based off this image, the
most likely intensity of this earthquake would be:
a. <IV b. V-VI c. VII d. VIII or greater
Page | 332
Introductory GeoloGy earthquakes
9. Residents in Port-au-Prince complained of extreme shaking during the
earthquake, while residents of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican
Republic that sits 150 miles east of Port-au-Prince, assumed the shaking was
caused by the passing of a large truck. Based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale, the residents of Port-au-Prince mostly like experienced an intensity of
___, while the residents of Santo Domingo experienced an intensity of ___.
a. VII, II b. VIII, III c. X, III d. X, IV
10. A significant earthquake hits San Mateo, California while you are there. During
the shaking you are caught indoors. Would you rather be at the US Social
Security Administration Building (located at South Claremont Street, San
Mateo) or with the San Mateo Park Rangers (located at J Hart Clinton Drive,
San Mateo)?
a. the US Social Security Administration Building b. the San Mateo Park Rangers
11. While visiting California, you become violently ill and must visit a hospital.
Based off of your fears of a possible earthquake occurring, would you rather go
to Highland Hospital in Oakland or Alameda Hospital in Alameda?
a. Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA b. Alameda Hospital, Alameda, CA
12. After what year does the number of magnitude 3 or greater earthquakes begin
to rise significantly?
a. 2007 b. 2009 c. 2011 d. 2015
13. After what year does the number of fracking wells begin to rise significantly?
a. 2007 b. 2009 c. 2011 d. 2015
14. Based on the graph that you constructed, do .
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to the people around and destroy whole cities.
Upsc important geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic...Gautam Kumar
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
NASA Overcoming the 50-Year Ban History of the Ban on Commercial Supersonic F...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Overcoming the 50-Year Ban
History of the Ban on Commercial Supersonic Flight Over Land
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Carbon Fiber Composites (CFC) Recycling Technology Enabled by the TuFF T...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Carbon Fiber Composites (CFC) Recycling
Technology Enabled by the TuFF Technology
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Urban Air Mobility Fatigue Prediction Aaron Crawford – NASA ULI Innovati...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Urban Air Mobility Fatigue Prediction
Aaron Crawford – NASA ULI Innovative Manufacturing, Operation, and Certification of Advanced
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Multiscale Analysis Tool (NASMAT)
Robust, Integrated, Physics-based, Non-linear, Variable Fidelity Modeling of
Multi-phased Materials and Structures
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Aviary Open-source software tool for optimizing next-generation aircraft...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Aviary
Open-source software tool for optimizing next-generation aircraft designs
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Aircraft Certification by Analysis (CbA) 20-year Vision for Virtual Flig...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Aircraft Certification by Analysis (CbA)
20-year Vision for Virtual Flight Testing
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA DECO CAS Research into a New Operating Mode for Digitally Enabled Cooper...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA DECO
CAS Research into a New Operating Mode for Digitally Enabled Cooperative Operations (DECO)
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Advanced Exploration of Reliable Operation at low Altitudes: meteorology...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Advanced Exploration of Reliable Operation at low Altitudes: meteorology, Simulation,
and Technology (AEROcAST)
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA Self-Adaptation of Loosely Coupled Systems across a System of Small Uncr...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Self-Adaptation of Loosely Coupled Systems across a
System of Small Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA RealWindDroneSim (RWDS) Enhancing Simulation Fidelity of small Uncrewed ...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA RealWindDroneSim (RWDS)
Enhancing Simulation Fidelity of small Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles in Windy Conditions
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA ARMD Test Data Portal (ATDP) Agile Development Method Introduction of an...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA ARMD Test Data Portal (ATDP) Agile Development Method
Introduction of an Agile Systems Engineering Process to the
NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA ARMD Test Data Portal (ATDP) he ARMD Test Data Portal (ATDP) is a secure...Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA The ARMD Test Data Portal (ATDP) is a secure data archive that allows NASA personnel to remotely upload and register ARMD test data, as well as to quickly search, access, extract, time slice, and download test data for further analysis.
Associated metadata [ATDP Metadata Specification (AMS)] is compliant with government and industry metadata standards and requirements, and provides capabilities for cataloging, search, and data discovery.
By
Dr. Pankaj Dhussa
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
1. ã2022 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
NISAR: The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission
Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
Movement of Earth’s tectonic plates causes strain to
accumulate in the crust, which eventually drives faults to
rupture. Following major earthquakes, the ground
continues to deform and aftershocks occur as the crust
responds to the changes in stress. Surface motion in the
area around an earthquake fault are measurable
throughout this entire earthquake cycle of loading,
rupture, and recovery.
Earthquake! Tracking Location and
Impact from Space
Earthquakes occur suddenly, often with intense ground shaking that causes loss of life and
property. They and their aftershocks can induce landslides, lead to fires, and even bring
neighboring faults closer to rupture. NISAR will provide measurements of ground deformation
along faults before an earthquake occurs, from the earthquake itself, and in the time
following, all key information for understanding where and why earthquakes occur.
Earthquake Hazards in the United States and
Around the World
Earthquakes in the United States are estimated to cost about
$5.3B annually (FEMA, 2008). Earthquakes can damage buildings
and critical infrastructure, rupture gas and water lines, cause
landslides, and create liquefaction. Sedimentary basins can amplify
earthquake shaking, even for distant earthquakes: The 1985
Mexico City earthquake occurred 350 km from the city, but
because the city is located on an ancient lakebed, it experienced
intense shaking, killing thousands of people. Subduction zone
earthquakes that originate offshore can create tsunamis, resulting
in further damage and loss of life: The 2011 M9.0 Tōhoku-oki
earthquake offshore of Japan created tsunami waves reaching as
much as 130’ high. Landslides and fires are additional hazards that
cascade from earthquakes: Fires broke out after the 1906 M7.9
San Francisco earthquake destroying much of the city.
The NISAR Mission – Reliable, Consistent Observations
The NASA–ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a collaboration
between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and
the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), will provide all-weather,
day/night imaging of nearly the entire land and ice masses of the Earth
repeated 4-6 times per month. NISAR’s orbiting radars will image at
resolutions of 5-10 meters to identify and track subtle movement of the
Earth’s land and its sea ice, and even provide information about what is
happening below the surface. Its repeated set of high-resolution images
can inform resource management and be used to detect small-scale
changes before they are visible to the eye. Products are expected to be
available 1-2 days after observation, and within hours in response to
disasters, providing actionable, timely data for many applications.
Photos: USGS
2. ã2022 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
Cont. from front page
Earthquakes can occur in many parts of the world, but
nearly 90% happen along the Ring of Fire, the area around
the rim of the Pacific Ocean where most active volcanos
lie. The Ring of Fire includes Japan and California, both
parts of the world where earthquakes are frequent
occurrences.
When an earthquake fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate
away from the fault causing ground shaking along their
path. It is common for this seismic shaking to trigger
landslides and to indirectly induce fires. Understanding
the likely scale and location of future large earthquakes is
therefore an important ingredient in preparing for them
and reducing the loss of life and property.
Faults generally slip continuously deep within the Earth,
but near the surface the faults can be ‘locked’ or
‘clamped,’ and do not move continuously. These
shallower locked portions are the source of the
earthquakes we feel. The deep fault slip manifests at the
surface as small shifts in the ground, or deformation, that
is localized around the faults. Detection of areas with
higher rates of deformation can be used to identify active
faults. The rate of slip across the fault, depth at which the
fault becomes locked, and the length of the rupture all
contribute to the magnitude of an earthquake, with larger
slip and longer ruptures resulting in more powerful
earthquakes. Therefore, determining long-term slip rates
on faults and other characteristics is key to forecasting
earthquake hazard.
Earthquakes are usually the result of tectonic processes;
however, they can also be induced by human activity.
Such ‘induced’ seismicity can be the result of geothermal
operations, hydraulic fracturing to extract oil and gas,
injection of wastewater, and large changes in the stored
water at water reservoirs, particularly from water in dams.
The larger induced earthquakes are typically associated
with injection of wastewater used to aid the extraction of
oil and gas from underground reservoirs. The injection of
water increases pore pressure in the rock and can interact
with an existing fault, triggering an earthquake. The
injection of fluids can cause measurable uplift or
subsidence of the ground surface.
Deformation measured with NISAR will help in mapping
fault zones and fault systems around the world and
detecting subsidence and uplift associated with human
activity. This information is obtained before an
earthquake happens and provides insight into how they
will behave. Following earthquakes, NISAR will identify
earthquake ruptures and measure the amount that the
ground slipped along the faults, mapping the length of the
rupture and providing an indication of damage extent.
NISAR will be used to locate areas of damage to roads,
buildings, and other structures, and provide information
about other disasters triggered by the earthquake
In 2019 two earthquakes occurred near the town of
Ridgecrest and the China Lake Navy facility in southern
California. A M6.4 earthquake on July 4, 2019 was
followed by a M7.1 earthquake on July 5, 2019 about 34
hours later. The two faults ruptured nearly perpendicular
to each other. Radar can be used to measure permanent
ground displacements associated with earthquakes as
well as continued motions as faults continue to slip
aseismically after large earthquakes. Surface disruption
can also be measured with radar providing a proxy of
where specifically damage occurs to buildings.
The image at right shows the ground displacements from
the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Motions can
be detected in an area about 60 km long and 40 km wide.
Radar-derived map of ground movement near Ridgecrest, California,
following magnitude 6.4 and 7.1 earthquakes in July 2019. Areas west of
the main fault rupture (blue) moved northwest while areas east of the
fault (red) moved southeast. Black lines show mapped faults.
Earthquake fault motion and damage
National Aeronautics and Space Administration For more information, visit http://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/applications
Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology / Pasadena, California / www.jpl.nasa.gov
Ross
et
al.,
Science,
2019
Fielding
et
al.,
Seismological
Res.
Lett,
2020